MGT101 Final Exam - Second Term 20-21 PDF

MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Explain the different types of change. Answer: TWO TYPES of CHANGE Reactive change Making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise. Proactive (or planned) change Involves making carefully thought-out...

MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Explain the different types of change. Answer: TWO TYPES of CHANGE Reactive change Making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise. Proactive (or planned) change Involves making carefully thought-out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems. Explain the three key roles played by managers as per Mintzberg. Answer: ROLES MANAGERS MUST PLAY SUCCESSFULLY The manager’s roles: Mintzberg’s useful findings 1. A manager relies more on verbal than on written communication. 2. A manager works long hours at an intense pace. 3. A manager’s work is characterized by fragmentation, brevity, and variety. Define social media. What do you understand by Crowdsourcing? Answer: Social media Web-based and mobile technologies generate interactive dialogue with members of a network. These technologies allow business managers to reach and interact with customers in new ways. Crowdsourcing Using the Internet and social media to enlist a group outside the organization for help solving a problem; for example, to raise funds, organize competitions, for recruitment. Define the term ‘Arbitration’ with regard to settling the labor- management dispute. Answer: Arbitration Process in which a neutral third party, an arbitrator, listens to both parties in a dispute and makes a decision that the parties have agreed will be binding. Explain the self-determination theory. What are the three innate needs that influence behavior and well-being. Answer: DECI and RYAN’S SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY Self-determination theory 1|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Assumes people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Focuses primarily on intrinsic motivation and rewards. The THREE INNATE NEEDS Competence People need to feel qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task and to learn different skills. Autonomy People need to feel they have the freedom and the discretion to determine what they want to do and how they want to do it. Relatedness People need to feel a sense of belonging, of attachment to others Briefly explain the five conflict-handling styles. Answer: Avoiding. Ignoring or suppressing a conflict: “Maybe the problem will go away.” Obliging. Allows the desires of the other party to prevail: “Let’s do it your way.” Dominating. Ordering an outcome, using formal authority and power to resolve a conflict: “You have to do it my way.” Compromising. Both parties give up something to gain something: “Let’s split the difference.” Integrating. Manager strives to confront the issue and cooperatively identify the problem and seek a solution “Let’s reach a win-win solution that benefits both of us.” What do you understand by “Communication”? What are the different types of barriers to communication? Answer: Communication Communication is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another. You are an efficient communicator when you can transmit your message accurately in the least time. You are an effective communicator when your intended message is accurately understood by the other person. Barriers in the communication process Sender barrier Encoding barrier Medium barrier Decoding barrier Receiver barrier Feedback barrier Explain the three kinds of change. Write at least five reasons why employees resist change. Answer: TYPES and MODELS of CHANGE Three types of change: 1.Least threatening: Adaptive change. Reintroduction of a familiar practice. 2|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 2.Somewhat threatening: Innovative change. Introduction of a practice that is new to the organization. 3.Very threatening: Radically innovative change. Involves introducing a practice that is new to the industry. REASONS EMPLOYEES RESIST CHANGE 1. Individual’s predisposition toward change. 2. Surprise and fear of the unknown. 3. Climate of mistrust. 4. Fear of failure. 5. Loss of status or job security. The group decision making provides some disadvantages as well, which includes ________, satisficing & goal displacement. 1. Quicker decision 2. A greater pool of knowledge 3. Groupthink 4. Different perspective Training is an important way through which the employees can be educated regarding the job. Four major training methods are coaching, training positions ____________& planned work activities. 1. Counseling 2. Job evaluation 3. Feedback 4. Job Rotation Raising money for a project or venture by obtaining many small amounts of money from many peoples is known as 3|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 1. Multifunding 2. Cutbacks 3. Crowdfunding 4. Claw backs The goal of the organization’s__________ is to capture the hearts and minds of employees, challenge them, and evoke their emotions and dreams. 1. Vision 2. Mission 3. Strategy 4. Culture According to Mintzberg’s management roles, the ______________ roles involve receiving, collecting, and disseminating information. 1. Interpersonal 2. Decisional 3. Informational 4. Technical Which of the following skills are more important at lower levels of management, as these managers are dealing directly with employees doing the organization’s work? 1. Technical 2. Human 3. Conceptual 4. Empirical Getting optimal work performance to help realize company’s mission & vision is the purpose of the ____________. 1. Motivation 2. Strategic Human Resource Management 4|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 3. Strategic Management 4. Rotation Which of the following is NOT one of the three management approaches that grew out of the first half of 20th century? 1. Classical viewpoint 2. Behavioral viewpoint 3. Quantitative Viewpoint 4. Systems viewpoint According to ________ viewpoint, the approach that managers should undertake to better understand the human actions and to motivate the employees towards achievement. 1. Behavioral 2. Scientific 3. Systems 4. Classical Job ________ is the opposite of ________. 1. Rotation; Job enlargement 2. Rotation; Job focus 3. Enlargement; Job enrichment 4. Enlargement; Scientific management The process of building into a job such motivating factors as recognition and achievement is 1. Vertical loading 2. Job satisfaction 3. Job enrichment 5|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 4. Job enlargement A simple model of motivation include all of the following EXCEPT 1. Rewards 2. Punishment 3. Unfulfilled needs 4. Behaviors ________ is the extent to which a job allows an employee to make decisions about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them. 1. Autonomy 2. Skill variety 3. Task significance 4. Horizontal loading According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, in the zone between the motivating factors and the hygiene factors, employees are _____. 1. Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied 2. Unmotivated 3. Dissatisfied 4. Satisfied ________ is the process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative. 1. Positive reinforcement 2. Punishment 3. Negative reinforcement 6|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 4. Extinction A sales commission is an example of a ______ compensation plan. 1. Pay-for-knowledge 2. Pay-for-performance 3. Profit sharing 4. Reward A manager should __________ while using reinforcement. 1. Clearly communicate the desired behavior 2. Avoid using punishment 3. Give all employees the same rewards to ensure fairness 4. Reward both desired and undesired behavior As a result of process changes in production, Tata Auto gave each employee 70 percent of the cost savings. Tata Auto uses a ________ compensation plan. 1. Gain-sharing 2. Pay-for-knowledge 3. Pay-for-performance 4. Profit-sharing ____________is the distribution of savings or "gains" to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity 1. Pay for profit 2. Gainsharing 3. Stock options 7|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 4. Profit sharing Which of the following is not an inside force that indicates organizational change might be needed? 1. Increased competition 2. Absenteeism 3. High level of stress among employees 4. Conflict between managers and employees One of the perspectives of “Balanced Scorecard” is _____. 1. Internal Business 2. External processes 3. Internal weakness 4. External perspective Which of the following include inside forces for change? 1. Domestic Competition 2. Recession 3. Immigration 4. Low productivity and Turnover As per the Maslow's hierarchy of human needs theory, the different needs include: 1. Physiological, safety, social (love), esteem and self-actualization. 2. Physiological, financial, social (love) and empowerment 3. Physiological, financial, social, esteem and self-actualization 4. Food & shelter, companionship, ego and self-actualization 8|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 __________ include influences on an organization arising from changes in the characteristics of a population, such as education, age or ethnic origin. 1. Demographic forces 2. Sociocultural forces 3. Political legal forces 4. Economic forces All of the following are force for change originating outside the organization EXCEPT 1. Market changes 2. Productivity Issues 3. Social & Political Pressure 4. Technological Advancement In order to gain competitive advantage, the top management of a Pharmaceutical Company has decided to focus on customer service, employee training, and continuous quality improvement. This approach is known as_______ 1. Competitive edging 2. Enterprise Resource Planning 3. Total quality management (TQM) 4. Evidence-based management Implementation of RFID technology by Danube, with a view to improve inventory tracking, is an example of a(n) ______ change. 1. Reactive 2. Proactive 3. Responsive 4. Incremental 9|Page  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 When people are promoted or hired or denied hiring or promotion, for reasons such as origin, ethnic group, skin color, gender, religion, nationality that are not relevant to the job. It is termed as 1. Discrimination 2. Quid pro quo 3. Quota 4. Descript Four major training methods are coaching, training positions, _____________ & planned work activities. 1. Job Analysis 2. Job Evaluation 3. Job Rotation 4. Counseling & Feedback A _________ is one that is made in response to arising problems or opportunities. 1. Radical change 2. Proactive change 3. Reactive change 4. Process change The tendency of a group or team to stick together is termed as __________. 1. Evaluator 2. Individuality 3. Cohesiveness 4. Accountable 10 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 The Reliance are in the business of Petro- Chemicals, Fertilizers, & Retailing, later they entered into Telecommunication sector through Reliance Jio, this is an example of ____________ diversification. 1. Related 2. Unrelated 3. Synergy 4. Unfreezing An organization that is diversifying its product line is exhibiting what type of grand strategy? 1. Maintenance 2. Retrenchment 3. Stability 4. Growth __________ are any constituents in the organization’s external environment that are affected by the organization’s decisions and actions. 1. Stockholders 2. Board of Directors 3. Stakeholders 4. Sociolegal The task environment of an organization consists of constituents that have a direct impact on managers’ decisions and actions. The main constituents are customers, suppliers, competitors, and __________. 1. Employees 2. Lawyers 3. Interest/Pressure groups 4. Legislators 11 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 ________ and ________ were two of the pioneers in the area of total quality management. 1. Owen; Munsterberg 2. Deming; Juran 3. Taylor; Gilbreth 4. Fayol; Weber The quantitative approach evolved from the development of mathematical and statistical solutions for __________. 1. Fighter Aircraft/Military problems in World War II 2. Clogged telephone circuits during the 1930s 3. Waiting line problems at fast-food restaurants in the 1960s 4. Production management problems in the 1950s The change in how the customer wants your product to look in design is an example of what? 1. General environment 2. Unions 3. BOD 4. Task environment A manager should __________ while using reinforcement. 1. Avoid using punishment 2. Clearly communicate the desired behavior 3. Give all employees the same rewards to ensure fairness 4. Reward both desired and undesired behavior ________ is the process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative. 12 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 1. Positive reinforcement 2. Negative reinforcement 3. Extinction 4. Punishment In Deming’s PDCA cycle, “D” stands 1. Direct 2. Do 3. Debt management 4. Data management The process of building into a job such motivating factors as recognition and achievement is 1. Vertical loading 2. Job satisfaction 3. Job enrichment 4. Job enlargement Job ________ is the opposite of ________. 1. Enlargement; Scientific management 2. Enlargement; Job enrichment 3. Rotation; Job focus 4. Rotation; Job enlargement When using goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers should 1. Help workers understand and accept the goals. 2. Set general goals that are emotionally appealing. 13 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 3. Set targets that are beyond employees' reach. 4. Set goals that are easily achievable. The expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome is ________. 1. Instrumentality 2. Reinforcement 3. Valence 4. Expectancy What does the acroym SMART refer to in the context of goal setting? Answer: SMART is a mnemonic acronym, giving criteria to guide in the setting of objectives, for example in project management, employee-performance management and personal development. In this S and M usually mean specific and measurable. The remaining letters refer to achievable, relevant and time- bound. Project objective describes the desired results of a project, which often includes a tangible item. An objective is specific and measurable, and must meet time, budget, and quality constraints. Define Collective Bargaining and Recruitment Answer: Collective bargaining Negotiations between management and employees about disputes over compensation, benefits, working conditions, and job security. Recruiting is the process of locating and attracting qualified applicants for jobs open in the organization. Recruiting is of two types: internal and external. What are the five types of communication barriers? Explain any two. Answer: 1. Physical barriers—sound, time, and space 14 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 2. Personal barriers—individual attributes that hinder communication, such as communication skills, variations in the way we process and interpret information, variations in trustworthiness and credibility, oversized egos, faulty listening skills, a tendency to judge others' messages, and generational differences 3. Cross-cultural barriers—differences in the ideas, values, practices, and material objects from culture to culture 4. Nonverbal communication—messages sent outside of the written or spoken word, including eye contact, facial expressions, body movements and gestures, and touch 5. Gender differences—the idea that, on average, men and women often have different communication styles What are the factors that ecourage innovation in organizations? Answer: The organizational factors that encourage innovation in an organization can be considered to be more of a team effort than an individual change. Therefore, the factors that are the most relevant are:- 1. Good management practices: which include the element of freedom to the workers, the presence of challenging and enriching work as well as motivation, encouragement and support of the management. 2. Lack of impediments: which means that the cultural effects, both internal and external do not impede with the ability of the organization to be able to handle their responsibility and continue their core processes with efficiency. 3. Presence of sufficient resources: which means that there is a resource for things that need to be consumed by the workforce which includes knowledge, materials, information as well as facilitate and things such as funding. 4. Realistic goals and expectations: the biggest reason for motivation is a achieve bale goal and target, therefore, we can say that following SMART goal procedure would help the organization build that level of trust as well as work efficiency. A ________ is staffed with specialists pursuing a common objective. 1. Virtual Team 2. Cross Functional Team 3. Continuous Improvement Team 4. Informal Group MBO uses three types of objectives. Explain them. Answer: 15 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Performance Objectives Focus Express the objective as an outcome or end-result. Examples: “Increase sport utility sales by 10%.” “Reduce food spoilage by 15%.” Behavioral Objectives Focus Express the objective as the behaviors needed to achieve an outcome. Examples “Greet all potential automobile customers with a smile and offer to assist.” “Ensure food is stored in seal-proof containers.” “Attend five days of leadership training.” “Learn basics of Microsoft Office software by June 1.” Learning Objectives Focus Express the objective in terms of acquiring knowledge or competencies. Examples “Attend sales training class.” “Learn how the features in our sports utility vehicles compare to competitors.” How will reflecting on past decisions prepare you for future decisions? 1. It will teach you how to be visual 2. It will give you a set of options for solving problems. 3. It will enable you to understand quantity over quality. 4. It will identify the ideas that are too costly. Which of the following reasons makes it hard to be evidence-based? 1. Ignore orders and delay their implementation 2. Share results with others 3. The evidence doesn't quite apply 4. Downplay risks and continue on a path When managers avoid the rational decision-making model and find ways to satisfice, they are following the concept of _________________. 1. Bounded rationality 2. Jurisprudence 3. Self-motivated decisions 4. Least-squared exemptions 16 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 What are the ten characteristics of a servant leader? What are the ten characteristics of a servant leader? Answer: 1. Focus on listening 2. Ability to empathize with others’ feelings 3. Focus on healing suffering 4. Self-awareness of strengths and weaknesses 5. Use of persuasion rather than positional authority 6. Broad-based conceptual thinking 7. Ability to foresee future outcomes 8. Belief they are stewards of their employees and resources 9. Commitment to the growth of people 10. Build community within and outside the organization _____ is known/considered as father of scientific management. 1. Frank Gilbreth 2. Abraham Maslow 3. Frederick W. Taylor 4. Peter Drucker According to Mintzberg’s management roles, the ______________ roles involve receiving, collecting, and disseminating information. 1. Informational 2. Interpersonal 3. Technical 4. Decisional According to Mintzberg’s management roles, the _____________ roles are those that involve interacting with people inside and outside their work duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature. 1. Technical 2. Decisional 3. Informational 17 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 4. Interpersonal __________ Planning is determining what the organization’s long-term goals should be for the next 1-5 years with the resources they expect to have available. 1. Strategic 2. Functional 3. Tactical 4. Operational Developed a categorization scheme for defining what managers do, consisting of 10 different but highly interrelated roles. Identify? 1. Henry Morris 2. Henri Fayol 3. Henry Mintzberg 4. Henry Ford All of the following are techniques for improving Quality Except 1. Reduced Cycle time. 2. Market share 3. Six Sigma 4. TQM ____ is the process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative 1. Extinction 2. Positive reinforcement 3. Punishment 4. Negative Reinforcement A control chart is used for 1. Showing a significant deviation from standards. 18 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 2. Quantifying the performance level for a given goal. 3. Recognizing and reinforcing positive performance. 4. Establishing the normal or desired performance with upper and lower limits. The purpose of ________, is helping the new comer fit smoothly into the job and the organization. 1. Orientation 2. Personality Test 3. Reliability 4. Validity Controlling the supply chain is important for the management. Why? 1. Controlling the supply chain means it can be used to monitor employees and assess job satisfaction, engagement, and leadership. 2. It is effective in ensuring that performance standards are being met. 3. As a major cost center, it is important to pay attention to the sourcing, shipping, and warehousing. 4. It increases employee commitment and workers taking responsibility for their performance. Identify the reason for the decline in productivity globally. 1. Because many companies have implemented enterprise resource planning, and integrating business practices. 2. Because companies are more focused on engaging in self-development and organizational citizenship 3. Because of cloud computing, nations can see how others are doing and competition has slowed. 4. Because national economies are more interconnected, if one takes a downturn all take a downturn. Identify which one of the following is not a form of compensation. 1. Promotions 2. Salaries 19 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 3. Incentives 4. Wages Having a goal to reduce the electric bill, Global Power Incorporation decided to install solar panels on all of its building. This will help to not only reduce company costs but also the costs passed down to its consumers. How would you describe Global Power Incorporation control system? 1. It will require new recruitments with new skill sets. 2. It is setting a new standard that is behind the times. 3. It is strategic and results oriented. 4. It overemphasizes a means to an end. McClelland believes that achievement, ___________ and power are major motives which determine people's behavior in the workplace and that we learn these from the culture and our life experiences 1. Trust 2. Affiliation 3. Perceive 4. Perception According to Herzberg’s two factor theory, the motivating factors include achievement, recognition, responsibility and ________. 1. Regardless 2. Advancement 3. Mistrust 4. Roles The introduction of a change, a new practice to an organization and that is also new to the industry is called as 1. Repressive change 20 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 2. Radically innovative change 3. Innovative-expert change 4. Radically Adaptive change Following are the Techniques for improving quality EXCEPT 1. Six Sigma 2. Reduced cycle time 3. Market share 4. Outsourcing Believe on the part of Ethnocentric managers that their native country, culture, language, and behavior _____. 1. Are superior to all others. 2. Are equal to non-other cultures. 3. Needs to be changed. 4. Are outperformed. Which of the following best defines Kaizen? 1. A philosophy of small continuous improvement that seeks to involve everyone at every level of the organization 2. A cycle using observed data for continuous improvement of operations 3. A comprehensive approach dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction 4. Ideas for making organizations more responsive, more democratic, and less wasteful Of the seven types of challenges managers face, the primary two challenges today’s managers face are 1. Dealing with unethical dilemmas & decreasing diversity. 2. Dealing with affiliations and financial issues. 3. Dealing with the unionism & lack of information. 4. Managing for competitive advantage and diversity 21 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Which of the following statements is true? 1. Men are less willing than women to talk over others. 2. Men tend to withdraw and isolate themselves when problem solving, whereas women seek out others for support. 3. In terms of answering questions, men tend to provide more information than needed, while women tend to be quick and to the point. 4. Men are more skilled at deciphering nonverbal cues than women are. Translating a message into understandable symbols or language is termed as 1. Recoding 2. Medium richness 3. Encoding 4. Collaboration tactics In Herzberg’s two-factor theory, the two factors are _________ and motivating factors. 1. Inducement 2. Affiliations 3. Responsible relationship 4. Hygiene factors Which of the following indicates how official communications should be routed? 1. Lateral networks 2. Corporate culture 3. Organization chart 4. Grapevine Monochronic time is a _______. 22 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 1. Time of chronic, frequent errors 2. Preference for doing one thing at a time 3. Preference for multitasking 4. Desire to do as little as possible for a period of time The ________ process is the screening of job applicants to hire the best candidate. 1. Selection 2. Performance appraisal 3. Realistic job preview 4. Recruiting Out of the following, which one is the most effective source of new employees? 1. Newspaper and LinkedIn ads 2. Employee referrals 3. College recruiters 4. Private employment agencies The power that results from managers' authority to punish their subordinates in an organization is called ______ power. 1. Coercive 2. Legitimate 3. Referent 4. Reward Point out the which one is an example of a force for change originating inside the organization. 1. Mergers & Acquisitions 2. Inflation 3. Reward System 4. Education 23 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 ________________consists of the activities managers perform to plan for, attract, develop, and retain an effective workforce. 1. Enterprise Resource Planning 2. Performance Management 3. Human Resource Management 4. Materials Resource Planning Gossip and rumor in an organization are part of the ________, which itself is a type of ________ communication channel. 1. Grapevine; informal 2. Culture; horizontal 3. Organizational chart; informal 4. Organizational chart; horizontal Identify the principal organization that works as a lender of last resort by providing short term loans to countries suffering from unfavorable balance of payment 1. WTO 2. IMF 3. DRDO 4. World Bank A report listing an organization's employees by education, training, name, languages, and other important information is 1. Job Analysis 2. Job Skill Record 3. Human Resource Inventory 4. Human Resource Management 24 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 In the Strategic Human Resource process, the final step is _______. 1. Future human resource needs 2. Train, and develop people 3. Perform appraisals of people 4. Orient and select people The change model suggested by Lewin comprises of 1. Three steps: diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation 2. Three stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. 3. Three levels: recognize problems, gain allies, and execute 4. Three types: adaptive, innovative, and radically innovative. The key to protecting digital communication systems against fraud, hackers, identity theft, and other threats is 1. Hiring ethical employees. 2. Using prevention techniques like strong passwords. 3. Using file-sharing services. 4. Creating a well-funded IT department An adaptive change is most likely to be seen & considered as ________ by the employees. 1. Moderately threatening 2. Totally acceptable 3. Least threatening 4. High threat 25 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Bin Zargar really enjoys mingling at work functions, both to network for new contacts and simply to share stories with other interesting people. Bin Zargar probably scores high in _________. 1. Extroversion 2. Self stability 3. Self management 4. Conscientiousness A_____is a team where members interact by computer network to collaborate on projects a. Self-Managed Team b. Problem Solving Team C. Virtual Team d. Work Team Strategic Management is a.. A. Process that involves managers from all parts of the organization in the formulation and the implementation of strategies and strategic goals b. Process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of psychology. C. Way of “performing different activities from rivals, or performing similar activities in different ways" d. Large-scale action plan that sets the direction for an organization The Reliance are in the business of Petro- Chemicals, Fertilizers, & Retailing, later they entered into Telecommunication sector through Reliance Jio, this is an example of _________diversification a. Unrelated b. Unfreezing 26 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 c. Related d. Synergy According to Harvard Business School's Professor Michael Porter, _____ "means performing different activities from rivals or performing similar activities in different ways" to achieve sustainable competitive advantage a. Strategic Positioning b. Corporate Transformation C. Organizational Development d. Corporate Social Responsibility I a ___type of organizational structure, people with occupational specialties are put together in formal groups by similar products, customers or geographic regions. a. Function b. Divisional C. Hollow d. Matrix A process of comparig the performance of a company's products, services, or processes with those of another business considered to be the best in the industry, is the definition of a. Benchmarking b. Strategic positioning C. Competitive advantage d. Strategic control An employee within an organization, who mobilizes the organization's resources to turn a new idea into a profitable new product is better known a. Intrapreneur b. Team leader c-Entrepreneur d. Manager 27 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 In BCG matrix analysis, the products that have relatively low market share in a low growth market and therefore should be eliminated, are categorized as a. Question marks b. Cash Cows C. Stars D. Dogs Communicating the good and the bad characteristics of the job during the hiring process of new employees is done within a. Unstructured interview b. Employment test C. Structured interview d. Realistic job preview All of these ideas are proposed by Deming management EXCEPT a. Verify the accuracy and fairness of financial statements. b. Quality can be improved on the basis of hard data, using the PDCA cycle. C. Quality should be aimed at the needs of the consumer. d. Companies should aim at improving the system, not blaming workers As per the expectancy theory, for a person's motivation to be high, he or she must be high on all three elements: Expectancy, ____ and valence. a. Hostility b. Performance C. Instrumentality d. Responsibility is staffed with specialists pursuing a common objective. 28 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 a. Cross Functional Team b. Virtual Team C. Informal Group d. Continuous Improvement Team As per the expectancy theory, for a person's motivation to be high, he or she must be high on all three elements: Expectancy, ____ and valence. a. Hostility b. Performance C. Instrumentality d. Responsibility Explain the Contingency leadership model? Who developed it? Answer: The contingency leadership model developed by Fiedler Determining if a leader’s style is (1) task-oriented or (2) relationship-oriented and if that style is effective for the situation at hand. Uses the least preferred coworker (LPC) scale, in which workers rank the coworker they least enjoyed working with and rate him or her: friendly/unfriendly, tense/relaxed, efficient/inefficient. The higher the score, the more the relationship-oriented; the lower the score, the more task-oriented. Explain " stress " what are some of the common physiological signs of stress? Answer: Stress The tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively. Serious physiological signs include heart attacks, psychological signs may appear as hostility, and behavioral signs would be sleeplessness and alcohol abuse. A decision tree is A. The hierarchy that must be followed when getting decisions approved b. A graph of decisions and their possible consequences. 29 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 C.A structure of problem-solving ideas, with its roots based on the organization's mission. d. An organization's decision network Goal displacement, satisficing, and groupthink are a. The disadvantages of individual decision making b. Some advantages of group decision making C.A normal aspect of all groups d. The disadvantages of group decision making According to the textbook, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the _ experiment at a steel company. A- Fish tank B- Pig iron C- Blue collar D- Horseshoe The two core principles of TQM are & Improvement Orientation Operation a. Orientation Orientation B. Environment Orientation C. Financial Orientation D. People Orientation After meeting their social needs, people focus on such matters as self-respect, status, reputation, recognition, and self-confidence, which are part of _____ a. Self-actualization b. Esteem needs 30 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 C. Physiological d. Responsibility As per Abraham Maslow, the need for status, reputation, and recognition are part of a person's a. Esteem needs b. Psychological needs C. Social needs d. Self-actualization needs Frak and Lillian Gilbreth's work began in the area of a. Bricks laying b. Installing rudimentary electrical wiring C. Assembly lines d. Cutting lumber The primary issue that aroused Taylor to create a more scientific approach to management was _. A worker productivity and efficiency B worker effectiveness C workplace safety D worker absenteeism and turnover has been described as: The ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways. a. Personal Conflict b. Self-determination C. Self control 31 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 d. Self-management Identify the reason for the decline in productivity globally. a. Because national economies are more interconnected. If one takes a downturn all take downtime b. Because companies are more focused on engaging in self-development and organizational citizenship c. Because of cloud computing, nations can see how others are doing and competition has slowed d.Because many companies have implemented enterprise resource planning, and integrating business practices Job __is the opposite of __ A. Enlargement ; Scientific management b. Enlargement Job enrichment C Rotation Job focus d Rotation Job enlargement Ethnocentric managers believe that their native country, culture, language, and behavior __ a. Are superior to all others b. Are harmful to others C. Are updated d. Need not to be changed Which of the following approaches to management has also been labeled Operations Research or Management Science? A the experimental approach B the qualitative viewpoint C the quantitative viewpoint 32 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 D the theoretical approach Having a self centered perspective, feelings of superiority, and a drive for personal power and glory, are common traits of a. Extraversion b. Machiavellianism c Psychopathy d. Narcissism present(s) the greatest risk to an organization going international a. Strategic alliance b. Foreign subsidiaries c. Licensing d. Joint ventures Which is/are the characteristic/s of a group? a-Common identity b- all of the options are correct c- shared goals d- shared norms Benchmarking is the search for the best practices among competitors or non-competitors that lead to their a. Superior performance b. Ability to identify new market niches. 33 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 c. Achieving such a large market share d. Ability to so accurately predict the environment The power that results from maagers' authority to punish their subordinates in an organization is called power. a. Reward B. Coercive C. Referent d. Legitimate Which term best defines "the trend of the world economy towards becoming a more Globalization Multinationalization Industrialization Liberalization The balanced scorecard gives top managers a fast but comprehensive view of the organization via four indicators, they are customer satisfaction, internal processes, innovation & improvement activities and ___. a. Benchmarking b. Stereotype c. Financial measures d. Employee motives Ethocentric managers believe that their native country, culture, language, and behavior __ a.Are superior to all others b. Are harmful to others C.Are updated d. Need not to be changed The three stages of lowan’s change model.: Changing 34 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Unfreezing Refreezing Defrizzing Readily available information may not present a complete picture of a situation due to a- information bias b- availability bias c- Anchoring and adjustment bias d- confirmation bias Physical manifestations such as awards, myths & stories about the company, rituals and ceremonies, & visible behavior exhibited by managers and employees are A -Observable artifacts of organizational culture B -Espoused values of organizational culture C -Basic assumptions about organizational culture D -Enacted values of organizational culture Special privileges given to the American owners in return for employing Mexican citizens in the manufacturing in Mexico is known as a. Maquiladoras b. Diversedoras C. Globalists d. Barterists Budgets are popular most likely because they’re applicable to a wide variety of organizations and _. 35 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 A. Estimate the number of unites that will produce B. Work activities within organizations C. Specify how much money with organizations will receive D. Define how much money will be spent The four types of reinforcement are, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, _& punishment. a. Extrovert. b. Extract C. Aggression d. Extinction When using goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers should A. Help workers understand and accept the goals B. Set goals that are easily achievable C. Set targets the are beyond employees' reach. D. Set general goals that are emotionally appealing. cosists of the activities managers perform to plan for, attract, develop, and retain an effective workforce. a. Performance Management b. Human Resource Management C. Enterprise Resource Planning d. Materials Resource Planning Two-factor theory says that i the zone between the motivating factors and the hygiene factors, employees' are 36 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 a. More Satisfied b. Motivated C. Neither satisfied nor Dissatisfied d. Dissatisfied The __ accepts that differences & similarities exist between home & foreign personnel's prpersonnel's practices & that they should use whatever techniques are most effective a. Geocentric Managers b. Ethocentric Mangers c. Expatriate d. Geopolycentric Managers The process of studying large amounts of data of a variety of types to uncover correlations and other useful information is known a A- Cyber cage research B- Big data analytics C- Big era research D- New agile computing I the Strategic Human Resource process, the final step is a.Train, and develop people b. Orient and select people C.Future human resource needs d. Perform appraisals of people As per Abraham Maslow, the eed for status, reputation, and recognition are part of a person's a. Esteem needs 37 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 b. Psychological needs c.Social needs d.Self-actualization needs The process of istituting ongoing small, incremental improvements in all parts of an organization is A.BPO b. Total Improvement C. MBO d.Continuous Improvement The trading bloc NFTA consists of the following countries A. United States, Canada & Cuba B. United States, Canada & Panama C. Brazil, Argentina & Chile D. United States, Canada & Mexico Briefly explain the five confilct-handling styles. Answer: There are five main conflict management styles according to the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument model that define how someone is handling conflict. Each style is applicable for the different type of teams and situations and has two qualities — assertiveness and cooperativeness. Here’s the list of styles and when they are effective: 1. Competition. Basically forcing the other person to do everything your way. Very assertive and completely not cooperative, as the other person will have to give up on something. Works best when you need to make an urgent decision in an emergency situation and other person is aware of that. 2. Collaboration. This is a style where both parties achieve their goals through collaboration and cooperation. It’s perfect for situations where you have time to find a new solution to the problem. Takes a lot of going back and forth to get everyone’s opinion understood and find the middle ground. 3. Compromise. Requires both you and the other person to give up on something and thus can be considered a lose-lose approach as none of you gets what was wanted initially. Works best for a temporary solution when you are limited on time. Collaborating requires more effort to a, so compromise is often used as an easy way out. 38 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 4. Accommodation. Requires you to give up on your goals and cooperate with the other person. Works best when the other person is an expert or has a better solution than you, or you want to build a relationship and gain the trust of the other party. 5. Avoidance. In my opinion, it’s the worst of all and is often used by people who treat conflict as something terrible. Nothing gets done in that case because you simply avoid the conflict to reserve some space, or hoping that conflict will resolve itself. Sometimes that works, but it’s not a good strategy overall. Note that conflicts are not something uncommon or bad, you just need to get used to them and use an appropriate management style to deal with them. The chage model suggested by Lewin comprises of a.Three levels: recognize problems, gain allies, and execute b.Three types: adaptive, innovative, and radically innovative d.Three stages: unfreezing, changing and refreezing We can define Productivity by the formula A-Energy &materials, divided by labor & capital B- Labor, energy & capital diyided by goods, services $ materials C- Goods and services produced, divided by labors, capital, energy & materials D-Labor, capital, energy, & materials, divided by goods & services producted Actig humbly or friendly before making a request is an _____for influencing others. a. Ultimatum tactics b. Ingratiating tactic C. Exchange d.Inspiration request Describe control and explain why it is requtired by organizations. Answer: 39 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Control is making something happen the way it was planned to happen. Controlling is defined as monitoring performance, comparing it with goals, and taking corrective action as needed. There are six reasons why control is needed: 1. to adapt to change and uncertainty. 2. to discover irregularities and errors. 3. to reduce costs, increase productivity, or add value. 4. to detect opportunities and increase innovation. 5. to provide performance feedback. 6. to decentralize decision making and facilitate teamwork. A process where someone is assigned to play the role of critic to voice possible objections to a proposal is termed as A- Groupwork B- Devil's Advocacy C.- Consideraiion D- Collaborate tactics Poit out the which one is an example of a force for change originating inside the organization. a. Reward System b.Education C. Mergers & Acquisitions d.Inflation The rational mode of decision making is also called the A. Decision-Discussion Mode B. Focus Model C. Illogical Model D. Classical Model 40 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 What do you understand by Organization Development? Describe the OD process Answer: Organization development (OD) Set of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective. Differentiate between single-use plans and standing plans. How a OD WORKS 1. Diagnosis what is the problem 2.. Intervention what shall we do about it 3. Evaluation how well has the intervention worked 4. Feedback How can the diagnosis be further refined? What are the two importat conclusions of the behavioral approaches? Answer: BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES Two conclusions: 1. A leader’s behavior is more important than his or her traits. It is important to train managers on the various forms of task and relationship leadership. 2. There is no one best style of leadership. How effective a particular leadership behavior is depends on the situation at hand. The process of studying large amount of data of variety of types to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, and other useful information is A. Cyber cage research B. Bug data analytics C. Big era research D. New agile computing Bi Zargar really enjoys mingling at work functions, both to network for new contacts and simply to share stories with other interesting people. Bin Zargar probably scores high in a.Conscientiousness b. Self stability C. Self management d.Extroversion 41 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 The power that results from maagers' authority to punish their subordinates in an organization is called power. a.Reward b.Coercive C. Referent d.Legitimate. As per Abraham Maslow, the eed for status, reputation, and recognition are part of a person's a.Esteem needs b. Psychological needs C.Social needs d.Self-actualization needs Two-factor theory says that i the zone between the motivating factors and the hygiene factors, employees' are_ a. More Satisfied b. Motivated C.Neither satisfied nor Dissatisfied d.Dissatisfied describe related diversification along with its advantages Answer: Diversification is an act of an existing entity branching out into a new business opportunity. This corporate strategy enables the entity to enter into a new market segment which it does not already operate in. The decision to diversify can prove to be a challenging decision for the entity as it can lead to extraordinary rewards with risks. The following are the advantages of diversification: 42 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 As the economy changes, the spending patterns of the people change. Diversification into a number of industries or product line can help create a balance for the entity during these ups and downs. There will always be unpleasant surprises within a single investment. Being diversified can help in balancing such surprises. Diversification helps to maximize the use of potentially underutilized resources. Certain industries may fall down for a specific time frame owing to economic factors. Diversification provides movement away from activities which may be declining. Describe the elements of the communication process. Answer: The elements and process of communication = 1. Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others. 2. Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message. The sender’s knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the message. 3. Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver. 4. Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums. 5. Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted. He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the communication objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and relationship with the sender. 6. Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand it in the best possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the message in exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender. 7. Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal. 43 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 A decision tree is a - an organizations decision network b - a graph of decision and their possible consequences c- the hierarchy that must be followed when getting decision approved d- a structure of problem solving ideas with its roots based on the organizations mission A__ isa standing plan that designates specific required action. a. Industry standard b. Procedure c. rule d. Policy A process of comparing the performance of a company’s products, services, or processes with those of another business considered to be the best in the industry, is the definition of a. Strategic Control b. Strategic positioning c. Benchmarking d. Competitive advantage All of the following are type of teams in an organization EXCEPT a. Virtual teams b. work Teams c. Arranged teams d. Project teams 44 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 The statement is an organization's purpose or reason for being, and i a company's is its long-term goal of what it wants to become a. Grand strategy b. Grand strategy mission c. Mission vision d. Vision mission I the Ohio State leadership Model, leadership is identified as a.Initiating structure and consideration b.Transactional or Transformational C.Task oriented and relationship oriented d. Job centered or employee centered First line managers must complete the operational planning every & middle level managers must carry out the tactical planning every a. 1 to 52 weeks, 6 to 24 months b. 1 to 12 weeks, year c. Year if necessary 1 to 90 d. days 6 to 24 months, 1 to 52 weeks The two core priciples of TQM are & Improvement Orientation. a.Operation Orientation b. Environment Orientation C.Financial Orientation d.People Orientation 45 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Having a goal to reduce the electric bill, Glocal power lncorporation decided ration decided to install solar panels on all of its building. Thiswill help to not only reduce company costsbut also the costs passed down to its consumers. How would you describe Glocal power lncorporation control system ? a. It is strategic and results oriented. b. It overemphasizes a means to an end. C. It is setting a new standard that isbehind the times. d. It will require new recruitments with new skill sets. Actig humbly or friendly before making a request is an _____for influencing others. a. Ultimatum tactics b. Ingratiating tactic C. Exchange d.Inspiration request The process of istituting ongoing small, incremental improvements in all parts of an organization is A.BPO b. Total Improvement C. MBO d.Continuous Improvement The four types of reinforcement are, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, _& punishment. a. Extrovert. b. Extract C. Aggression d. Extinction 46 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Job is the opposite of a.Elargement; Scientific management b.Enlargement; Job enrichment C.Rotation; Job focus d.Rotation; Job enlargement Havig a self-centered perspective, feelings of superiority, and a drive for personal power and glory, are common traits of a. Extraversion b. Machiavellianism C. Psychopathy d.Narcissism involves formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results and thus coping with uncertainty a. Execution b. Visions statement C. Mission statement d. Planning A budget that allocates icreased or decreased funds to a department by using the last budget period as a reference point is called a(n) a. Zero based Budget b. Standardized Budget C. Fixed Budget d. Incremental Budget 47 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 is defined as a system of safeguards for protecting information technology against disasters, system failures, and unauthorized access that result in damage or loss a. Privacy b. Virus c.Securit d. Reinstallation The rational model of decision making is also called the a. Logical b. Analytical C.Classical d. Focused The characteristics of the servat leadership are all Except a. Ability to emphasize with others feeling b. Focus on health suffering C. Focus on hearing d. Emphasize value of diversity Explain Reinforcement theroy, what are the four types of reinforcement Answer: Reinforcement is anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited, whether praising a child for cleaning his or her room or scolding a child for leaving a tricycle in the driveway. There are four types of reinforcement: (1) positive reinforcement, (2) negative reinforcement, (3) extinction, and (4) punishment. 48 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Define TQm what are different TQM techniques described in the prescribed text book Answer: Total quality management (TQM) A comprehensive approach-led by top management and supported throughout the organization-dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction. SOME TQM TECHNIQUES Six Sigma & Lean Six Sigma Outsourcing Reduced cycle time ISO 9000 and 14000 Series Statistical process control highlight the importance of learning international management Answer: You may deal with foreign customers or partners. You may deal with foreign employees or suppliers. You may work for a foreign firm in the United States. You may work for an American firm outside the United States, or for a foreign one. Explain what an organization chart is. Answer: An organization chart is a box-and-lines illustration showing the formal lines of authority and the organization’s official positions or work specializations. Point ten reasons for employee resisting change Answer: 1.Individual's Predisposition toward Change 2. Surprise & Fear of the Unnknown 3. Climate of Mistrust 4. Fear of Failure 5. Loss of Status or Job Security 6. Peer Pressure 49 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 7. Disruption of Cultural Traditions or Group Relationnships 8. Personality Conflicts 9. Lack of Tact or Poor timing 10. Nonreinforcing Reward Systems Define stakeholders. Write three internal stake holder. Answer: INTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS Internal stakeholders Consist of employees, owners, and the board of directors. Owners Consist of all those who can claim the organization as their legal property. Board of directors Members elected by the stockholders to see that the company is being run according to their interests. Define these tow terms ‘ Leadership & Servant leader’ Answer: Leadership: is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal. Servant leadership: is a leadership philosophy in which the goal of the leader is to serve. This is different from traditional leadership where the leader's main focus is the thriving of their company or organizations What are the five forces referred to in the porter framework Answer: A model for analysing the nature of competition within an industry, considering the threat of new entrants to the market, the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers and the threat of substitute products and the rivalry between existing competitors Discuss the reasons why incentive plans often fail to motivate Answer: 1)Performance pay can't replace good management 2 ) Rewards rupture relationships. 3) Rewards can have unintended consequences. 50 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 4) Rewards undermine intrinsic motivation. 5) Rewards Punish Define communication. What are some of the individuals attributed that can act as barrier and hinder communication Answer: Communication Communication is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another. You are an efficient communicator when you can transmit your message accurately in the least time. You are an effective communicator when your intended message is accurately understood by the other person. Some Barriers that Happen Within the Communication Process Barriers in the communication process. What happens Sender barrier. No message gets sent. Encoding barrie. Message is not expressed correctly. Medium barrier. Communication channel is blocked. Decoding barrier. Recipient doesn’t understand the message. Receiver barrier. No message is received. Feedback barrier. The recipient doesn’t respond enough. What are Mentzer’s ten managerial roles ??? Answer: The ten roles are: 1. Figurehead. 2. Leader. 3. Liaison. 4. Monitor. 5. Disseminator. 6. Spokesperson. 7. Entrepreneur. 8. Disturbance Handler. 9. Resource Allocator. 10. Negotiator. Write at least four ethical things top mangers should do to be effective transformational leaders Answer: At least four ethical things top managers should do to be effective transformational leaders include the following: 51 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Employ a code of ethics. The company should create and enforce a clearly stated code of ethics. Choose the right people. Recruit, select, and promote people who display ethical behavior. Make performance expectations reflect employee treatment. Develop performance expectations around the treatment of employees; these expectations can be assessed in the performance-appraisal process. Emphasize value of diversity. Train employees to value diversity. Reward high moral conduct. Identify, reward, and publicly praise employees who exemplify high moral conduct. What do u learn from SWOT analysis Answer: SWOT analysis is a good first step at gaining insight into whether or not a company has competitive advantage. SWOT analysis is a situational analysis in which a company assesses its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Results from a SWOT analysis provide you with a realistic understanding of your organization in relation to its internal and external environments so you can better formulate strategy in pursuit of its mission. define productivity and explain how manger can increase productivity Answer: Productivity can be applied at any level, whether for you as an individual, for the work unit you’re managing, or for the organization you work for. Productivity is defined by the formula of outputs divided by inputs for a specified period of time. Outputs are all the goods and services produced. Inputs are not only labor but also capital, materials, and energy. PROCESSES to INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY Benchmarking A way to measure something against a standard, the benchmark. Best practices A set of guidelines, ethics or ideas that represent the most efficient or prudent course of action. Define total quality management ( TQM)) Answer: A philosophy that involves everyone in an organization in a continual effort to improve quality and achieve customer satisfaction. Define Strategy map what are the four perspectives of balance scorecard‫؟‬ 52 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Answer: Top The four perspectives of a traditional balanced scorecard are Financial, Customer, Internal Process, Learning and Growth. Define reactive and proactiv change The provision of granting paid/unpaid leaves to employees for study or excursion, travel purpose is _____. A.Sabbatical b. Instrumentation C. Autonomous d. Pundit One of the perspectives of "Balanced Scorecard" is _ a. Internal weakness b. External processes C. External perspective d. Internal Business According to Abraham Maslow, the need for job security, pension plans, emotional security, and avoidance of violence are part of a person's ___ a.Esteem needs b.Self- actualization needs c. Physiological needs d. Safety needs The power that results from managers' authority to punish their subordinates in an organization is called _power. a. Referent b. Legitimate 53 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 C. Coercive d. Reward What do early management (Classical Viewpoint) principles leave out? Answer: The classical theory of management is the theories or approaches for managing the organization, mainly focusing on the workers' physical and economic needs. These approaches do not consider the social need for job satisfaction for the employees. It focuses on specialization, centralization, and profit maximization. The first theory for management was by Max Weber, who gave us the theory of bureaucracy. Bureaucracy defines various characteristics required for the organization. The administration's main traits were rules, procedures, discipline, impersonal relations, a highly rigid hierarchy for authority responsibility relationships, proper record keeping, etc. Taylor gave the theory of scientific management under which he believed that all the managers should design all the organizational activities in a scientific manner, which would help in increasing their productivity and efficiency. He gave several principles as well as techniques for scientifically managing various aspects of the organization. Henri Fayol gave administrative theory for management under which he gave principles and functions for the administration. He helped in differentiating management activities from operational activities. He developed general principles of management which still in use. Managers can use those principles for all functions, sizes, levels, and types of organization. Explain Organizational Commitment? What is the relationship between job satisfaction and Organizational commitment? Answer: Organizational commitment Reflects the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals. Research shows a significant positive relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction, performance, turnover, and organizational citizenship behavior. The quantitative approach evolved from the development of mathematical.and statistical a. Waiting line problems at fast-food restaurants in the 1960 s b. Clogged telephone ciecusts during the 1930s c. Fighter aircraft / military problems in World war ll d.Production management problems in the 1950s Planning is defined as 54 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 A-Implementing strategic goals B-Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them C-Motivating employees D-Formulating a method to allocate resources effectively A large group provides an advantage of a. More effective interaction B. Greater boldness C. Ability to take advantage of division of labor and more resources D. Less social loafing Identify the decision making style where the employees involvement in deci a.intuition Model b.Satisficing Model c.Paticipative Model d.Incremental Model Outline the steps in the control process Answer: 1. Establish standards. Performance standard: the desired performance level for a given goal. Best measured when they can be made quantifiable. 2. Measure performance. Usually obtained from written reports, oral reports, and personal observations. 3. Compare performance to standards. Management by exception: a control principle that states that managers should be informed of a situation only if data show a significant deviation from standards. Control charts: visual statistical tool used for quality control purposes. 4. Take corrective action if necessary. Make no changes. 55 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Recognize and reinforce positive performance. Take action to correct negative performance. In order to become a good & effective writer , what are the effective tips Answer: 1)Start with Your Purpose Rather than building up to the point, if you are delivering routine or positive news you should start by telling your purpose and stating what you expect of the reader. Along the same lines, when e-mailing, make sure the subject line clearly expresses your reason for writing. For instance, “Who is available Thursday afternoon?” does not inform the reader of your topic as well as “Davis project meeting moved to Thursday 3 p.m.” does. 2)Write Simply, Concisely, and Directly Short and sweet is the key. 229 Keep your words simple and use short words, sentences, and phrases. Be direct instead of vague, and use active rather than passive voice. (Directness, active voice: “Please call a meeting for Wednesday.” Vagueness, passive voice: “It is suggested that a meeting be called for Wednesday.”) 3)Know Your Audience Send your message to all who need the information it contains, but only to those people. Resist the urge to include everyone, and be especially careful, in responding to messages, to think before you click “Reply All.” If you are feeling emotional as you write, don’t click “Send” at all but instead save your draft, take a break of at least a few hours, and go back to it later. Your feelings may have changed and your communication, and your relationships, will likely be better for it. 4)Don’t Show Ignorance of the Basics Texting has made many people more relaxed about spelling and grammar rules. Although this is fine among friends, as a manager you’ll need to create a more favorable impression in your writing. Besides using spelling and grammar checkers, proofread your writing before sending it on. Check people’s names and titles in particular, and be especially aware that auto-correct features can make incorrect assumptions about what you meant to say. Rules for Business Writing, Both Online and Offline DON’T... 1. Begin an e-mail with “Hey.” “Hi” or “Hello” is more appropriate. 2. Use abbreviations or emojis. DO... 3. Spell words correctly. 4. Use complete sentences. 56 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 5. Use proper capitalization and punctuation. 6. Use active voice versus passive. 7. Use first/second person (we/you) rather than third person (it/they/them/one) What do you understand by the term “Trading Bloc”? Write at least three trading blocs Answer: Trading bloc Also known as an economic community, it is a group of nations within a geographical region that have agreed to remove trade barriers with one another Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Mercosur Define TQM what are the different TQM techniques described in the prescribed text book Answer: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) A comprehensive approach dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction. 1. Make continuous improvement a priority. 2. Get every employee involved. 3. Listen to and learn from customers and employees. 4. Use accurate standards to identify and eliminate problems. What do you understand by the term "organisations stakeholders"? Write all the stakeholders that are there in the task environment Answer: Stakeholders of an organization are those who can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government(and its agencies), owners(shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources. The business environment includes all of the things that can affect how a business operates. These includes both the forces that come from within the company as well as from outside the company. Those events and influences that come from outside of the company is called the task environment, otherwise known as the specific environment. The stakeholders of task environment are: Customers Suppliers Competition (meaning other companies) The labor force Government regulations Special interest groups. Discuss how HR practices can contribute to employee engagement andmake a workplace great Answer: Some of the most important things that can be done and included in the HR practices so as to ensure that employee engagement is increased are: A lot of team building activities including the excursion of 57 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 the teams together. Adequate training and guidance as per the benchmarked trends in the HR industry. Orientation can be done in a practical manner instead of a power point presentation kind of a thing, practicality would ensure that employees are getting a good idea and are able to relate to the ethics of the organisation. Employee compensation should be as per the industry standard and in many organisations it is witnessed that to ensure employee engagement in spoc form each department is involved in compensation designing so that all are on the same page and no one is unhappy. What are the different basic types of organziational structures Answer: Types of organizational structures Hierarchical org structure. Functional org structure. Horizontal or flat org structure. Divisional org structures (market-based, product-based, geographic) Matrix org structure. Team-based org structure. Network org structure. Define servagareader. List at least four characteristics the servant leader. Answer: Servant leadership focuses on providing increased service to others—meeting the goals of both followers and the organization—rather than to oneself. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SERVANT-LEADER 1. Focus on listening 2. Ability to empathize with others’ feelings 3. Focus on healing suffering 4. Self-awareness of strengths and weaknesses Outline the concept of media richness, explaning which form of media are richer, which are less rich Answer: Media richness indicates how well a particular medium conveys information and promotes learning. High media richness (Best for nonroutine, ambiguous situations) Face-to-face presence Low media richness (Best for routine, clear situations) Impersonal written media (newsletters, fliers, general reports) What differentiates a team from a group Answer: 58 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Teams Have Stronger sense of identification Common goals/tasks Member & task interdependence Differentiated & specialized roles What do you understand by organization development (OD)? Describe the role of an OD expert in an organization Answer: Organization development (OD) Set of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective. 1. Managing conflict: An OD expert or “executive coach” can help advise on how to improve relationships within the organization. 2. Revitalizing organizations: OD experts can help by opening communication, fostering innovation, and dealing with stress. 3. Adapting to mergers: OD experts can help integrate two firms with varying cultures, products, and procedures. Describe the elements of the communication process Answer: The elements of the communication process are as follows. 1. Sender: Sender is the person who initiates the communication and decides what message is to be sent and how it is to be sent. In a classroom, the teacher is the sender, as he/she decides on what part of the lesson to talk about and the best way to make it reach the students. 2. Message: The message is the actual content that is to be sent to the receiver. It can be a concept, facts or opinion. In a classroom scenario, the teacher usually gives a speech about the lesson for the day. 3. Channel of communication: This is the medium through which the message is sent to the listener. In a classroom setup, the channel is usually face-to- face or the teacher may choose to teach the lesson using other mediums like a projector, a chart, etc. 4. Receiver: The receiver is the person who receives the message from the sender and decodes it as he understands it. The students are the receivers in a classroom. 5. Feedback: When the receiver receives the message and interprets it, then sends a feedback on the understanding or may ask for any questions if the message is unclear. Feedback is a way for the sender to know that the original message has received and interpreted the message in the way that was intended. 6. Noise: Noise can occur in any part of the communication and is the interference in the communication process. Noise may lead to ineffective communication or distorted message being delivered to the receivers. The teacher may distract the students with unusual body language or vocal habits or the students may be preoccupied with their own thoughts or there might be some loud noise from the construction site from across the road. All these factors affect the effective sending and receiving of information in a classroom. What are mintzbergs ten mangerial roles?? 59 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Answer: Figurehead A manager is working on improving their image, behaviour, and reputation Leader A manager is working on being authentic so that their team will respect them. They are working on improving their emotional intelligence Liaison A manager who uses professional networking techniques Monitor A manager needs to be able to gather and collate information process material quickly and thoroughly, and learn how to keep up-to-date with industry news Disseminator A manager always tries to share information and outside views effectively. This means that good communication skills are vital. Spokesman A manager needs to represent their organisation at a conference which requires them to deliver a presentation and is required to speak with the media on behalf of the organisation. Entrepreneur A manager is working to deal with change management and learning what not to do when implementing change in their organisation. This means they need to develop their problem solving and creativity skills, so that they can come up with new ideas, and implement them successfully. Disturbance Handler A manager needs to excel at conflict resolution and know how to handle team conflict. It's also helpful to be able to manage emotion in within their team. Resource Allocator The manager is required to manage a budget, cut costs, and prioritize resources. Negotiator A manager needs to be good at creating win-win situations and bargaining effectively with staff and stakeholders. How well particular medium conveys information & promotes learning refers to ? a. Message b. Feedback C.Media Richness d. Media accuracy Identify which one of these is an informal communication channel a.Horizontal communication b. Discerning C. Management by wandering around 60 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 d. Vertical Communication Which kind of organization is most likely to try exert too much control A- decentralized B- bureaucratic C- market D- clan The process of getting oriented and acquainted with the group members is better known as the‫ـــــــــ‬.stage of team development. a. Norming b. Group cohesion c. Storming d. Forming Define Perception. What are the four steps in the perceptual process? Answer: Perception Process of interpreting and understanding one’s environment. The four steps in the perceptual process. 1. Selective attention "Did I notice something 2.Interpretation & evaluation What was t noticed & what does it mean? 3.Storing in memory "Remember t as an event. concept, person, or all three? 4. Retrieving from memory to make judgments & decisions "What do recal about that? What are the different basic types of Organizational structures? Answer: Eight types of organizational structures are simple, functional, divisional, matrix, horizontal, hollow, modular, and virtual. Describe the elements of the communication process. Answer: 1. Sender encodes message, selects medium. 2. Message is transmitted through a medium. 3. Receiver decodes the message, decides if feedback needed. 4. Receiver expresses reaction, or feedback, through a medium. 61 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 5. Noise any disturbance that interferes with the transmission of a message. ____consists of the activities managers perform to plan for, attract, develop, and retain an effective workforce. a. Enterprise Resource Planning b. Human Resource Management C.Performance Management d. Materials Resource Planning In order to gain competitive advantage, the top management of a Pharmaceutical Company has decided to focus on customer service, employee training, and continuous quality improvement. This approach is known as_____ a.Total quality management (TQM) b. Competitive edging C.Evidence-based management d.Enterprise Resource Planning Identify the principal organization that works as a lender of last resort by providing short term loans to countries suffering from unfavorable balance of payment a. World Bank B. WTO с. IMF d. DRDO ____consists of the activities managers perform to plan for, attract, develop, and retain an effective workforce. a. Enterprise Resource Planning b. Human Resource Management C.Performance Management d. Materials Resource Planning 62 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 _____include influences on an organization arising from changes in the characteristics of a population, such as education, age or ethnic origin. a.Political legal forces b. Demographic forces C.Sociocultural forces d. Economic forces Poit out the which one is an example of a force for change originating inside the organization. a. Mergers & Acquisitions b. Inflation C. Reward System d. Education A report listing an organization's employees by education, training, nam languages, and other important information is a. Human Resource inventory b. Job Skill Record C. Human Resource Management d. Job Analysis Write at lest four ethical things top managers should do to be effective transformation leaders Answer: At least four ethical things top managers should do to be effective transformational leaders include the following: Employ a code of ethics. The company should create and enforce a clearly stated code of ethics. 63 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Choose the right people. Recruit, select, and promote people who display ethical behavior. Make performance expectations reflect employee treatment. Develop performance expectations around the treatment of employees; these expectations can be assessed in the performance-appraisal process. Emphasize value of diversity. Train employees to value diversity. Reward high moral conduct. Identify, reward, and publicly praise employees who exemplify high moral conduct. Define self -efficacy and self esteem.Explain how a manager might deal with each of these personality traits at work Answer: SELF-EFFICACY: Assign jobs accordingly. Develop employees’ self-efficacy and generalized self-efficacy by giving constructive pointers and positive feedback. Monitor employees to avoid learned helplessness by offering guided experiences, mentoring, and role modeling. SELF-ESTEEM: Reinforce employees’ positive attributes and skills. Provide positive feedback whenever possible. Break larger projects into smaller tasks and projects. Express confidence in employees’ abilities to complete their tasks. Provide coaching when employees are struggling to complete task. Describe “stress” what is result of extreme stress Answer: Stress The tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively. Result of extreme stress can cause or exacerbate many serious health problems, including: Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease, high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, and stroke Discuss the challenges firms are likely to face when planning their future HR needs. Answer: 64 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 The biggest challenges facing HR Departments today are Recruitment, Retention & Motivation, Leadership Development and Corporate Culture. Along with the changing role of HR is a move to more strategic issues and outsourcing some functions so they can best manage and grow their company cost effectively. Biggest Challenges Facing HR Departments | HR Affiliates What are the different incentive compensation plans?? Answer: POPULAR INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLANS Pay for performance. Piece rate. Sales commission. Bonuses. Profit-sharing. Gainsharing. Stock options. Pay for knowledge. What ara the tow important conclusions of the behavioral approaches Answer: Two conclusions: 1. A leader’s behavior is more important than his orher traits. It is important to train managers on the various forms of task and relationship leadership. 2. There is no one best style of leadership. How effective a particular leadership behavior is depends on the situation at hand. Explain the three needs identified in McClelland’s Theory. Answer: The Three Needs Managers are encouraged to recognize three needs in themselves and others and to attempt to create work environments that are responsive to them. The three needs, one of which tends to be dominant in each of us, are as follows Need for achievement—“I need to excel at tasks.” This is the desire to excel, to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, to achieve excellence in challenging tasks. 65 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Need for affiliation—“I need close relationships.” This is the desire for friendly and warm relations with other people. Need for power—“I need to control others.” This is the desire to be responsible for other people, to influence their behavior or to control them. Define empathy. What are two key actions required for it ?? Answer: Empathy The ability to recognize and understand another person's feelings and thoughts—fosters open communication. Requires two key actions: Mindfulness: placing our attention on the feelings and emotions being displayed both verbally and nonverbally by others. Incorporating our understanding of another person's feelings and thoughts into our communications. What are the forces change outside the organization Answer: Forces Originating Outside the Organizationtypes, as follows. External forces consist of four 1. Demographic Characteristics 2. Technological Advancements 3. Shareholder, Customer, and Market Changes 4. Social and Political Pressures Define noise and describe how it can disrupt the communication process Answer: noise refers to anything that interferes with the communication process between a speaker and an audience.... Noise can be external (a physical sound) or internal (a mental disturbance), and it can disrupt the communication process at any point. Noise creates distortions of the message and prevents it from being understood the way it was intended. Comprehension usually deteriorates when there is loud, intrusive noisewhich interferes with the communicationassimilation process. The level of noise is very important 66 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Define Total Quality Management (TQM). Answer: Total quality management (TQM) A comprehensive approach—led by top management and supported throughout the organization— dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction. What do you uderstand by "Employee Engagement"? How manager increase employe engagement Answer: Employee engagement An individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work. A "mental state in which a person performing a work activity is full immersed in the activity, feeling full of energy and enthusiasm for the work." Employees more likely to become engaged when a culture promotes employee development, recognition, Managers can increase employee engagement with personal resource building, job resource building, leadership training, and health promotion interventions. What is management by objectives (MBO)? Answer: is a four-step process in which (1) managers and employees jointly set objectives for the employee, (2) managers develop action plans, (3) managers and employees periodically review the employee’s performance, and (4) the manager makes a performance appraisal and rewards the employee according to results I the Strategic Human Resource process, the final step is_____ a. Train, and develop people b. Future human resource needs c. Perform appraisals of people D.Orient and select people Describe the four basic skills leaders need to have Answer: Leaders need four basic skills: 67 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 1. Cognitive abilities—to identify problems and their causes in rapidly changing situations 2. Interpersonal skills—to influence and persuade others 3. Business skills—to maximize the use of organizational assets 4. Conceptual skills—to draft an organization's mission, vision, strategies, and implementation plans A larger group provides a advantage of a.Less social loafing b. More effective interaction C.Ability to take an advantage of division of labor and more resources. d.Greater boldness explain Reinforcement theory what are the four types of reinforcement Answer: Reinforcement theory Suggests that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated. Pioneered by B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning) and Edward Thorndike (law of effect). Use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior modification. FOUR TYPES of REINFORCEMENT ( Positive reinforcement Use of positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior. Negative reinforcement Strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative. Extinction Weakening behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced. Punishment Weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive. 68 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Define communication what are some of individual attributes that can cat as barrier and hinder communication Answer: Communication Communication is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another. You are an efficient communicator when you can transmit your message accurately in the least time. You are an effective communicator when your intended message is accurately understood by the other person. NOISE DISRUPTS the COMMUNICATION PROCESS NOISE CHOSEN MEDIUM LANGUAGE BARRIERS SEMANTICS JARGON AND BUZZWORDS NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Discuss the disadvantage of group decision making Answer: Disadvantages The disadvantages of group-aided decision making spring from problems in how members interact.151 A few people dominate or intimidate. Sometimes a handful of people will talk the longest and the loudest, and the rest of the group will simply give in. Or one individual, such as a strong leader, will exert disproportionate influence, sometimes by intimidation. This reduces creativity. Groupthink. occurs when group members strive to agree for the sake of unanimity and thus avoid accurately assessing the decision situation. Satisficing. Because most people would just as soon cut short a meeting, the tendency is to seek a decision that is “good enough” rather than to push on in pursuit of other possible solutions. Satisficing can occur because groups have limited time, lack the right kind of information, or are unable to handle large amounts of information. 69 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Goal displacement. Although the primary task of the meeting may be to solve a particular problem, other considerations may rise to the fore, such as rivals trying to win an argument. Goal displacement occurs when the primary goal is subsumed by a secondary goal. Differentiate between centralized authority and decentralized authority Answer: Standing plans are plans developed for activities that occur repeatedly over a period of time. Standing plans consist of policies, procedures, and rules. Single-use plans are plans developed for activities that are not likely to be repeated in the future. Such plans can be programs or projects. Define reactive and proactive change. Answer: There are three types of change that allmanagers have to be aware of: these are Developmental Change; Transitional Changeand Transformational Change. Firstly, there is Developmental Change; this occurs when you recognise a need to make improvements to an existing situation What are the two wide and two narrow competitve stratgies identified by porter Answer: 1. Cost-leadership strategy Keep the costs, and hence prices, of a product or service below those of competitors and target a wide market. 2. Differentiation strategy Offer products that are of unique and superior value compared to those of competitors and target a wide market. Discuss the Disadvantages of group decision making Answer: Disadvantages of group decision making: Few people dominate or intimidate. Satisficing: The "good enough" decision. Goal displacement: Other issues may arise. Groupthink: Agreeing for the sake of unanimity and thus avoid accurately assessing the decision situation. Explain the three types of planning Answer: Strategic planning by top management. Using their mission and vision statements, top managers do strategic planning—they determine what the organiza-tion’s long-term goals should be for the next one 70 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 to five years with the resources they expect to have available. “Strategic planning requires visionary and direc-tional thinking,” says one authority. 26 It should communicate not only general goals about growth and profits, but also ways to achieve them. Today, because of the frequency with which world competition and information technology alter marketplace conditions, a company’s strategic planning may have to be done closer to every one or two years than every five. Still, at a big company like Boeing or Ford or Amazon, top executives cannot lose sight of long-range, multiyear planning. Tactical planning by middle management. The strategic priorities and policies are then passed down to middle managers, who must do tactical planning—that is, they determine what contributions their departments or similar work units can make with their given resources during the next 6–24 months. Operational planning by first-line management. Middle managers then pass these plans along to first- line managers to do operational planning—that is, they determine how to accomplish specific tasks with available resources within the next 1–52 weeks. What is management of objectives Answer: A management system in which the objectives of an organization are agreed upon so that management and employees understand a common way forward. Outline the concept of media richness, explaining which forms of media are richer, which are less rich. Answer : Media richness indicates how well a particular medium conveys information and promotes learning. That is, the “richer” a medium is, the better it is at conveying information. The term media richness was proposed by respected organizational theorists Richard Daft and Robert Lengel as part of their contingency model for media selection.Types of media can be positioned along a continuum ranging from high to low media richness High media richness (Best for nonroutine, ambiguous situations) Face-to-face presence Low media richness (Best for routine, clear situations) Impersonal written media (newsletters, fliers, general reports) Four ethical things top managers should do to be effictive transformational leaders Answer: Employ a code of ethics. The company should create and enforce a clearly stated code of ethics. 71 | P a g e  MGT101 – FINAL EXAM – SECOND TERM 20-21 Choose the right people. Recruit, select, and promote people who display ethical behavior. Make performance expectations reflect employee treatment. Develop performance expectations around the treatment of employees; these expectations can be assessed in the performance-appraisal process. Emphasize the value of diversity. Train employees to value diversity. Reward high moral conduct. Identify, reward, and publicly praise employees wo exemplify high moral conduct. name the four content theories on motivation as discussed in the prescribed book.explain any one of them Answer: Content perspectives. Theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people. Four Theories: 1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. 2. McClelland’s acquired needs theory. Needs Theory Three needs are major motives determining people’s behavior in the workplace: Achievement: desire to achieve excellence in challenging tasks. Affiliation: desire for friendly and warm relationships. Power: desire to influence or control others. 3.Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory. Self-determination theory Assumes people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well- being influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Focuses primarily on intrinsic motivation and rewards. 4. Herzberg’s two-factor theory. Two-factor theory Proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors—work satisfaction from so-called motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from so-called hygiene factors. Hygiene factors: associated with job dis