Micronutrients PPT for BSN 2_080155.pdf

Micronutrients. 1. Introductio 2. Source 3. Daily allowance 4. Deficiency 5. Treatment 6. Toxicity  1. Micronutrients play a central part in metabolism and in maintenance of tissue function. 2. Vitamins and minerals. BACKGROUND ØVitamins are organic substances tha...

Micronutrients. 1. Introductio 2. Source 3. Daily allowance 4. Deficiency 5. Treatment 6. Toxicity  1. Micronutrients play a central part in metabolism and in maintenance of tissue function. 2. Vitamins and minerals. BACKGROUND ØVitamins are organic substances that are essential for several enzymatic functions in human metabolism ØA compound is called vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet Functions q Acts as hormones (vitamin D) qActs as antioxidant (vitamin E) q Acts as mediators of cell signalling and regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation(vitamin A) qActs as precusors for enzyme cofactor biomolecules(coenzymes) that help act as catalysts and  VITAMINS q Vitamins are classified according to solubility into fat soluble & water soluble. q 13 vitamins are known, 4 fat soluble (KEDA) & 9 water soluble (C, Folate & the B group). VITAMINS q water soluble-dissolve easily in water readily excreted from the body. q fat soluble-absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids(fats).  VITAMIN A-Vitamin A is a generic term for many related compounds. Retinol (alcohol), Retinal (aldehyde) are often called preformed vitamin A. Retinal can be converted by the body to retinoic acid which is known to affect gene transcription. Body can convert b-carote ne to retinol, thus called provitamin A FUNCTIONS Immunity: important for activation of T lymphocyte, maturation of WBC & integrity of physiological barrier. Vision: integrity of eye & formation of rodopsin necessary for dark adaptation. Regulation of gene expression: vital to cell differentiation & physiologic processes Growth & development  Life stage mg/day Infants 300-400 Children 400-600 Adolescent 900M- 700F Recommended Allowance Vitamin A deficiency Deficiency of vitamin A leads to: 1. Ocular change-Night blindness & xerophthalmia 2. Extra ocular changes ØGrowth retardation ØAcquired immune deficiency ØKeritinization of epithelia in RT, GIT & UT  IV. MINERALS Pertains to elements in their simple inorganic form In nutrition, they are commonly referred to as mineral elements in the case of those present or required in small amounts, they are known as trace elements or trace minerals A. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS 1.Major Minerals 2.Trace Minerals Food Sources : Cheese , Bagoong, Kuhol, Dilis, Saluyot, Alakaak, milk, Seaweeds, Sardines, Dried fish, Talangka, hipon Effects of Excess : Hypercalcemia  Retarded Growth Osteomalacia (Adult Rickets) SODIUM Function : Electrolyte that aids fluid balance and maintenance of blood pressure Food Sources : Carrots, Celery, Peas, Spinach, Soy Sauce Patis, Catsup, Beets, Processed foods, canned foods, Vetsin Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Hyponatremia, Hypertension, Kidney disorders POTASSIUM Function : Electrolyte that maintains fluid status in cells Helps with nerve transmission and muscle functions Food Sources : Fruit juice, Raw and dried fruits, milk, dark green vegetables, meat, unrefined cereals Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Hypokalemia, Apathy, Muscular weakness, Mental Confusion, Abdominal distention, Hyperkalemia PHOSPHORUS Function : Part of bone and cell membrane structure Important in pH regulation as a principal anion in the cell Food Sources : Cheese, Dairy products, Poultry, Eggs, Milk, Meat, Fish, Dried beans Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Natural Phosphates cause no harm when taken in excess as these are simply voided in the stools. * However, elemental phosphorus is highly poisonous as it causes an erosion of the bone. SULFUR Function : * Part of every living tissue * Contained in the amino acids methionine and cysteine that participates in detoxification. Food Sources : Protein contains about 1% sulfur so that a diet adequate in protein will contain enough sulfur Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Cystinuria CHLORIDE (Cl) Function : * Often found in combination with sodium * Helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balanse Food Sources : Table salt (NaCl) Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Alkalosis TRACE MINERALS IRON (FE) Function : * Helps provide oxygen to muscles * Assists in the creation of certain hprmones * Necessary for hemoglobin formation. Food Sources : Organ meats, Peanuts, Beef liver, Spaghetti, Rice bran, Soybeans, Clams, Eggs, Ampalaya Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Anemia, Hemosiderosis COPPER (Cu) Function : * Required for connective tissue formation. * Required for normal brain and nervous system functions * Essential in the formation of hemoglobin and bone Food Sources : Nuts, Mushroom, Beans, Cocoa, Cereals, Fish, Cherries, Eggs, Fresh fruits Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Depigmentation of skin and hair, CNS abnormalities, Hypotonia, Hypothermia, Chronic Microcytic Anemia, Skeletal Mineralization, Wilson’s Disease IODINE (I) Function : *Assists in thyroid regulation and production of thyroid hormone for the synthesis of thyroxine Food Sources : Seafoods, Seaweeds, Iodized salt Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Goiter, Cretinism, Myxedema MANGANESE (Mn) Function : * Assists in carbohydrate, amino acid and cholesterol metabolism * Increases storage of thiamine Food Sources : Nuts, Dried legumes, dried fruits, green leafy vegetables, cereals, Tea, Fresh fruits Non-leafy vegetables Effects of Deficiency or Excess : No incidence has been observed COBALT (Co) Function : * Necessary for RBC formation * Constituent of Vit. B12 * Essential for the normal functioning of the cells. Food Sources : Liver, Clams, Milk, Oysters, Lean beef, Saltwater fish Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Pernicious Anemia, Polycythemia ZINC (Zn) Function : * Necessary for normal growth, immune function and wound healing. * Present in the RNA Food Sources : Milk, Liver, Eggs, Legumes, Bran, Meat, Oyster, Nuts, Wheat, Whole-grain cereals Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Slow Growth, Alopecia, Hypospermia, Delayed sexual maturation, Night blindness, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Fever MOLYBDENUM (Mo) Function : * Catalyzing the oxidation of aldehydes to corresponding carboxylic acid and sulfite oxidase which functions in the degradation of sulfur derived from amino acids. Food Sources : Dried peas, Lean meats, Beans, Poultry Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Headache, Irritability, Night Blindness, Lethargy, Coma, Abnormal metabolism. FLUORIDE (F) Function : * Necessary for development of bones and teeth. * Effective in the treatment of Osteoporosis Food Sources : Water, Vegetables, Seafoods, Toothpaste Fruits, Cereals, Tea leaves, Salt Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Dental caries, Dental fluorosis, Osteoscklerosis, Growth depression, Fatal Poisoning SELENIUM (Se) Function : * Important for thyroid health, reproduction, , and defense against oxidative damage * Prevents the effects of Vitamin E deficiency. Food Sources : Organ meats, Cereals, Muscle meats, Dairy products Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Muscle pain, and tenderness, Pancreatic degeneration, Hemolytic Anemia. CHROMIUM (Cr) Function : * Stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids, and cholesterol in the liver. * Raises abnormally low fasting blood sugar level * Improves faulty uptake of sugar by body tissues Food Sources : Corn oil, Meats, Vegetables, Cereals Effects of Deficiency or Excess : Headache, Irritability, Night Blindness, Lethargy, Coma, Abnormal metabolism.  EXERCISE NO. 6 VITAMINS DIRECTIONS : Fill in the blanks with what you know about vitamins and their roles in the diet. 1. Why are vitamins called micronutrients ? 2. Can vitamins be seen or tasted? 3. Why do humans need vitamins ? 4. What can happen to a person who does not get enough of the essential vitamins ? 5. What vitamins need fat in order to be absorbed by the body ? 6. Why is there a need to get water-soluble vitamins regularly from 7. Which vitamin deficiencies are most likely to cause serious health problems ? 8. Do you think you get enough of the essential vitamins from the foods you eat ? 9. Do you eat a variety of foods to be sure you get all of the vitamins you need ? 10. How can you add more foods rich in essential vitamins to your meals ?  EXERCISE NO. 7 MINERALS Dietary minerals are inorganic substances that are obtained by the body from the food that we eat. DIRECTIONS : Do this exercise and find out about the minerals that are required to stay in good health. 1. Why are minerals called micronutrients ? 2. Where do minerals in food come from ? 3. Why do we need minerals ? 4. Do they provide energy ( calories) ? 5. Are minerals destroyed by heat or air ? 6. What can happen to a person who does not get enough of the essential minerals ? 7. Which four mineral deficiencies are most likely to cause serious health problems if we do not get enough of these minerals from our food ? 8. Do you think you get enough of these essential minerals from the foods you eat ? 9. Do you eat a variety of different foods to be sure you get all of the minerals you need ? 10. How can you add more foods rich in essential minerals to your meals ?