Meteorology PDF

Meteorology Origin: Greek Meta – transition, transformation, change between, after Eora – floating Meteoron – Floating in air, phenomenon in air Meteorology Science of Weather Environmental Physics Physics and Chemistr...

Meteorology Origin: Greek Meta – transition, transformation, change between, after Eora – floating Meteoron – Floating in air, phenomenon in air Meteorology Science of Weather Environmental Physics Physics and Chemistry of the Climatology atmosphere Climate-Ocean Interaction Meteorology Better understanding of Atmospheric processes Anthropogenic influences on atmospheric processes (climate, weather) Interaction between humankind and atmosphere SO2 emission from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gasoline) Acidification of precipitation and lakes (Scandinavia and Canada) CO2 emission from industry and biomass burning Global warming (Kyoto Protocol) Meteorology Meteorology provides a better understanding of transport and distribution of trace gases Coupling Changes in chemical composition leads to changes in temperatures and atmospheric circulation Methods use in Meteorological Research Measurements Experiments – very difficult to simulate the atmosphere in a controlled experiment Description – visual observations with sometimes very subjective criteria, such as visibility, cloud cover Methods use in Meteorological Research Modeling – Chemical-transport models, weather prediction models Theory – Mathematical description of phenomena, based upon physical laws Simulation – Forecasts, coupled climate model for prediction in future 100 years Meteorological Branches General Meteorology Basic laws, description of phenomena, survey of all relevant topics Theoretical Meteorology Theoretical physics (and chemistry) applied to atmosphere, contains thermodynamics (statics), hydrodynamics (motion & circulation), and radiative transfer (radiation budget, dynamical forcing) Experimental Meteorology Measurement techniques, instrumentation, atmospheric measurements Meteorological Branches Applied Meteorology Synoptic Meteorology Weather analysis and forecast Flight Meteorology Flight security (turbulences, visibility, lighting warning) Technical Meteorology Traffic, air traffic, trace gas emission Bio-Meteorology Influence of weather on health, local climate for animals and plant ecology https://www.metlink.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/rainfall.gif Meteorological Branches Special topics according to location Aerology Meteorology of higher atmosphere (based upon balloon soundings generally below 30 km altitude) Aeronomy Meteorology of high atmosphere above 50km altitude https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-52171-4_46/MediaObjects/978-3-030-52171-4_46_Fig4_HTML.png Meteorological Branches Special topics according to location Boundary layer Meteorology Surface to 2000 m altitude Glacial, alpine, maritime, polar and tropical meteorology (regional) Meteorological Branches According to time scales Climatology Covering larger periods, averaging properties, interaction between hydrosphere (ocean), biosphere (land), and cryosphere (polar ice region) Meteorological Branches According to instrumentation Satellite Meteorology https://www.weathertap.com/guides/graphics/satellite/wilma_ir4_enhanced.gif Meteorological Branches According to instrumentation Radar Meteorology https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/800px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg Meteorological Branches According to Spatial Scales Branch Scale Phenomenas Synoptic Meteorology Global > 1000 km Cyclonic waves Mesoscale Meteorology