[mid] lec FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY.docx.pdf

Field Methods PROF. AUDREY SHANE DIONIDA in Psychology (Lecture) PSY 3102-2 GB 106 IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH INTRODUCTION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...

Field Methods PROF. AUDREY SHANE DIONIDA in Psychology (Lecture) PSY 3102-2 GB 106 IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH INTRODUCTION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY “idios” = own;private → Focus on Qualitative Research → we want to understand/investigate the unique experiences/ private of a participant/group. TWO CATEGORIES: 1. Quantitative Research DATA - Text, human experiences. 2. Qualitative Research → participants will give you narrative stories about their lives, certain experiences (e.g. trauma/accident) , a program/ 1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH workshop. → DATA GATHER - narratives of the participants. AIM: To arrive at numerically expressed laws that characterize behavior of large groups of individuals. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS EXAMPLE: I want to study the mental health students in PLM. We only choose a representative or a sample in the large Observation population. Interview Focus group NOMOTHETIC APPROACH Case study Content analysis “nomos” = “law” [Not needed kasi focus daw tayo sa QUALITATIVE] L1: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH VARIABLES - any characteristics that are objectively registered and quantified. CREDIBILITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CONSTRUCTS - any theoretically defined variable OPERATIONALIZATION - expressing it in terms of observable behavior “Trustworthiness” DATA - numbers Operationalize the Following: belief in God, shyness, → We need data/findings that are credible– meaning intelligence, pain, prejudice, wisdom. credentials, licensure, training/workshop, consistent (e.g. in news/sources). QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS CHALLENGE TO ACHIEVE: CREDIBILITY data we gather are narratives (life experiences) 1. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Participants may not be capable of providing accurate Independent variable information. Dependent variable Participants have different ways to express/ measure Random assigning their own experiences (in recalling their information/experiences) 2. CAUSE-AND-EFFECT INFERENCES → It may be biased because we know that memories are not 100% accurate. 3. CORRELATIONAL STUDY Variables are measured Researchers are highly involved in research. Relationship is quantified → In a quantitative-like experiment– the data are in → we don’t manipulate any variable or control anything but we numbers/numerical (gathered: test scores, scale, survey, get to determine the relationship between the variables in the rating) as we used statistics in collecting the scores to study. interpret. → Qualitative– walang statistics, need to rely on our own “To determine whether there is a relationship” subjective interpretation, backed up with our theoretical knowledge/background about the topic. 4. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY Broad investigation of a phenomenon. 6 WAYS TO ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 2. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1. Triangulation AIM: To conduct an in-depth study of a particular 2. Rapport phenomenon. 3. Iterative Questioning 1  1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE 4. Reflexibility 5. Credibility check 3. ITERATIVE QUESTIONING 6. Thick description Systematic, repetitive, and recursive process of questioning. 1. TRIANGULATION → asking your participants multiple times. Combination of different approaches to collecting and interpreting data. EXAMPLE: How does sleep quality affect academic performance on college students? → More than one method. 01. What specific aspects of sleep quality are most TYPES OF TRIANGULATION commonly reported to affect academic performance? 02. How does insufficient sleep specifically affect A. METHOD TRIANGULATION cognitive functions related to academic performance? 03. What mechanisms explain the impact of poor sleep Use of different methods in combination to compensate on these cognitive functions? for limitations and reinforce strengths. → SAME QS, As a researcher you will check if they have EXAMPLE: Interview– advantage (get to ask/follow up the similar/same answers participants directly with their own experiences/attitudes/views) disadvantage (they might lie e.g. sex) unlike observation kung ano lang na behavior yung nakikita mo. 4. REFLEXIBILITY B. DATA TRIANGULATION Researcher’s bias: identify what part of research can bias Refers to using data from a variety of accessible occur resources. A. EPISTEMOLOGICAL REFLEXIVITY EXAMPLE: Autobiography, documentaries, newspapers, school records. Linked to knowledge of the strengths and limitations of the method used to collect data. → aside from the participants, you can ask their families, parents, etc. → you will evaluate your own research paper based on potential strengths and limitations of the method that you used. C. RESEARCHER TRIANGULATION B. PERSONALITY REFLEXIVITY Combining observation and/or interpretations of different researchers. Linked to the personal beliefs and expectations of the researcher. EXAMPLE: Doctor, you have checked that there are unusual symptoms that doctors noted. You want to verify if the EXAMPLE: Study Topic: Cultural Attitudes Toward Mental diagnosis is correct, so you will come up with a second opinion Health and Their Impact on Seeking Treatment (other doctors). "As a researcher who grew up in a Western country with → You will observe/interview the participants and make relatively open discussions about mental health, I am aware interpretations and you will compare it to your other co that my own cultural background may influence my perceptions researcher. and interpretations of the data. My personal experience with mental health is framed by an environment where seeking D. THEORY TRIANGULATION therapy is normalized and supported. This may lead me to unintentionally view the attitudes of individuals from more Refers to using multiple perspectives or theories to conservative or stigmatizing cultures through a lens of my own interpret data. biases. → consult different theories/perspectives to explain the To mitigate this, I have made a conscious effort to approach behavior/life experiences of the participants. the study with cultural sensitivity and openness. I have consulted with cultural experts and incorporated diverse 2. ESTABLISHING RAPPORT perspectives to ensure that the study accurately reflects the participants' viewpoints rather than my own...." Establish a close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned are “in sync” with each 5. CREDIBILITY CHECKS other. Refers to checking accuracy of data by asking → you need to establish trust with your participants. Collection participants themselves to read transcripts of interviews of data in qualitative is intimate because you need to spend or field notes. more time with your participants (home,public place) in order to have natural behavior. → Introduce yourself, name, where they came from. 2  1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE HOW TO AVOID/PREVENT ACQUIESCENCE 6. THICK DESCRIPTIONS BIAS Explaining not just the observed behavior itself but also ○ Keep your surveys short the context in which it occurred so that the description ○ Avoid leading questions becomes meaningful to an outsider. EXAMPLE: instead of a statement phrased as ‘I am very EXAMPLE: Observing your participants in school and your concerned about climate change’ (Strongly agree, Agree, participants trying to send a message to your classmates by Neutral, Disagree, Strongly disagree), consider ‘How winking (joke, or anything). concerned are you about climate change?’ (Extremely Concerned, Somewhat Concerned, Neutral, Somewhat → We are trying to give meaning to what happened. unconcerned, Extremely unconcerned). With this change, the word ‘concerned’ is removed from the statement, which could lead respondents to automatically feel they should be L2: BIAS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH concerned to some degree. ○ Use intentional language 2 SOURCES OF BIAS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ○ Use open-ended text boxes ○ Reassure anonymity ○ Self-report administered/questionnaire A. PARTICIPANT B. RESEARCHER EXAMPLE: Customer Satisfaction Survey PARTICIPANT BIAS Scenario: A company conducts a customer satisfaction survey to evaluate their service quality. One of the survey questions is: “Do you agree that our customer service team is always helpful Acquiescence and responsive?” Social Desirability Dominant Respondent → It is not open-ended which is answerable by yes/no. We can Sensitivity change the questions like “What can you say about the customer service team?” more likely they will not answer *ACQUIESCENCE BIAS yes/no but their own opinion. The tendency of making positive responses or to agree with statements/questions. *SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS Tendency to respond or behave in a way that they think → POSITIVE RESPONSE - Yes agree even though they are will make them liked or accepted. not very sure of their answer. intentionally/unintentionally → we want to have a good first impression. → we want to show to other people DIFFERENCES IN ACQUIESCENCE: SD (behaving that we are capable of doing it or unnaturally; want to be liked/accepted); A (there is no that we are competitive/ qualified in motivation to be liked/accepted; they just have the tendency to other forms of survey. have positive responses). EXAMPLE: Observing aggressive behavior on a school playground. → if your participants know that you are observing them chances are they will behave unnaturally CAUSES OF ACQUIESCENCE BIAS intentionally/unintentionally. ○ Agreeability HOW CAN WE ADDRESS SOCIAL ○ Lack of motivation DESIRABILITY BIAS IF ○ Social influences ○ Researcher’s influence ○ You will not inform the participants that you are ○ Perception of ideal self observing them. ○ You can deceive but make sure at the end of your → they can’t say no even if you're busy/having a hectic research, you will inform them and give them the schedule. rights to withdraw their responses. → You don’t want to explain or expound your answers when ○ If you feel guilty, you can tell the participants to be asking you so that it can prolong the communication. honest and tell them to trust you that you will not → Pressure (same sex marriage) ayaw mong maiba sagot mo sasabihin ang datas nila. sa iba na nag agree about this topic kaya magyes ka na lang. → Intimidation *DOMINANT RESPONDENT BIAS → You want to be this kind of person kahit hindi ganun yung One participant influences the behavior or response of behavior mo kaya i assume mo na ayon ung ideal self mo. others/intimidates others. intentionally/unintentionally 3  1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE EXAMPLE: In a school, the students always want to recite/ HOW TO ADDRESS CONFIRMATION BIAS monopolize and contribute to the activities like she/he is very active. ○ We are not aware of (unconscious/unintentionally) ○ Approach someone you know sees things differently → FOCUS GROUP - there is a tendency that one participant from you and ask them what they are seeing. will be expressive to the point that they will intimidate the ○ TRIANGULATION – combining/comparing ideas with others/ agree on what they are saying/ change their responses. other researchers (researcher triangulation) ○ PERSONAL REFLEXIVITY – personal bias kasi na HOW CAN WE ADDRESS DOMINANT experience mo yung bagay na iyon (declare in your RESPONDENT BIAS research the personal biases from you that might have influenced the way you collect the data, what ○ Make sure to turn takes/ all the participants must data you collected and how you interpreted those have their own opinion. data.) ○ Before discussion pwede sila magsulat ng sarili nila answer then they can share it afterwards para hindi Rosenhan 1973 sila mainfluence ng ibang participants. “On being sane in insane places” *SENSITIVITY BIAS → INSANE PLACES - asylum/mental institutions/psychiatric Tendency of the participants to distort their responses hospitals. because of sensitive topics. BACKGROUND OF ROSENHAN 1973 STUDY → maybe they are uncomfortable/their responses don’t want to Wanted to test out whether professionals be used to them/ judged by other people. (clinicians/psychiatrists) really know how to distinguish the patients in front of them as insane (abnormal) or sane EXAMPLE: DRUG ABUSED – in the past administration. (normal). Talaga bang accurate yung diagnosis ng psychologist HOW TO AVOID SENSITIVITY BIAS when they assess someone. He asked 8 mentally people to pretend (pseudopatient) ○ Use open-ended text boxes that they are mentally disturbed. Go to the hospitals and ○ JUDGED - ask neutral questions such as do you pretend you experience hallucinations, particularly agree in the use of drugs for recreational activities? auditory where its coming form. Remove the participants. You can tell your name truthfully but only pretend your hearing voices/hollow voices. EXAMPLE: During your life, how many times have you used PLAN WORKS - admitted to the hospitals and most of marijuana? them are diagnosed with schizophrenia. a. 0 times ADMITTED HOSPITAL - behave as a normal person – b. 1 or 2 times report ka na wala ka nang naririnig/hallucinations and c. 3 to 9 times claim your pretending and do what you can do na normal d. 10 to 19 times ka na pero hindi naniwala yung mga nurses/psychiatrists e. 20 to 39 times kahit ipinakita na nila na normal sila. f. 40 to 99 times MISINTERPRETED - akala yun yung symptoms ng g. 100 or more times disorder nila. → it is a sensitive topic here in the Philippines since it is not →CONFIRMATION BIAS - kaya ka nagpunta sa mental accepted in medical use. Participants can alter answers. hospital kasi there is something wrong. → They can also be misled, inaccurate & biased. RESEARCHER BIAS CRITICIZED OF ROSENHAN 1973 STUDY Rosenhan informed the hospitals na magsesend siya ng mga tao na mentally healthy but magpeprentend - like Confirmation bias the procedure earlier. Leading questions A month or 2, let's say 150 pips, they are able to admit 98 Question order pips diagnosed mentally disturbed - the rest is a Sampling pseudopatient na pinadala. Biased reporting STORY - Rosenhan did not send another group of pseudopatients in this study but these 150 pips are the *CONFIRMATION BIAS true patients. Occurs when the researcher has a prior belief and uses Dahil nag expect yung professionals na may the research in an unintentional attempt to confirm that pseudopatients kaya nagkaroon ng biased yung belief. diagnosis nila. → maghahanap sila ng data kung saan yung paniniwala nila *LEADING QUESTIONS ay macoconfirm. → No more legal process if you are tagged to this person who Occurs when respondents in an interview are inclined to used drugs kaya confirm na ikaw din ganun. answer in a certain way because the wording of the → pet peeve era haha question encourages them to do so. 4  1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE → the way the questions/wording formulated - it affects the Presence of bias is linked to both credibility and answers of the participants. generalizability of findings. EXAMPLE: “How satisfied are you with our service?” L3: SAMPLING AND GENERALIZABILITY → You are leading the person to answer to fill their satisfaction IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH even if not. COMMON SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN QUALITATIVE Ask clearly “How can you feel/thoughts about our service?” *QUOTA SAMPLING (TARGET) (open-ended) Non-probability sampling technique ACTIVITY: Convert the following leading questions Researchers divide the population into distinct to open-ended questions. subgroups, known as quotas (dividing them based on certain characteristics) then select participants from each 1. “You are a neurosurgeon, right?” subgroup in proportion to their presence in the ○ What profession do you do? (If say, doctor) population. In what specialization? (don’t plan answers in your participants) EXAMPLE: Select participants in subgroups until they reach a quota/ determine the participants they need. 2. “What are the problems you are currently facing?” ○ How are you feeling right now? Or What → You need to determine a specific size/quota once you reach have you experienced lately? it you stop recruiting participants. 3. “Did your classmate harass you during recess time?” *PURPOSIVE SAMPLING ○ How was your recess time? “Judgemental or selective” sampling Non-probability sampling 4. “What television programs are you watching?” Researchers deliberately select participants based on ○ What do you do during past time/rest day? specific characteristics, knowledge, or experiences that are relevant to the research questions. *QUESTION ORDER BIAS Responses to one question influences the participants’ → Deliberately select (criteria) who will be part of your responses to the following questions. research. Ordering or sequencing of the questions (problem) EXAMPLE: You will announce on your facebook such as you’re EXAMPLE: looking for 3rd year psych students ages 18 and above, those bilinguals not only Filipino but also other languages, residing in Pips favor civil unions manila. that are not really marriage but legal *THEORETICAL SAMPLING commitment of being Typically used in grounded theory research together. Researcher collects, codes and analyzes data simultaneously, and uses the emerging theory to guide FIRST - majority agreed the selection of further data sources or participants Sampling, collecting, and analyzing will continue until no new significant insights emerge. Another EXAMPLE: SEMINAR - after it you asked to answer → trying to create theory from the research study the evaluation about the quality such as “how was the → You collect participants until such time you no longer get environment? How was the mastery of the speaker when it new data/insight. comes to the topic presented? EXAMPLE: Study of Mental Disorder in Psychiatric Hospital – →Notice - ask you the specific (venue, speaker, tool,ppt,snack) you will interview doctors/patients/nurses then interview them before about the overall impression. about mental disorders. You started now to narrow your study → If mauuna kasi yung overall impression ayun na rin into treatment effectiveness of meditation in anxiety/depression isasagot/basis nila sa mga specific qs. – you will again interview doctors/patients/nurses with this particular treatment and then one patient told you, “it was *SAMPLING BIAS effective when you were young”. Now, you will start Sample is not appropriate/adequate for the aims of the interviewing younger/older patients. OP (it’s effective if you'll research. have a psychologist guiding you in medication) Then you will interview psychologist. →some participants do not represent the entire population. → You can see that you keep recruiting participants in collecting data until such time you will not get new *BIASED REPORTING data/information (data saturation) Occurs when some findings of the study are not equally represented. → inaccurate reporting of findings. 5  1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE *SNOWBALL SAMPLING 2. OVERT VS. COVERT Referring to the recruitment of one participant that leads Overt: Awareness you to recruit another participant to the next so on. Covert: Lack of Awareness EXAMPLE: You want to understand how teenagers join 3. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION paternity. You will recruit one jhs student that joins the paternity Observe becomes part of the group. and then you will ask that insider to help you recruit another jhs students like him/her. 4. STRUCTURED VS. UNSTRUCTURED → Start small, then continue collecting it to bigger participants. Structured: systematic Unstructured: Free-flow *CONVENIENCE SAMPLING Non-probability sampling PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION Participants are selected based on their easy availability and willingness to participate Participants are readily available to the researcher Either incognito (covert) or known as a researcher (overt) Observations tend not to be standardized, at least in the → Recruit participants who are available. early stages of the research. Setting: Natural (e.g., schools, hospitals, etc.) EXAMPLE: Mall - someone ask you are you available for a Requires the research to engage in a variety of activities short survey? including participants, documentation, interviewing, and reflection. L4: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS NOTE: The research needs to be involved enough to understand what is going on yet remain detached enough to be able to reflect on the phenomenon under investigations. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH It is important that the researcher record his or her observations as soon as possible after they have been Need to be participant-led made. Must just allow participant- generated meaning to be heard. Observational notes: as much detail as possible Needs to be open-ended and flexible enough to facilitate the emergence of new, unanticipated, categories of 1. Substantive notes — Description of settings, events, meaning and experience. and people, as well as quotations and /or summaries of what people said. RESEARCH QUESTION 1. Identify a broad topic. —> summary of what people said, what you heard, see 2. Review the Literature. EXAMPLE: what’ a students mostly talks about, the setting of 3. Narrow down your focus. the classroom are white/blue, memorable quote expression 4. Use the 5 W’s and H: What, Why, Who, Where, that participants mentioned When, and How. 5. Ensure open-endedness. 2. Methodological notes — concerned with the process of observation itself; reflect on researchers’ Note: May change throughout the study. role in the research, his or her relationship with other participants, and problems encountered in the field. CHOOSING THE RIGHT METHOD —> behind the scenes observation - what you feel, did and Note that the research questions, data collection relationship with your participants as a researcher. technique, and data analysis are dependent on one another. 3. Analytical notes- recording of emerging themes, connections, patterns, and so on; beginning of data —> interconnected sila kaya. If you change it, you will change analysis and theory building. the whole thing. —> what data is commonly observe OBSERVATION INTERVIEW Involving systematically watching and recording the behaviors, actions, interactions, and phenomena of A researcher engages in a conversation with a participant interest within a natural setting or context. to gather in-depth information, insights, and perspective. DIFFERENT TYPES OF OBSERVATION DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERVIEWS 1. NATURAL VS. LABORATORY 1. STRUCTURED Natural: Real-world setting Predetermined set of questions. Laboratory: Controlled 6  1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE 2. SEMI- STRUCTURED In the word structure, asking about the data in an Predefined questions + follow up questions organize manner It helps to see the underlying framework of how peopl 3. UNSTRUCTURED think or do things If descriptive question are what, structural question are No set of questions prepared, rely on open-ended more of how prompts. Sometimes the structure isn't clear in the participants mind and you may have follow up question SEMI- STRUCTURED INTERVIEW EXAMPLE: What does it mean to be an innocent victim of a PREPARATION: Who to interview, how to recruit, how to crime? record, and transcribe, what style of interviewing, what to What steps do you take when handling a difficult ask participants. situation? How do you prepare for a big situation? Questions asked by the researcher function as triggers How do things fit together? that encourage the participants to talk. CONTRAST Interviews need to find the right balance between It ask participant to compare and contrast experiences, maintaining control of the interview and allowing the ideas, and people interviewee the space to redefine the topic under How things differ and great for exploring variations in investigation. experiences Other things to consider: Social identities (e.g., gender, EXAMPLE: social class, ethnicity, nationality, age, etc.) to the Do you prefer working in the public or the private interviewee. sector? Would you rather love or be loved? Be aware of linguistic variability (word/term may mean How does working remotely compare to working in differently) the office? Establishing rapport is very important. EVALUATIVE Interviewers should not abuse the informal ambiance of What do you think about questions the interview to encourage the interviewee to reveal more Questions for opinion and judgement than they may feel comfortable with after the event. Helps to engage the participants feelings and attitudes over something DURATION: 40 mins to 2 hrs. Excellent for geting the participants values and perspetives Interview agenda: ○ Carefully reflect and consider alternative versions of EXAMPLE: the questions How did you feel about this? ○ Reflect interviewee’s comments and to incorporate Did you feel afraid when you took the board exam? them into further questions What's your opinion on the new company policy? How do you feel about the current tat of healthcare in the Philippines 4 TYPES OF QUESTIONS SEMI- STRUCTURED INTERVIEW DESCRIPTIVE Tell me about questions Material must be transcribed, verbatim, or near verbatim Encourage the interviewee to describe their experiences, Taking note during the intervie is no substitute for a full behaviors or setting in detail. recording Usually the What and How questions Taping the interview may also affect what is being said Great for gathering a lot of information up front (reativity: Hawthorne effect The down side is that descriptive question is that Recording and transcription: what was said and how it sometimes you will get more the bargain for, your was said interviewiee might go off the topic. Wala ng kinalaman sa ○ Refer to transcript Notation by Gai Jefferson gusto mong makuha from him/her. EXAMPLES: What do you do for a living? What happened today? How did you come to live in the US? STRUCTURAL They aim to understand how the participant organizestheir thoughts or experiences 7  1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE DESCRIPTIVE KEY CHARACTERISTIC: A group interview that enables respondents to interact with one another Interaction of respondents as a source of data DESCRIPTIVE Researcher as a moderator "Steering" - involve recalling the original focus of the group, prompting group members, identifying agreements and disagreements DEPENDING ON THE RESEARCH QUESTION, FOCUS GROUP CAN BE: Homogenous - where participants share key features Heterogenous - where participants are different Pre-existing - e.g., a group of friends or work colleagues New - where participants have not met before Concerned - where participants have a stake in the subject matter Naive - where participants do not have any particular DIARIES commitment in relation to the subject matter It is a powerful tool for qualitative research EXAMPLE: Involve the collection and analysis of written record or Experience of pregnancy in women whose partners journals maintained by individuals over a period of time have died shotly after conception Give a direct view into someone's personal experinces, What kind of group should be recruited? unfiltered in their own words and in real time ○ Homogeneous or Heterogenous Use to understand personal experience, track changes ○ Pre-existing or New over time, and exploring subjectiv aspects of a research ○ Concerned or Naive topic Not widely used: challenging method Helps to tract changes over time ○ Can also be tape or video recorded SOME KEY CHARACTERISTIC AND CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING DIARES AS A TEMPLATE QUALITATIVE METHOD: Longitudinal data - capture data over n extended period, useful for studying processes and transformation TOPIC Rich descriptive data - rich and detailed information on inner thoughts, emotions, and experiences Naturalistic - individuals recording in their own words LIST and pace Self-reflection - can be therapeutic or cathartic process SUBTOPIC Data analysis - content analysis, thematic analysis, or narrative analysis Researcher access - varying degree; sme are "personal SUBSUBSUB journals" List 1 Ethical considerations - informed considerations such ○ List 2 as diversity, relevance to the research question, List 3 acessibilit of diaries Sampling - may involve considerations such as diversity, ADD INFO icon → relevance to the research question, accessibility of EXAMPLE: list diaries Triangulation - diaries are often used as a conjunction with other methods FOCUS GROUPS Researcher must establish "ground rules" Should consist of n more than six (6) participants ○ Duration: 1 ½ to 2 hours 8 1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE 9 1ST SEMESTER – FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY LECTURE 10