Microbial Types PDF

Microbial Types Meaning of microorganisms Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. These microorganisms are found everywhere in the environment, including in soil, water, air, and even in our own...

Microbial Types Meaning of microorganisms Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. These microorganisms are found everywhere in the environment, including in soil, water, air, and even in our own bodies. While some microorganisms can cause diseases, others play important roles in various processes such as decomposition, nutrient cycling, and food production. Microorganisms are essential for life on Earth and have a wide range of applications in biotechnology, medicine, and industry. Several microorganisms exist in different groups such as Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Algae Archaea, and others such as rickettsial etc Various fields that deals with microorganisms; The study of viruses is known as virology. Virology is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses, including their structure, function, classification, and interactions with host organisms. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology. Bacteriology is a branch of microbiology that focuses on the study of bacteria, including their morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology, and pathogenesis. The study of fungi is known as mycology. Mycology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their structure, function, ecology, genetics, and evolution. Mycologists study a wide range of fungi, including mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and other microscopic fungi The study of protozoa is known as protozoology. Protozoology is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of protists, which are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi. Protozoa are a diverse group of protists that include amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans, among others The study of algae is known as phycology. Phycology is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of algae, which are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that range from microscopic unicellular organisms to large seaweeds. The study of archaea is known as archaeology (not to be confused with the archaeological study of human history). Archaea are a domain of single-celled microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. They are often found in extreme environments, such as hot springs, highly saline lakes, and deep sea vents. Viruses Viruses are tiny, infectious agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of other organisms. They are not considered to be alive because they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic processes on their own. Viruses consist of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have a lipid envelope. Viruses can infect a wide range of organisms, including Bactria,( bacteriophages) Plants, (phyto viruses) Animals (veterinary viruses) Fungi (mycoviruses or mycophages) Protozoa (Protist viruses) Man… They cause diseases such as influenza, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and COVID-19 in humans, and can also cause diseases in animals and plants. Viruses work by attaching to a host cell, injecting their genetic material, and hijacking the host cell's machinery to producej more copies of the virus. The new virus particles then burst out of the host cell and infect other cells. While viruses are known for causing disease, they also play important roles in ecosystems and have been used in biotechnology for things like gene therapy and vaccine development. Viruses Affecting Man Viruses affecting the skin is called cutaneous or dermatotropic viruses. Thanks study is called dermatology, They include -Human papillomavirus (HPV): A common virus that can cause warts on the skin and mucous membranes, as well as certain types of skin and genital cancers. - Molluscum contagiosum virus: A poxvirus that causes small, raised lesions on the skin, often in children. - Herpes simplex virus (HSV): A common virus that causes cold sores and genital herpes, both of which can cause painful lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. - Varicella-zoster virus (VZV): The virus that causes chickenpox and shingles, both of which can cause rashes and blisters on the skin. - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV): A retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, which can cause skin lesions in addition to other symptoms. Monkeypox, chicken pox, measles viruses, mons viruses, rubella,polio, rabies etc. These viruses are transmitted through various means, including direct contact with an infected individual, sexual contact, or exposure to contaminated objects and surfaces. Viruses affecting the eye ( Neurotrophic viruses) Herpes simplex virus (HSV): This virus can cause herpes keratitis, a common cause of corneal blindness. - Varicella-zoster virus (VZV): This virus can cause herpes zoster ophthalmicus, which can lead to eye inflammation, vision loss, and other complications. - Cytomegalovirus (CMV): This virus can cause retinitis, an inflammation of the retina that can lead to vision loss. - Adenoviruses: These viruses can cause conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye. - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus can cause uveitis, an inflammation of the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye. Yellow fever, dengue, kassala fever, Ebola etc These viruses can be transmitted through various means, including direct contact, respiratory droplets, or exposure to contaminated objects or surfaces. Treatment depends on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Viruses Affecting the Nose (Respiratory Viruses) Rhinoviruses: These are the most common cause of the common cold, which often causes symptoms such as runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, and sore throat. - Influenza viruses: These viruses cause the flu, which can cause symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and nasal congestion. - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): This virus can cause respiratory infections, especially in young children and older adults. It can cause symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and coughing. - Coronaviruses: These viruses can cause a wide range of respiratory infections, from the common cold to more severe illnesses like SARS COVID 2 and COVID-19. Respiratory viruses are typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces. Neuropathic Viruses which are viruses that affect the nervous system. - Herpes simplex virus (HSV): This virus can cause encephalitis, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that involves inflammation of the brain. - Varicella-zoster virus (VZV): This virus can cause shingles, which is a reactivation of the chickenpox virus that can cause a painful rash and nerve pain. - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus can cause neurological complications such as encephalitis, meningitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. - West Nile virus (WNV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause encephalitis, meningitis, and other neurological complications. - Rabies virus: This virus attacks the nervous system and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear Viruses that Affect the Blood are typically referred to as hematological viruses or blood-borne viruses. - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): This virus attacks the immune system and is the cause of AIDS. It is transmitted through blood or other bodily fluids, such as semen or breast milk. - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV): These viruses cause liver inflammation and can lead to chronic liver disease, liver cancer, and liver failure. They are transmitted through blood or other bodily fluids. - Cytomegalovirus (CMV): This virus can cause anemia and other blood disorders, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It is typically transmitted through close contact with infected bodily fluids. - West Nile virus (WNV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, muscle aches, headache, and a rash. In severe cases, it can cause encephalitis, a condition that involves inflammation of the brain and can lead to long-term neurological effects. Lassa fever Gastrointestinal Tract Viruses Viruses that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are known as enteric viruses or gastrointestinal viruses. These viruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Some examples of enteric viruses include: - Norovirus: This virus is highly contagious and is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States. It is typically transmitted through contaminated food, water, or close contact with an infected person. - Rotavirus: This virus is a common cause of severe diarrhea in young children. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, typically through contaminated food or water. - Adenovirus: This virus can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, especially in children. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets or close contact with an infected person. - Astrovirus: This virus causes gastroenteritis, especially in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Hepatitis A, hepatitis C Sexually Transmitted Viruses