Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) PDF

CANCER STEM CELLS (CSCs) Stem cells are vital for regenerating and repairing the organs such as the heart, lungs, skin, germ cells and other tissues. But the characteristics of normal stem cells and the discovery of origin of leukemia have headed the scientist to the hypothesis that cancer may ini...

CANCER STEM CELLS (CSCs) Stem cells are vital for regenerating and repairing the organs such as the heart, lungs, skin, germ cells and other tissues. But the characteristics of normal stem cells and the discovery of origin of leukemia have headed the scientist to the hypothesis that cancer may initiate from stem cell- like cells. Cancer stem cells are now thought to be responsible for cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence and drug resistance. https://www.slideshare.net/DinaSalloom/cancer-stem-cells-250194940 https://www.slideshare.net/nareshgoli0410/role-of-cancer-stem-cells-in-cancer-therapy https://www.slideshare.net/nareshgoli0410/role-of-cancer-stem-cells-in-cancer-therapy https://www.slideshare.net/ukaszFuawka/cancer-stem-cells https://www.slideshare.net/ukaszFuawka/cancer-stem-cells https://www.slideshare.net/girish_bms/control-of-cancer-stem-cell-migration-and-invasion Cancer Stem Cells and Stem Cells (A) Common characteristics and (B) distinguish between cancer stem cells and stem cells. http://www.cellstemcell.org/index.php/PSC/article/view/124 Intrinsic Mechanisms of Therapy Resistance in CSCs Cancer stem cells own a superior capability to survive current therapeutic regimens, meaning that chemo- and radiotherapy are not sufficient to successfully eradicate cancer and are inadequate, especially when the diagnosis occurs at a later stage. Chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy are used in clinical setting to induce DNA damage. CSCs do not respond to therapy due to increased activity of DNA repair machinery. Chemoresistance is favored by several mechanisms, among which cellular plasticity i.e. breast CSCs can switch from proliferating epithelial characteristics to a mesenchymal state which contributes to metastatic dissemination and resistance to therapies. Enhanced DNA repair activity, reduced drug response and activated survival pathways. These features, combined with the capability of CSCs to evade the immune system, to activate an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program and to adapt their metabolism under scarce nutrient conditions, render CSCs https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/ almost an imperishable cancer population. 10.3389/fcell.2019.00016/full  Activating Cancer Genes Excessive Free Radicals It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA. Damaged DNA can alter cell processes including those that regulate growth and division. Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be turned on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals have the ability to break DNA strands which can result in some genes being permanently switched on, such is the case with cancerous cell growth. A free radical is a molecule produced in the body that lacks an electron which scavenges the body, taking electrons from structures which wouldn’t otherwise give them away and causing oxidative stress. Optimize DNA Repair Enzymes: Free radicals can build up in the body due to radiation, chemicals, chronic malnutrition, excessive intake of calories, or even extreme exercise and some studies have shown an increased prevalence of cancer associated with high amounts of oxidative stress. This could explain the high association of cancer with cigarette smokers as the result of systemic ingestion is increased free radical production in the body. In addition to having a strong defense against oxidative stress, it is important to optimize the body’s ability to heal damaged DNA. A high intake of antioxidants has been shown to protect the integrity of DNA repair enzymes while consumption of L-carnitine, zinc, and the b-vitamins 6, 12, folate, and niacinamide has shown to increase the number of repair enzymes in some cases END https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnTQTjBZoAE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KxgQU0byrs STEM CELL IN COSMETICS 1 https://www.slideshare.net/GowthamiR2/plant-stem-cells 2 3 4 5 6 https://www.dreamsti me.com/stock- illustration-vector- illustrated-set-stem- cell-therapy-hair- growth-cosmetology- infographics-icons- medical-cosmetic- procedures- image85432821#_ 7 8 https://www.dreamsti me.com/stock- illustration-vector- illustrated-set-stem- cell-therapy-hair- growth-cosmetology- infographics-icons- medical-cosmetic- procedures- image85432821#_ 9 Click to add text 10 PLATELETE RICH PLASMA(PRP) 11 12 https://slideplayer.com/slide/13662236/ 13 https://slideplayer.com/slide/13662236/ 14 https://slideplayer.com/slide/13662236/15 https://slideplayer.com/slide/13662236/ 16 YOUTH BLOODTRANSFUSION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTNTfjbG14Y 17 ANIMAL STUDIES 18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhcn6fENnv8&t=97s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmY4Zp3Web8 19 20 MICRO NEEDLING 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29bWwHzl1ec https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WczUjxn6x4 22 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtVUQCX5VQo 23 NATURAL PRODUCTS INCOSMETICS Both plant and human stem cells contain proteins and amino acids, adds Dr. Michele Green, board-certified dermatologist and RealSelf contributor in New York City. “These signal the body’s cells to rejuvenate and may result in younger- looking skin,” she says. Why you’re seeing stem cells in your skin care products As mentioned above, stem cells contain amino acids and peptides, which are skin care powerhouse ingredients for skin rejuvenation. “These are the building blocks for cell rejuvenation, so over the past few years, there have been a variety of both animal- and plant-based stem cells in skin care products,” explains Green. “Stem cells naturally have antioxidant properties and they nourish skin cells which promotes cell turnover and increases collagen production.” This could result in fewer lines and wrinkles, improved skin texture and tone, and younger, better-looking skin, she says. https://www.dermstore.com/blog/stem-cells-in-skin-care/ 24 But keep in mind, it’s not actually living stem cells that you’re seeing in your face cream, Shah notes. “Most cell skin care products contain plant stem cells, and more specifically, stem cell extracts.” That’s not necessarily a bad thing, though. She says these extracts are often rich in antioxidants and may provide growth factors to help renew and repair the skin. “The extracts themselves can benefit the skin, but it’s not accurate to think that part of this type of product will then become a new skin cell. Remember, plant cells cannot become human cells, and they are no longer living once they have been processed and added into skin care.” Dr. Eve Lupenko, board-certified dermatologist at Greenberg Cosmetic Surgery in New York City, is starting to use treatments containing plant-derived stem cells in her practice. “The reason why we prefer to use plant stem cells is that you don’t have to worry about transmitting human and animal diseases,” she says. “We are seeing plant-based stem cells in skin care products these days because they repair the skin on a cellular level (a much deeper level). Most regular skin care products don’t penetrate into those areas of the actual skin cells.” https://www.dermstore.com/blog/stem-cells-in-skin-care/ 25  ALL PLANT CELLS ARE TOTIPOTENCY, INCLUDING FRUITS,FLOWERS, BARKS, ROOTS AND LEAVES PAST BIOHEALTH FRUIT STEM CELL PROJECTS Fruit cells reversed to Fruits were cut into small parenchyma-like plant pieces & cultured in stem cells "murashige and skoog" medium. 26 PLANT STEM CELLS(PSC) 27 28 29 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnrQ7owWapQ 30 31 32 EXOSOMES 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 END 48 Therapeutic Prospects and Tissue Engineering The goal of regenerative medicine is to exploit these cells either by transplanting them from an exogenous source or by activating endogenous stem cells pharmacologically. For diseases caused by mutations in a single gene, the therapeutic goal is tissue replacement using stem cells engineered to correct the genetic defect. However, a number of technical hurdles must be overcome before therapies based on pluripotent human stem cells can enter the clinic. Unanticipated challenges in safety or efficacy might render stem cells or their progeny less than ideal for cell replacement therapies. Nevertheless, insights gleaned from stem cell biology may facilitate classical drug development and will no doubt accelerate progress in affiliated fields like tissue engineering, physiology, systems biology, and developmental biology. Even in the unlikely case that stem cells fail to realize their promise for tissue replacement therapy, their value for in vitro discovery will forever remain unchallenged.  ADULT STEM CELLS - Bone Marrow Stem Cells - Peripheral Blood Stem Cells - Neuronal Stem Cells (Brain, spinal cord) - Muscle Stem Cells - Liver Stem Cells - Pancreatic Stem Cells - Renal Stem Cells - Corneal Stem Cells - Dental Pulp - Other sources (Rarely used) - Wharton’s jelly - Liposuction waste - Mesenchymal cell cultures https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlvF6xvzgMM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9_xF4sb7zw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tRTgK19qtk Patient-Specific Stem Cell Therapies Like organ transplants, stem cell transplants confront an immune barrier, which requires either that transplants be autologous(derived from “self-tissues”) or that patients take immunosuppressive drugs if the transplants are allogeneic (that is, from unrelated donors). To provide wider access to cell therapies and to avoid the need for immune suppression, one of the ambitions of regenerative medicine is to produce genetically equivalent (isogenic) cells. This can be achieved by producing pluripotent ESCs from adult somatic cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT; in which an adult somatic cell nucleus is injected into an enucleated oocyte) or by direct reprogramming of the adult somatic cells back to a pluripotent state using a transcription factor cocktail. Prospects for Stem Cell Banking Prospects for Stem Cell Banking Prospects for Stem Cell Banking DONOR SELECTION Prospects for Stem Cell Banking Prospects for Stem Cell Banking Tissue Engineering  “Imagine a world where transplant patients do not wait for a donor or a world where burn victims leave the hospital without disfiguring scars. Imagine implant materials that can "grow", reshape themselves, or change their function as the body requires” -Professor M.V. Sefton What is Tissue Engineering? The use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physico- chemical factors to improve or replace biological functions. An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ. – Langer and J. Vacanti “Tissue Engineering”. Science 260: 920-6, 1993 In other words Tissue Engineering is using a persons cells to create a new artificial fully alive tissue or organ that can replace or improve/heal the old one in the body. Why Tissue Engineering is Important Supply of donor organs cannot keep up with demand Other available therapies such as surgical reconstruction, drug therapy, synthetic prostheses, and medical devices aren’t always successful It will eliminate any risk of organ rejection because the neworgan would be made from the person’s own tissue. It repairs tissues, organs, and bones successfully Victims of organ/tissue defects will not have tosuffer The general principles of tissue eengineering involve combining living cells with a natural/synthetic support or scaffold that is also biodegradable to build a three dimensional living construct that is functionally, structurally and mechanically equal to or better than the tissue that is to be replaced. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q3S6q97FiU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXaagHdaVhE END