Medical Microbiology PDF: Immunology & Pathogenesis

a LANGE medical book Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology Twenty-Eighth Edition Chapter 08. Immunology © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019  Immunology is the...

a LANGE medical book Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology Twenty-Eighth Edition Chapter 08. Immunology © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019  Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defense. If the immune system is not functioning as it should, it can result in diseases like autoimmunity, allergy, and cancer. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  It is also now becoming clear that immune responses contribute to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  The immune system is a complex system of structures and processes that have evolved to protect us from disease. Molecular and cellular components make up the immune system. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  The immune system The function of these components is divided into nonspecific mechanisms, innate to an organism, and responsive responses, which are adaptive to specific pathogens. Fundamental or classical immunology involves studying the components of the innate and adaptive immune system. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Innate immunity is the first line of defence and is non- specific. That is, the responses are the same for all potential pathogens, no matter how different they may be. Innate immunity includes physical barriers (e.g. skin, saliva etc) and cells (e.g. macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells etc). © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Innate immunity These components ‘are ready to go’ and protect an organism for the first few days of infection. In some cases, this is enough to clear the pathogen, but in other instances, the first defence becomes overwhelmed, and a second line of defence kicks in. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Adaptive immunity is the second line of defence which involves building up the memory of encountered infections so can mount an enhanced response specific to the pathogen or foreign substance. Adaptive immunity involves antibodies, which generally target foreign pathogens roaming free in the bloodstream. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Adaptive immunity Also involved are T cells, which are directed especially towards pathogens that have colonized cells and can directly kill infected cells or help control the antibody response. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Immune dysfunction and clinical immunology The immune system is a highly regulated and balanced system and when the balance is disturbed, disease can result. Research in this area involves studying diseases that is caused by immune system dysfunction. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Immune dysfunction and clinical immunology Much of this work has significance in the development of new therapies and treatments that can manage or cure the condition by altering the way the immune system is working or, in the case of vaccines, priming the immune system and boosting the immune reaction to specific pathogens. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Clinical Immunology Immunodeficiency disorders involve problems with the immune system that impair its ability to mount an appropriate defence. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  There are two types of immunodeficiency disorders: primary immunodeficiencies are typically present from birth, are generally hereditary, and are relatively rare. – Such an example is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Secondary immunodeficiencies generally develop later in life and may result following an infection, as is the case with AIDS following HIV infection. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body it is meant to protect. People suffering from autoimmune diseases have a defect that makes them unable to distinguish 'self' from ‘non- self’ or 'foreign' molecules. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Autoimmune diseases The principles of immunology have provided a wide variety of laboratory tests for the detection of autoimmune diseases. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases may be described as 'primary' autoimmune diseases, like type-1 diabetes, which may be manifested from birth or during early life; or as 'secondary' autoimmune diseases, which manifest later in life due to various factors. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Autoimmune diseases Rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis are thought to belong to this type of autoimmunity. Also, autoimmune diseases can be localized, such as Crohn’s Disease affecting the GI tract, or systemic, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Allergies are hypersensitivity disorders that occur when the body's immune system reacts against harmless foreign substances, resulting in damage to the body's own tissues. most commonly, allergies arise after eating certain types of food, such as peanuts, or from inhaling airborne substances, such as pollen, or dust. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Asthma is a debilitating and sometimes fatal disease of the airways. It generally occurs when the immune system responds to inhaled particles from the air and can lead to thickening of the airways in patients over time. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Cancer is a disease of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation and is defined by a set of hallmarks, one of which is the capacity for cancer cells to avoid immune destruction. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Transplants involve transferring cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient. The most formidable barrier to transplants is the immune system’s recognition of the transplanted organs as foreign © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Vaccines are agents that teach the body to recognize and defend itself against infections from harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Vaccines provide a sneak 'preview' of a specific pathogen, which stimulates the body's immune system to prepare itself if infection occurs. Vaccines contain a harmless element of the infectious agent that stimulates the immune system to mount a response, beginning with the production of antibodies. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 Thank you for listening! Answer the practice quiz after listening and reading Immunology section. © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 Thank you for listening! Cmintu-1st sem-2024 Thank you for listening! Cmintu-1st sem-2024 a LANGE medical book Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology Twenty-Eighth Edition Chapter 09. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019  Learning Outcome Able to differentiate good bacteria and harmful bacteria Able to state the virulence factors of bacteria © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Glossary Adherence Opportunistic pathogen Carrier Pathogen Infection Pathogenicity Invasion Superantigens Microbiota Toxigenicity Nonpathogens Virulence © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Definition © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Identification of disease/cause disease The pathogenesis of bacterial infection includes the initiation of the infectious process and the mechanisms leading to the development of signs and symptoms of bacterial disease.(*) Characteristics of bacteria are adherence to host cells, invasiveness, toxigenicity, and ability to evade the host’s immune system © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Identification of disease/cause disease In 1884, Robert Koch proposed a series of postulated in his treatise on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Question © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Virulence factor Infectious dose of bacteria depends upon virulence factor i.e. whether a bacteria has: – Pili – Toxin – Capsule – Stomach acid (nonspecific host defense) © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Parasites Bacteria that human pathogens are called parasites – Obligate intracellular parasites (Chlamydia & Rickettsia's – Intracellular parasites (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) – Protozoa and Helminths © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Why patient get sick? © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 prosthesis © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Strains © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Gram+ rod © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Clostridium tetani, anaerobic Gram+ rod Tetanospasmin © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Clostridium botulinum © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 Clostridium perfringes © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 LPS of Gram-Negative Bacteria © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 Peptidoglycan of Gram+ Bacteria © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017  Enzymes A. Tissue-degrading enzymes – Lecithinase – Collagenase – Coagulase – Hyaluronidase – Streptokinase – Lipase – Hemolysin B. IgA1 Proteases © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2017 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education, 2019 lack of voluntary muscle movement involuntary eye movement