Freshwater E-Learning Module G1 PDF

Group 1 Here are the answers to the assessment questions from the "Freshwater E-Learning Module G1": 1. Ecosystems like the Upper Marikina River Basin act as natural water **filters**, maintaining water quality by processing pollutants and regulating nutrient cycles. 2. Protected areas often have s...

Group 1 Here are the answers to the assessment questions from the "Freshwater E-Learning Module G1": 1. Ecosystems like the Upper Marikina River Basin act as natural water **filters**, maintaining water quality by processing pollutants and regulating nutrient cycles. 2. Protected areas often have significantly higher **biodiversity** and better water quality compared to unprotected areas. 3. Poor water quality in rivers, such as the Sapangdaku River, has been associated with increased **health** issues among surrounding populations. 4. Freshwater **aquaculture** is a significant contributor to the Philippine economy, providing a substantial source of protein and helping to alleviate poverty in rural areas. 5. The presence of **heavy metals** in water bodies such as Laguna de Bay not only degrades the ecosystem but also poses serious health risks to local communities. 6. The cloudiness or clearness of water is called **turbidity**. 7. The amount of dissolved substances like salts in water is called **total dissolved solids (TDS)**. 8. How hot or cold the water is referred to as **temperature**. 9. **Turbidity** can make water look murky when there’s a lot of dirt or plant material in it. 10. **Oxygen** is the gas in water that is more available in cold water than in warm water. 11. **pH** is a measure of how acidic/basic the water is. 12. Dissolved oxygen is the amount of gaseous **oxygen** dissolved in water. 13. **Nitrate** is a colorless, odorless, tasteless compound present in water. 14. Phosphate is a chemical compound containing **phosphorus**. 15. Oxygen enters the water by direct absorption from the atmosphere, by rapid movement, or as a waste product of plant **photosynthesis**. 16. The **Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) Aquaculture Department** has been at the forefront of aquaculture and fishery research, particularly focusing on species that are of economic importance to the region. 17. In research on *Oreochromis niloticus* (Nile tilapia) in the Philippines, controlled experimental conditions often involve the use of **tanks**, mesocosms, and in situ enclosures to study various environmental conditions. 18. In research on *Oreochromis niloticus* (Nile tilapia), controlled experimental conditions are designed to mimic **natural** environments. 19. Emata and Marte (1994) studied the reproduction of milkfish broodstock in **concrete** tanks and **floating** cages, documenting their maturation and spawning behavior. 20. From April to November 1991, various stocks of milkfish **broodstocks** were spawned 19-36 times, yielding between 8.5 to 12 million eggs. 21. In the experiment by Rodriguez et al., **crabs** were enclosed with green nylon netting, and the bottom edges of the net enclosures were buried 60 cm into the pond's inner dike mud. 22. The study by Rodriguez et al. (2003) investigated the effects of diet and harvesting regimen on the **growth, survival**, and production of mud crab (*Scylla olivacea*) in brackish water ponds. 23. In the study by Echem and Alvarez (2019), the experimental design used a **random** replication design, with three experimental groups and one control group. 24. The experimental design of **Echem and Alvarez**, where they investigated the impact of different feed diets on oyster growth using tanks with aeration, testing *Caulerpa lentillifera* and sucrose as growth enhancers. 25. The author for the experimental design where they focused on detecting microplastics in sediments and water used specific methods to isolate and analyze microplastics in different samples. 26. **Water** is a component of life that has distinct physical and chemical properties that have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. 27. **Freshwater ecosystems** in the Philippines are under significant threats from human activities, invasive species, and pollution. 28. According to the study of Gilles et al. (2023), **Lake Taal** has shown 91.1% of assessed invasive species in critical habitat, presenting significant risks to the ecosystem and threatening the endemic species. Group 2 Here are the answers to the assessment questions from the module: 1. Wetlands act as **filters** for water, helping to purify it. 2. In the Philippines, wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining **biodiversity**. 3. **Marshes** are wetlands characterized by grasses and reeds and are primarily fed by rainfall or groundwater. 4. Wetlands support a rich diversity of plants and **animals**, making them important habitats for wildlife. 5. Flowing water ecosystems like rivers and streams are crucial for allowing animals to **move** from one place to another. 6. One of the ecosystems identified as being under significant threat by the IPCC and MEA is **wetlands**. 7. Wetlands are areas of land that are either covered with water or **saturated** with water for at least part of the year. 8. **Saltwater** wetlands are influenced by tidal waters. 9. **Mangroves** are tropical or subtropical coastal wetlands often found in the Philippines. 10. Wetlands absorb excess water, reducing **flood** risks. 11. Many wetland plants have air-filled tissues called **aerenchyma**, which allow oxygen to be transported to submerged parts of the plant. 12. **Webbed** feet are an adaptation found in ducks and muskrats, aiding in swimming. 13. Wetlands help to mitigate climate change by storing **carbon**. 14. Flowing water ecosystems like rivers, streams, and creeks are dynamic environments characterized by the constant **movement** of water. 15. **Rivers** are the largest of the three types of flowing water ecosystems. 16. Streams are smaller than rivers but larger than **creeks**. 17. **Creeks** have a gentle flow that may be seasonal. 18. The **Pasig** River in the Philippines is an example of a river. 19. **Mount Makiling** Stream in the Philippines is an example of a stream. 20. **Gotoson** Creek in Bohol, Philippines, is an example of a creek. 21. **Pollution** is a type of human impact on flowing water ecosystems, introduced by industrial runoff, agricultural pesticides, and household waste. 22. Pollution can lower the **pH** of the water, affecting all organisms from algae to vertebrates. 23. Invasive species can negatively impact native species by **competing** for resources, preying on them, or altering habitats. 24. **Dams** impact river systems by altering flow, temperature, and sediment. 25. **Lakes** are naturally occurring bodies of water that accumulate in depressions on the Earth's surface. 26. Lakes can vary greatly in **depth**, from shallow ponds to very deep bodies of water. 27. Many lakes exhibit thermal **stratification**, leading to distinct layers of water with different temperatures and oxygen levels. 28. **Reservoirs** are artificial bodies of water created by humans, usually by damming a river. 29. The three layers of a stratified lake are the epilimnion, thermocline, and **hypolimnion**. 30. One factor affecting stratification is **temperature**. Group 3 Here are the answers to the assessment from the "Group 3 E-Module": 1. **Phytoplankton** are important primary producers, contributing to oxygen production and nutrient cycling. 2. A novel species and free-living planktonic bacteria inhabiting freshwater lakes and rivers is **Actinobacteria**. 3. **Endemic species** are species that can only be found in one geographic location and nowhere else in the world. 4. **Chlamydomonas pyrenoidosa** is a unicellular green alga belonging to the Chlorophyta division. 5. **Phytoplankton** are microscopic algae, like diatoms and green algae, that are abundant in freshwater ecosystems, particularly in lakes and rivers. 6. **Cyanobacteria** are commonly found in freshwater and are filamentous organisms that form long, thin chains of cells. 7. **Producers** are organisms that convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis and form the foundation of the ecosystem, providing energy for all other organisms. 8. The scientific name of the giant mottled eel is **Anguilla marmorata**. 9. Larger aquatic plants, including water lilies, cattails, and water hyacinths, are known as **macrophytes**. 10. **Bacteria** are essential components of aquatic ecosystems, playing various roles in nutrient cycling, decomposition, and the health of aquatic life. 11. The complete title of the local study authored by Paz-Alberto et al. (2022) is **"Assessment of the Diversity of Macro Aquatic Species in Amburayan River in Kapangan, Benguet"**. 12. According to Cuvin-Aralar et al. (2012), **aquaculture** is a major contributor to the livelihood of rural communities in many parts of the Philippines. 13. **Cyanobacteria** get their color from the presence of chlorophyll a and phycocyanin pigments. 14. **Decomposers** are essential for breaking down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem. 15. The classification of freshwater organisms based on their habitat is **lentic and lotic** environments. 16. The endemic freshwater sardine that thrives in the unique conditions of Taal Lake is **Sardinella tawilis**. 17. The scientific name of Nile tilapia is **Oreochromis niloticus**. 18. **Bacteria** play a vital role in decomposing dead plants and animals, releasing nutrients back into the water for producers to use. 19. The largest inland body of water in the Philippines is **Laguna de Bay**. 20. **Fungi** contribute to decomposition, nutrient cycling, and the production of bioactive compounds. 21. **Consumers** are organisms that obtain their energy by consuming other organisms. 22. According to the study of Paz-Alberto et al. (2022), **Lake Lanao** is the freshwater ecosystem that has the highest number of indigenous species. 23. **Protozoa** are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that play a significant role in regulating bacterial populations and contributing to nutrient cycling. 24. The species highly adaptable to both freshwater and brackish water environments is **Chanos chanos** (milkfish or bangus). 25. **Freshwater snails** are omnivores, feeding on algae, decaying plant matter, and small invertebrates. 26. The scientific name of the endemic species *sinarapan* is **Mistichthys luzonensis**. 27-28. Protozoa have no **organs** or **nervous systems**. 29-30. Two examples of freshwater fungi are **Trichosporon asahii** and **Colletotrichum truncatum**. Other Examples of Freshwater fungi: Rhizopus microsporus Dydymella aptrootii Astrosphaeriella papillata A crogenospora sphaeroceph