Terrestrial Ecology / Ecosystem Ecology PDF

Introduction in NARMEE (LV 911353) Terrestrial ecology / Ecosystem ecology (Ecosystems and Natural Resources part) 17th October 2024 Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected]  Content  1.1 Th...

Introduction in NARMEE (LV 911353) Terrestrial ecology / Ecosystem ecology (Ecosystems and Natural Resources part) 17th October 2024 Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected]  Content  1.1 The Ecosystem Concept  1.2 Earth’s Climate System  1.3 Geology and Soils  1.4 Water cycle Book uploaded as.pdf in BokuLearn  1.5 Nutrient Fluxes (Carbon and Nitrogen)  1.1 The Ecosystem Concept Lake Balaton, Hungary Source: Chapin et al 2015 1.1 The Ecosystem Concept - The discipline of Ecosystem Ecology Interactions Organisms Physical environment (Biotic component) (Abiotic component) Interactions Ecosystem: System consisting of all the organisms in an area and the physical environment with which they interact  1.1 The Ecosystem Concept Lake Balaton, Hungary 1.1 The Ecosystem Concept - The discipline of Ecosystem Ecology Ecosystem processes Flow Ecosystem processes Ecosystem processes Flow Flow Organisms Physical environment (Biotic pool) (Abiotic pool) Flow Ecosystem processes Ecosystem process: Inputs or losses of materials and energy to and from the ecosystem and the transfers of these substances among components of the system Ecosystem ecology: Study of the interactions between organisms and their environment as an integrated system 1.1 The Ecosystem Concept - The discipline of Ecosystem Ecology Source: Chapin et al 2015  1.1 The Ecosystem Concept Spatial scale Temporal scale Source: Shaver et al 2000 Source: Chapin et al 2015 1.1 The Ecosystem Concept - Controls over Ecosystem Processes ecosystem Source: Adapted from Chapin III, 2006, 2015 1.1 The Ecosystem Concept - Controls over Ecosystem Processes state factors interactive controls Source: Adapted from Chapin III, 2006, 2015  Content  1.1 The Ecosystem Concept  1.2 Earth’s Climate System  1.3 Geology and Soils  1.4 Water cycle  1.5 Nutrient Fluxes 1.2 Earth’s Climate System 1.2 Earth’s Climate System - Global Energy Balance (Wild et al. 2015) Shortwave Longwave Convection 1.2 Earth’s Climate System - Atmosphere 1 1. Uneven radiation 1.2 Earth’s Climate System - Atmosphere ITCZ: Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone  Earth’s Climate System Source: GPCC, Global Precipitation Climatology Center 1.2 Earth’s Climate System - Atmosphere 1 1. Uneven radiation 2. Uneven land/water 3. Oceanic currents 2 3 1.2 Earth’s Climate System Tropical Arid Temperate Cold Polar 1.2 Earth’s Climate System - Biomes and Climate 1.2 Earth’s Climate System - Biomes and Climate 1.2 Earth’s Climate System Species Richness and Climate Summary Terrestrial Ecology: Take-Home Messages (I/II) Ecosystem: Biotic and abiotic pools interacting Interactions: Transfers of energy and matter between pools (ecosystem processes) Ecosystem processes: Governed by state factors Respond to and regulate interactive controls Summary Terrestrial Ecology: Take-Home Messages (II/II) Earth´s climate is variable, due to: uneven solar radiation, uneven land/water distribution, ocean currents Climate (mainly temperature and rain) determines biomes Dates and rooms (LV 911.353 WS24) Introduction in NARMEE (LV 911353) Terrestrial ecology / Ecosystem ecology (Ecosystems and Natural Resources part) 7th November 2024 Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected]  Content  1.1 The Ecosystem Concept  1.2 Earth’s Climate System  1.3 Geology and Soils  1.4 Water cycle Book uploaded as.pdf in BokuLearn  1.5 Nutrient Fluxes (Carbon and Nitrogen) 1.3 Geology and Soils 1.3 Geology and Soils - The rock cycle Rock types Igneous: Cooling and solidification of magma Intrusive/plutonic Extrusive/volcanic Sedimentary: Accumulation of sediments in ocean floors (and other water bodies) Metamorphic: Transformation (heat and pressure) of other rocks Proposed by Hutton (1785), redrawn by Press and Siever (1986) 1.3 Geology and Soils - Soil formation and weathering Weathering: temperature changes water action plant roots ice expansion mechanical grinding  1.3 Geology and Soils Soil formation and weathering Weathering: temperature changes water action plant roots ice expansion mechanical grinding  1.3 Geology and Soils Soil formation and weathering Weathering: temperature changes water action plant roots ice expansion mechanical grinding 1.4 Water 1.4 Water – The global water cycle Image: NOAA National Weather 1.4 Water - Water Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems  1.4. Water - Water in the soil © 2012 Nature Education 1.4 Water - Vegetation and the water cycle Source: Chapin et 1.4 Water - Vegetation and the water cycle 1.5 Nutrient fluxes 1.5 Nutrient Fluxes - Carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems  1.5 Nutrient Fluxes – Anthropogenic CO2 fluxes 8.96 Gt C/yr 1.48 Gt C/yr 86% 14% Source: Friedlingstein et al 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020 1.5 - Anthropogenic emissions vs. ecosystem C fluxes? 9 Gt C yr-1 1.5 Gt C yr-1 1.5 Nutrient Fluxes - Terrestrial Carbon Cycle 1.5. Nutrient Fluxes - Carbon Inputs in Terrestrial Ecosystems 1.5 Nutrient Fluxes - Nitrogen 1.5 Nutrient Fluxes - Nitrogen Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Diaz- Pines et al., 2018. Soil—The Hidden Part of Climate. In Lal and Stewart (eds), Soil and Climate. CRC Press. Fluxes in Tg N a–1 1.5 Nutrient Fluxes - Nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems N- Deposition/fertilization N2-Fixation Plant litter N in plant Nitrogen gas losses biomass Organic matter Plant N uptake N2O + - Ammonification NH4 Nitrification NO3 Denitrification N2 microbial NO N-Immobilisation NO3 Leaching Microbial decay microbial Groundwater biomass 1.5 Nutrient Fluxes - Nitrogen Summary Terrestrial Ecology: Take-Home Messages (II/II) ERocks may be igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary depending on its origin  (Slow) rock cycle Soil formation is an ecosystem process, crucial for fertility Water is essential to sustain life  only a tiny part is available Vegetation influences the water cycle. Water influences climate.  Summary Nutrient Fluxes: Take-Home Messages Carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems are very large. GPP, NPP, NEP indicate C storage potentials at different time scales. Most Nitrogen stored in the atmosphere, but not available to organisms. Nitrogen cycle is complex  Inert and reactive N forms. Biological fixation/Ammonification/Nitrification/Denitrification: key N transformation processes in terrestrial ecosystems.  Humans & ecosystems Introduction in NARMEE (LV 911353) 7th November 2024 Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected] Humans and ecosystems  2.1 Population & Environment  2.2 Ecosystem Services  2.3 Ecosystem Impacts 2.1 Population and Environment – World population 8.19 billion people (November 2024) https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ 2.1 Population and Environment Population Change through History 2.1 Population and Environment Estimated Population Growth 2.1 Population and Environment Estimated Population Growth 2.1 Population and Environment Global Urbanization Trends 2.1 Population and Environment Global Urbanization Trends 2.1 Population and Environment Global Urbanization Trends 2.1 Population and Environment Since 2007 more people living in urban areas than rural areas Current estimates (2022): 57 % urban 43 % rural Source: World Bank 1.1 The Ecosystem Concept - Controls over Ecosystem Processes Source: Adapted from Chapin III, 2006 2.1 Population and Environment 2.2 Ecosystem Services 2.2 Ecosystem Services Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Aim: To assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and to establish the scientific basis for actions needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being. https://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Synthesis Reports Biodiversity Desertification Business & Industry Wetlands & Water Health 2.2 Ecosystem Services - Human Well-being and Ecosystem Services 2.2 Ecosystem Services 2.2 Ecosystem Services Categories & Status 2.2 Ecosystem Services Categories & Status 2.2 Ecosystem Services Nature´s contribution to people 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts  2.3 How do we humans impact Ecosystems? Drivers Processes Consequences Source: Vitousek et al 1997, Chapin III et al 2015  Dates and rooms (LV 911.353 WS24) Day From To Room Topic (tentative) 07.10.2024 13:00 17:00 SCHW-SR 04 (SCHW-EG/137) fix 10.10.2024 11:00 14:00 ILWA-SR 27 (ILWA-U1/12) fix NARMEE Introduction day 17.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Overview + Terrestrial ecology 24.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 31.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 07.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Humans and ecosystems 14.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Restoration ecology 21.11.2024 08:00 14:00 Externer Ort fix Marchfeldkanal Excursion 28.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Natural Resources 05.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Sustainability 12.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Extra slot/case studies 19.12.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Exam 09.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 16.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 23.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations  Ecosystem Impacts Introduction in NARMEE (LV 911353) 28th November 2024 Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected]  Dates and rooms (LV 911.353 WS24) Day From To Room Topic (tentative) 07.10.2024 13:00 17:00 SCHW-SR 04 (SCHW-EG/137) fix 10.10.2024 11:00 14:00 ILWA-SR 27 (ILWA-U1/12) fix NARMEE Introduction day 17.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Overview + Terrestrial ecology 24.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 31.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 07.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Humans and ecosystems 14.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Restoration ecology 21.11.2024 08:00 14:00 Externer Ort fix Marchfeldkanal Excursion 28.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Impacts/Natural Resources 05.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Natural Resources/ Sustainability 12.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Extra slot/case studies 19.12.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Exam 09.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 16.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 23.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations Humans and ecosystems 2.1 Population & Environment 2.2 Ecosystem Services 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts 2.2 Ecosystem Services Nature´s contribution to people 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts  2.3 How do we humans impact Ecosystems? Drivers Processes Consequences Source: Vitousek et al 1997, Chapin III et al 2015 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Global Human Land Use  2.3 Ecosystem Impacts Human-driven biophysical changes 5-10% of the area of five biomes was converted between 1950 and 1990 More than two thirds of the area of two biomes and more than half of the area of four others had been converted by 1990 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Agriculture and food production More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850. Cultivated Systems in 2000 cover 25% of Earth’s terrestrial surface 2.1 Population and Environment Anthropogenic Biomes 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Global Food Production Globally, more land devoted for agriculture, but less agricultural land/person: intensification (https://www.boell.de/en/2015/01/07/soil-atlas-facts-and-figures-about-earth-land-and-fields )  2.3. Ecosystem Impacts - Biodiversity Humans have increased the species extinction rate by as much as 1,000 times over background rates typical over the planet’s history (medium certainty) 10–30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are currently threatened with extinction (medium to high certainty)  Several groups with 10-40 % of species threatened Increased extinctions since 1900  2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Biodiversity The distribution of species on Earth is becoming more homogenous The population size or range (or both) of the majority of species across a range of taxonomic groups is declining Growth in Number of Marine Species Introductions in North America and Europe 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Biodiversity & Drivers of Change 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Climate System 2.3 Ecosystem Impact – Climate System 405.5 ppm (Sept 2018) 408.5 ppm (Sept 2019) 411.5 ppm (Sept 2020) 413.3 ppm (Sept 2021) 415.95 ppm (Sept 2022) 418.82 ppm (Oct 2023) 422.38 ppm (Oct 2024) https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/ 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Climate System 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Nitrogen Nitrogen circulates between the atmosphere and the biosphere Nitrogen is crucial for plant nutrition (food security) 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Nitrogen Cycle 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Nitrogen Cycle 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Nitrogen Cycle 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Nitrogen Cycle 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Nitrogen Cycle by 1860 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Nitrogen Cycle: 1860 vs. 1995 2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Nitrogen Deposition (Reay et al., Nature Geosciences, 2008, 430-437)  2.3 Ecosystem Impacts – Nitrogen cascade Source: Sutton et al 2011. European Nitrogen Assessment.  2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Excess Nitrogen Water Air Greenhouse Gases Ecosystems and biodiversity Soil quality  2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Excess Nitrogen Water Air Greenhouse Gases Ecosystems and biodiversity Soil quality  2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Global Human Impacts „Safe operating space“ for planetary systems. Boundaries exceeded by: ▪ Biodiversity Loss ▪ Climate Change ▪ Nitrogen Cycle https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a Rockström et al. 2009, Nature  2.3 Ecosystem Impacts - Global Human Impacts Licenced under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0. (Credit: Azote for Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University. Based on Richardson et al. 2023, Steffen et al. 2015, and Rockström et al. 2009). https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html 2.2 Ecosystem Services - Human Well-being and Ecosystem Services  The value of Ecosystem Services Sustainable use leads to more valuable ecosystem services Challenge: How to quantify the value of ecosystem services? Take-home messages: Humans and Ecosystems (I/III) Humans benefit from ecosystems → Ecosystem services Supporting Provisioning Regulating Cultural Take-home messages: Humans and Ecosystems (II/III) Humans impact ecosystems „Safe operating borders“ exceeded for: Biodiversity loss Climate change Nitrogen excess New data: “Fresh water”, “Land-systems” and “novel entities” borders also exceeded Take-home messages: Humans and Ecosystems (III/III) Millennium ecosystem assessment: Direct link between ecosystem services and human well-being 3. Managing Natural Resources Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected] Managing our Natural Resources William G. Camp and Betty Heath-Camp 5th edition (6th already available)  3. What are Natural Resources? Ecological approach: Natural resources can be defined as all those things that have not been created by humans with which people come in contact and that can be used to perform any useful function. This includes all energy forms that can be harnessed by human ingenuity. It includes objects, creatures, and materials that can be moved, shaped, built upon, built with, or manipulated for any useful purpose. It includes those things that inspire, relax, or strengthen humans as individuals or groups.  3 What are Natural Resources? – Working definition: Objects, materials (including soil, water, and air), creatures, or energy found in nature that can be used by humans. Natural Resources / Ecosystem functions / Ecosystem services Source: Tobias, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1392  3. Natural Resources Management  Soil and Land  Water Overview  Air Problems  Forest Examples of management options  Energy  Metals and Minerals Insight in national/international programs and initiatives  Fish and wildlife  Recreation resources World Soil Degradation 3.1 Soil and Land Resources - Soil threats and costs (EU-25)  Organic matter decline: 3.4-5.6 billion/year  Erosion: 0.7-14 billion/year  Compaction: no estimate  Soil sealing: no estimate  Salinisation: 158-321 million/year  Acidification: no estimate  Soil biodiversity decline: 2 billion/year (global estimate)  Desertification: > 3.3 billion/year  Landslides: 1-2 billion/year (only Italy)  Contamination: 2.4-17.3 billion/year TOTAL: up to 38 billion/year Source: http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/eusoils_docs/other/EUR25186.pdf  3.1 Soil and Land Resources EU - Soil Thematic Strategy The four pillars of the Strategy: 1. Awareness raising 2. Supporting research 3. Integration of soil protection in policies - Common agricultural policy (CAP) - Industrial installations - Cohesion policy - Aids for remediation 4. Legislation  3.1 Soil and Land Resources EU - Soil Thematic Strategy 4. Legislation - Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (wide range of projects) - Implementation of an European Directive (Soil Framework Directive) aiming at:  Preventive measures  Identification of the problem  Operational measures Proposal withdrawn in 2014… 2023: Proposal for a Directive on Soil Monitoring and Resilience 2024: Trilogue negotiations 3.2 Water Resources 3.2 Water Resources - Global water use Indust Dome ry stic 3.2 Water Resources - Water use in agriculture Jägermeyr et al, 2015: Global simulation of irrigation. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3073-2015 3.2 Water Resources - Water pollution 3.2 Water Resources - Water Framework Directive Adopted in October 2020 Groundwater legislation Surface water and chemical pollution River basin management plan Common implementation strategy 3.2 Water Resources – Plastic pollution 3.2 Water Resources – Plastic pollution - Measures The Guardian. Rwanda plastic bag ban, 2008! The New York Times. Kenyan strict plastic bag ban  Dates and rooms (LV 911.353 WS24) Day From To Room Topic (tentative) 07.10.2024 13:00 17:00 SCHW-SR 04 (SCHW-EG/137) fix 10.10.2024 11:00 14:00 ILWA-SR 27 (ILWA-U1/12) fix NARMEE Introduction day 17.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Overview + Terrestrial ecology 24.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 31.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 07.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Humans and ecosystems 14.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Restoration ecology 21.11.2024 08:00 14:00 Externer Ort fix Marchfeldkanal Excursion 28.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Impacts/Natural Resources 05.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Natural Resources/ Sustainability 12.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Extra slot/case studies 19.12.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Exam 09.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 16.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 23.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 3. Managing Natural Resources (cont.) 5 December 2024 th Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected]  Dates and rooms (LV 911.353 WS24) Day From To Room Topic (tentative) 07.10.2024 13:00 17:00 SCHW-SR 04 (SCHW-EG/137) fix 10.10.2024 11:00 14:00 ILWA-SR 27 (ILWA-U1/12) fix NARMEE Introduction day 17.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Overview + Terrestrial ecology 24.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 31.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 07.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Humans and ecosystems 14.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Restoration ecology 21.11.2024 08:00 14:00 Externer Ort fix Marchfeldkanal Excursion 28.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Impacts/Natural Resources 05.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Natural Resources/ Sustainability 12.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Sustainability cont 19.12.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Exam 09.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 16.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 23.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations  3. Natural Resources Management  Soil and Land  Water Overview  Air Problems  Forest  Energy Examples of management options  Metals and Minerals Insight in national/international programs and initiatives  Fish and wildlife  Recreation resources  3.3 Air Resources Atmosphere composition 3.3 Air Resources - Air quality  3.3 Air Resources - Air quality management Bureau of Land Management (USA): Air Resource Management – Strategic Plan 2015-2020:  Reducing and limiting emissions: regulatory standards  Improving air quality analysis  Improving availability and access to air quality monitoring data  Building collaborative relationships to reduce conflicts  3.3 Air Resources Greenhouse gases ≠ Air pollutants CO2, CH4, N2O ≠ PM, NO2, NH3, SO3 Real time monitoring of a car exhaust. © Bosch 3.4 Forest Resources 3.4 Forest Resources - Global Forest Resources There are about 3 trillion trees on earth (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14967) Global cover: 31% of land surface http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/en/  3.4 Forest Resources - Global Forest Resources Changes in forest area - Deforestation: forests are cleared by people and the land converted to another use, such as agriculture or infrastructure. - Natural disasters: area is incapable of regenerating naturally and no efforts are made to replant. - Afforestation: planting or seeding of trees on land that was not previously forested - Natural expansion: on e.g. abandoned agricultural land. Where part of a forest is cut down but replanted (reforestation) or grows back on its own within a relatively short period (natural regeneration) there is no change in forest area. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/en/ 3.4 Forest Resources - State of Europe´s Forests Source: FAO, 2015 3.4 Forest Resources - State of Europe´s Forests Source: FAO, 2015 3.5 Energy Resources 3.5 Energy Resources - Fossil fuel resources Proven coal reserves: 861 billion tons, will last at current use 111 years (Oil: 45 years, gas 53 years) Depends on: - new discoveries - advanced mining techniques - coal-use efficiency 3.5 Energy Resources - Fossil fuel resources Oil Gas Coal  3.5 Energy Resources Source: REN21 Renewables 2014 Global Status Report  3.5 Energy Resources - Biomass Woodfuel´s share of all energy Kericho, Mau Forest, Kenya © Diaz-Pines Source: FAO´s Wood Energy Information System 3.5 Energy Resources Source: REN21 Renewables 2018 Global Status Report 3.5 Energy Resources - Biomass Biomass can be: Burned in power plants to produce heat or electricity, with fewer harmful emissions than coal. Fermented to produce fuels, like ethanol, for cars and trucks. Digested by bacteria to create methane gas for powering turbines. Heated under special conditions, or "gasified," to break down into a mix of gases that can be burned for electricity or used to make a range of products, from diesel to gasoline to chemicals 3.5 Energy Resources - Biofuels 3.5 Energy Resources – Biofuels potential  3. Managing our Natural Resources. Additional information in BokuLearn  Soils:  The state of soil in Europe – JRC  Implementation of the Soil Thematic Strategy – European Commission  Soil Atlas  Air Resource Program Strategy – Bureau of Land Planning (USA)  Forests: State of Europe´s forests  Energy:  Statistical Review of World Energy (BP)  Renewable Energy Transition (REN) – Global Status Report  Dates and rooms (LV 911.353 WS24) Day From To Room Topic (tentative) 07.10.2024 13:00 17:00 SCHW-SR 04 (SCHW-EG/137) fix 10.10.2024 11:00 14:00 ILWA-SR 27 (ILWA-U1/12) fix NARMEE Introduction day 17.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Overview + Terrestrial ecology 24.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 31.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 07.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Humans and ecosystems 14.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Restoration ecology 21.11.2024 08:00 14:00 Externer Ort fix Marchfeldkanal Excursion 28.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Impacts/Natural Resources 05.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Natural Resources/ Sustainability 12.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Sustainability cont 19.12.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Exam 09.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 16.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 23.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 3. Managing our natural resources: Take-home messages Definition: Natural resources are objects, materials (including soil, water, and air), creatures, or energy found in nature that can be used by humans Soils perform a full range of ecosystem services, but exposed to threats Dominant drivers of soil degradation: land use change, unsustainable soil management (e.g. intensification), lack of alternatives Water use: agriculture (70%), industry (20%) and domestic (10%) Irrigation management shows high potential for saving water Air is critical for human health  Air pollutants (primary and secondary), global problem Air pollutants ≠ Greenhouse gases 3. Managing our natural resources: Take-home messages Forests  1/3 earth surface used for forests. Net afforestation in temperate areas, net deforestation in the tropics In Europe: > 90% managed forests. Forests are important for energetic purposes (biomass) Renewable energy sources around 20 % globally (10 % fuel wood) but becoming more important (climate change mitigation; independence from fossil fuels). Energetic use of biomass: Conflicts with food production and land availability. New technologies available and more to come. Ecosystem Resilience & Sustainability 5 December 2024 th Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected] 4. Resilience & Sustainability  4.1. Resilience and Regime Shifts  4.2. Sustainability and SDGs  4.3. Bio-economy & Circular Economy  4.4. Life Cycle Assessments  4.5. Ecological Footprint 4.1. What is resilience?  4.1. Resilience and Regime Shifts Capacity of the system to absorb a spectrum of shocks or perturbations and still retain and further develop the same fundamental structure, functioning and feedbacks Current state Alternative state Modified from: Stuart Chapin III et al (eds). Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship. 4.1 Shifts in Ecosystems - Examples 4.1 Shifts in Ecosystems - Examples 4.1 Shifts in Ecosystems - Examples 4.1 Resilience: The case of Mar Menor (Spain) Image source: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00026 Google Earth (Image from 2020) 4.1 Resilience: The case of Mar Menor (Spain) 2019 (El Pais) 2021 (BBC News)  Source: Ruiz et al (2021). Nuevo evento de mortalidad masiva de organismos marinos en el Mar Menor: contexto y factores. Informe de asesoramiento técnico del Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO). 24pp. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00026 Source: Ruiz et al (2021). Nuevo evento de mortalidad masiva de organismos marinos en el Mar Menor: contexto y factores. 1987: 350 mm of rain within 24 h in the region Informe de asesoramiento técnico del Instituto Español de No mass die-off Oceanografía (IEO). 24pp. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00026  4.1. Resilience and Regime Shifts Source: Standish et al 2014, Biological Conservation Source: Scheffer et al 2001, Nature http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.008 https://doi.org/10.1038/35098000 Figure Credit: Kelvin Chan/AP/Shutterstock  4.1 Resilience & Global Change Source: Reyer et al 2015. Forest resilience and tipping points… J Ecol 103:5-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12337 Take-home messages Resilience: Capacity to absorb disturbances and retain fundamental ecosystem structure and functioning Initial state  Causes of change  Triggers  New state  4.2. What is Sustainability? - People - Planet - Prosperity (Profit) - Peace - Partnership Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations, 1987)  Dates and rooms (LV 911.353 WS24) Day From To Room Topic (tentative) 07.10.2024 13:00 17:00 SCHW-SR 04 (SCHW-EG/137) fix 10.10.2024 11:00 14:00 ILWA-SR 27 (ILWA-U1/12) fix NARMEE Introduction day 17.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Overview + Terrestrial ecology 24.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 31.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 07.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Humans and ecosystems 14.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Restoration ecology 21.11.2024 08:00 14:00 Externer Ort fix Marchfeldkanal Excursion 28.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Impacts/Natural Resources 05.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Natural Resources/ Sustainability 12.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Sustainability cont 19.12.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Exam 09.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 16.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 23.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations  Introduction in NARMEE (LV 911353) Ecosystem Resilience & Sustainability 12 th December 2024 Dr. Eugenio Díaz-Pinés Institute of Soil Research [email protected] 4. Resilience & Sustainability  4.1. Resilience and Regime Shifts  4.2. Sustainability and SDGs  4.3. Bio-economy & Circular Economy  4.4. Life Cycle Assessments  4.5. Ecological Footprint  4.2. What is Sustainability? - People - Planet - Prosperity (Profit) - Peace - Partnership Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations, 1987) Griggs et al. 2013, Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/495305a www.uninetz.at  4.3. Bioeconomy and circular economy Bioeconomy: Production of renewable biological resources and their conversion into food, feed, bio-based products and bioenergy Circular economy: An economy that is restorative and regenerative by design. It aims to maintain the utility of products, components and materials, and retain their value  4.3. Bioeconomy and circular economy Drivers: Bioeconomy: Innovation agenda Circular economy: Environmental concerns and resource scarcity  Circular economy Model of production and consumption involving sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible so that the life cycle of products is extended https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits Source: Government of the Netherlands  EEA Data 2022: - 14.8 tonnes per capita raw material extraction Eurostat 2020: - 2 tonnes/capita landfill - 0.3 incineration with energy recovery (0.025 without) Data: Eurostat, 2015: “Material flow accounts” and “Treatment of waste” ec.europa.eu/eurostat  Circular economy © Copyright 2017 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. All Rights Reserved  Circular bioeconomy Source: Stegmann et al 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcrx.2019.100029 Muscat et al 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00340-7  4.4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life Cycle Assessment: Analysis of the whole life of an asset, e.g. From farm to fork From well to wheel  from cradle to grave/from cradle to cradle Focused on impacts Input/Outputs of materials and energy and the associated impacts Model Can be of a product, a service, a system, etc  LCA studies in 2020 ~ 5200 In 2021 ~ 6100 In 2023 ~ 7650 (Scopus) Engineering: 20 % Environment: 20 % Energy: 10 % Source:McManus & Taylor, Biomass  4.4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Principles and framework  ISO14040:2006 Requirements and guidelines  ISO14044:2006 (plus amendments) European Standards also developed (EN15804) 4.4. LCA Goal and Scope: System Boundaries LCA Example: Fast-growing, short-rotation poplar coppices for energy purposes (wood chips) Source: Schweier et al 2017, Global Change Biology Bioenergy https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12423 4.4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Impact categories Climate change: CO2-eq Stratospheric O3 depletion: CFC-11-eq Photochemical O3 formation: C2H4-eq Acidification: SO2 -eq - Eutrophication potential: PO4 -eq - Toxicity via air: m3 air … Human toxicity cancer, radiation, resource depletion…  4.4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Category: e.g. Climate, Energy Stage: Introduction/ Growth/ Maturity/ Decline Process: e.g. Production, Commercialization, Disposal Elementary flow: e.g. Chemicals, Land Source: Zampori et al 2016, Guide for intepreting life cycle assessment result. JRC Technical Reports, EU. https://doi.org/10.2788/171315 Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, Cambridge University Press.  4.4. LCA: US Food System Source: Heller & Keoleian, 2003. Life Cycle Assessment of the US food system. Agricultural Systems, 76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(02)00027-6 4.4. LCA: Fast-growing short rotation coppices 8-50 kg CO2-eq GJ-1  30-180 Mg CO2-eq GWh-1 Source: Schweier et al 2017, Global Change Biology Bioenergy, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12423 4.4. LCA: Conventional vs. electric vehicles Source: UBA, 2021, Die Ökobilanz von Personenkraftwagen Take-home messages Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Useful tool for assessing impacts –From cradle to grave (from cradle to cradle) –Standardized methods –Impact categories –Identification of critical processes –Allows for comparing production systems 4.5. Ecological Footprint Ecological Footprint (EF): Standardized measure of demand for natural capital. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes and to assimilate associated waste 4.5. Ecological Footprint  4.5. Ecological footprint Directly related to sustainability It refers to a population Includes LAND resources (water, oceans not considered) Restoration/recovery of the land not considered Biocapacity falls short for e.g. nuclear energy … Easy concept, good for communication 4.5. Ecological Footprint: Consumer behaviour Sustainability: Take-home messages Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Useful tool for assessing impacts –From cradle to grave (from cradle to cradle) –Impact categories –Identification of critical processes –Allows for comparing production systems Ecological footprint: Measure of land needed for a resource and its waste  4. Sustainability Additional information in Moodle  Resilience and Forest management: Article from R.Seidl  Agenda 2030 UN and SDG  European Environment Agency (EEA) Series on circular economy:  2016: Developing the knowledge base  2017: Product in the circular economy  2018: Circular economy and bioeconomy  LCA:  Finnveden et al, 2009, J Env Qual  Guinee et al 2011, Environ. Sci. Technol  McManus & Taylor 2015, Biom & Bioener The importance of metrics and the risk of simplification and communication problems  The example of livestock  Impacts of livestock Soil degradation Depletion of freshwater resources Greenhouse gas emissions (CH4, N2O) Air pollution (NH3) FAO Report, 2006 Source: The Guardian ©  Dates and rooms (LV 911.353 WS24) Day From To Room Topic (tentative) 07.10.2024 13:00 17:00 SCHW-SR 04 (SCHW-EG/137) fix 10.10.2024 11:00 14:00 ILWA-SR 27 (ILWA-U1/12) fix NARMEE Introduction day 17.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Overview + Terrestrial ecology 24.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 31.10.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) abgesagt 07.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Humans and ecosystems 14.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Restoration ecology 21.11.2024 08:00 14:00 Externer Ort fix Marchfeldkanal Excursion 28.11.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Impacts/Natural Resources 05.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Natural Resources/ Sustainability 12.12.2024 10:00 11:45 SCHW-SR 06 (SCHW-EG/131) fix Sustainability cont 19.12.2024 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Exam 09.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 16.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations 23.01.2025 10:00 12:00 SCHW-SR 10 (SCHW-EG/125) fix Case study presentations