MEK II Chapter 8 MARPOL and BWM PDF

Official (Open) MARINE ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE II Chapter 8 : MARPOL (Annexes & BWM Convention) Preventing Environmental Pollution  Official (Open) Introduction to MARPOL MARPOL stands for the International Convention for the Preve...

Official (Open) MARINE ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE II Chapter 8 : MARPOL (Annexes & BWM Convention) Preventing Environmental Pollution  Official (Open) Introduction to MARPOL MARPOL stands for the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, an international maritime treaty designed to protect the marine environment from pollution caused by ships.  Official (Open) Learning Objectives. 1. Describe main purpose of MARPOL and its role in preventing marine pollution from ships. 2. Identify each of the six annexes of MARPOL and describe the specific type of pollution each annex addresses. 3. Analyse how MARPOL regulations affect day-to-day operations on ships, including waste management, discharge procedures, and compliance measures.  Official (Open) Origins of MARPOL The origins of MARPOL can be traced back to the 1950s and 1960s, a period when growing concerns about marine pollution, particularly from oil spills, spurred the need for international regulations. 1 Early Concerns The Torrey Canyon oil spill in 1967, which devastated the coastline of Cornwall, England, galvanized the international community. 2 International Action The International Maritime Organization (IMO) was tasked with developing a comprehensive treaty to address marine pollution. 3 Adoption of MARPOL The MARPOL Convention was adopted in 1973, entering into force in 1983.  Official (Open) Key Milestones in MARPOL's History 1973 Initial adoption of the MARPOL Convention. 1983 Entry into force of the MARPOL Convention. 1997 Introduction of Annex VI, addressing air pollution from ships. 2005 Implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention, aimed at preventing the introduction of invasive species. 2015 Adoption of the International Maritime Organisation's (IMO) Strategy on Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships. Official (Open)  Official (Open) Overview of MARPOL Annexes 1 Annex I 2 Annex II Oil pollution prevention, including Control of noxious liquid substances discharge standards and emergency carried in bulk, such as chemicals. procedures. 3 Annex III 4 Annex IV Harmful substances carried in packaged Regulations on sewage discharge, form, like paints and pesticides. aiming to minimize pollution from ships. 5 Annex V 6 Annex VI Garbage management, covering Air pollution from ships, including disposal, storage, and prevention of emissions of sulfur oxides, nitrogen marine litter. oxides, and greenhouse gases.  Official (Open) MARPOL Annex I: Oil Prevent oil pollution from ships. It's a comprehensive regulatory framework encompassing various aspects of oil pollution prevention. Official (Open)  Official (Open) Purpose and Scope of MARPOL Annex I The primary purpose of MARPOL Annex I is to protect the marine environment from oil pollution. It sets standards for the design, construction, and operation of ships to minimize the risk of oil spills. It applies to all ships, regardless of size or type, operating in international waters. Minimizing Oil Spills Controlling Promoting Operational Environmental Discharges Protection MARPOL Annex I aims to reduce the The Annex regulates It promotes the likelihood and impact the discharge of oily development and use of of accidental oil mixtures and oil spill prevention discharges at sea. residues from ships. technologies and response procedures. Official (Open)  Official (Open) Unless expressly provided otherwise, the provisions of this Annex shall apply to all ships. All oil tanker ships of 150GT and above and every other ship of 400 GT and above they shall carry onboard a SOPEP and an Oil Record Book approved by the administration. The plan shall consist at least of: the procedure to be followed by master or other person having charge of the ship to report an oil pollution incident; The list of authorities or persons to be contacted in the event of an oil pollution; A detailed description of action to be taken immediately by persons onboard to reduce or control the discharge of oil following the incident; The procedure and point of contact on ship for coordinating shipboard action with national and local authorities in combating oil pollution; Oil record book(s) Part I – Machinery space operations (for all ships) Part II – Cargo/Ballast operations (for Tankers) Part III – for Emissions in relation to Annex VI (for all ships, for some flags like Panama) (not for annex I)  Official (Open) Discharge Criteria Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixture from cargo ships of 400GT (other than tanker) and above Shall be prohibited except when all of the following conditions are satisfied: 1. The ship is proceeding en route; 2. The oily mixture is processed through an oil filtering equipment meeting the requirements of regulation 14.7 (approved oil filtering equipment : with alarm and automatic stopping device) of this annex; 3. The oil content of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15ppm; 4. In Antarctic area, any discharge into sea of oil or oily mixture is prohibited. Official (Open)  Official (Open) SPECIAL AREAS Mediterranean Sea area Baltic Sea area Black Sea Area Red Sea area Gulfs area Gulf of Aden area Antarctic area North West European Waters Oman area of the Arabian Seas Southern South African Waters  Official (Open) CERTIFICATES and DOCUMENTS International oil pollution prevention certificate (IOPP) valid for 5 years Oil record book(s) kept for the last three years from last entry – further reading on proper entries. Shipboard oil pollution prevention plan (SOPEP) Certificate on insurance or other financial security in respect of civil liability for oil pollution damage (for tankers) (CLC 69, 92) Certificate on insurance or other financial security in respect of civil liability for Bunker oil pollution damage (BUNKER 2001) Enhanced survey report file (for tankers/bulks) Record of discharge monitoring and control system for last ballast voyage (kept for the last three years) (for tankers)  Official (Open) Oily Water Separator  Official (Open) Operation of the OWS The sequence of operation for a two-stage Oily Water Separator (OWS) onboard ships, in a step-by-step format: Step 1: Open the valve of the bilge tank that contains the oily water mixture to be discharged. Run the bilge pump. Step 2: Pass the oily water mixture through the first-stage filter to remove physical impurities and larger oil particles. Oil from the plates or discs collects at the top of the first stage. Step 3: Direct the partially cleaned water to the second- stage filter. Here, coalescer inserts help to separate and coalesce smaller oil droplets.  Official (Open) Step 4: Collect the separated oil from both stages and transfer it to a sludge or separated oil tank for further processing. Step 5: After the two-stage filtering process, automatic discharge of the cleaned water overboard, if the oil content is less than 15 parts per million. Exceed 15 ppm redirected to the bilge tank. Step 6: Continuously monitor the process using an Oil Content Monitor (OCM) to ensure the oil content of the discharged water does not exceed the permissible limit.  Official (Open) MARPOL Annex II: Noxious Liquid Substance Regulates the discharge of noxious liquid substances from ships.  Official (Open) This Annex was adopted on 6th of April 1987 which deals with the control and prevent pollution due to the noxious liquid substance in bulk, intentionally or accidentally. It comprises of 10 chapters which together contains 22 Regulations. It has four categories: Category X: major hazard to either marine resource or human health (prohibited to discharge into the marine environment –from tank cleaning or de-ballasting operations) Category Y: a normal hazard to either marine resource or human health (limitation on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine environment –from tank cleaning or de-ballasting operations) Category Z: NLS which present a minor hazard to either marine resource or human health (less stringent restrictions on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine environment –from tank cleaning or de-ballasting operations) Other substances (OS): which does not fall in the above categories, they at present, considered to present no harm to either marine resource or human health ( discharge of them from tank cleaning or de-ballasting operations has no any restriction from this annex) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open)  Official (Open) MARPOL Annex III: Harmful substance in packaged form Preventing pollution by harmful substances carried in packaged form. Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open)  Official (Open) Packaging and Labeling Requirements Annex III sets out stringent requirements for packaging and labeling of harmful substances to ensure proper identification and safe handling. Packaging The packaging must be robust, leak-proof, and appropriate for the substance's properties. Labeling Labels should clearly display hazard symbols, substance names, and safety precautions. Documentation Ships must carry comprehensive documentation related to the substances carried.  Official (Open) Regulation for prevention of pollution by harmful substance carried at sea in packaged form (July 1992). This Annex deals with those substances which are hazardous in nature and carried in packaged cargo. The identification of such material is provided in the IMDG Code. The MARPOL Annex III came into force on 1 July 1992 and comprised of 2 Chapters containing 11 regulations. The regulation require the issuing of detailed standards on: ❑ packaging, ❑ marking, ❑ labeling, ❑ documentation, ❑ stowage, ❑ quantity limitation, ❑ exceptions and notifications, Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open) Official (Open)  Official (Open) MARPOL Annex IV: Sewage Prevention of pollution from sewage from ships.  Official (Open) Entered into force on 27 September 2003, this Annex focuses on prevention of sewage pollution from ships. Annex IV contains a set of regulations (It has 7 Chapters comprising of 18 Regulations) regarding the discharge of sewage into the sea from ships, including regulations regarding the ships' equipment and systems for the control of sewage discharge, the provision of port reception facilities for sewage, and requirements for survey and certification. The discharge of raw sewage into the sea can create a health hazard. Sewage can also lead to oxygen depletion and can be an obvious visual pollution in coastal areas - a major problem for countries with tourist industries. The main sources of human-produced sewage are land- based - such as municipal sewers or treatment plants. However, the discharge of sewage into the sea from ships also contributes to marine pollution.  Official (Open) Sewage Treatment & Disposal Ships are required to install sewage treatment systems that meet the standards set by Annex IV. These systems are designed to reduce the harmful components of sewage before discharge. Holding Tanks Treatment Systems Disposal Collect and store sewage Reduce the harmful Discharge of treated sewage, before treatment. components in sewage. if permitted.  Official (Open) Application Every ship 400 GT and above and ships certified to carry 15 persons The annex requires ships to be equipped with either an approved STP, or an approved sewage comminuting and disinfecting system or a sewage holding tank. The annex does not include grey water unless it is mixed with drains as described in the regulation  Official (Open) Discharge Criterion The discharge of sewage into the sea is prohibited, except when the ship has in operation:- ❑an approved sewage treatment plant or when the ship is discharging comminuted and disinfected sewage using an approved system at more than three nautical miles from the nearest land. ❑Sewage which is not comminuted or disinfected may be discharged at more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land when the ship is en route and proceeding at not less than 4 knots, and the rate of discharge of untreated sewage shall be approved by the Administration  Official (Open) Sewage Treatment Plant  Official (Open) Operation of the Sewage Treatment Plant The Biological STP consists of 4 interconnected compartments, raw sewage or affluent passes through a bar screen, which breaks it up into smaller particles from where it passes into the primary compartment. When the level in this compartment rises sufficiently, the liquid overflows into the aeration compartment. This compartment contains bacteria, which require Oxygen and a nutrient to propagate. The nutrient is solid waste material and oxygen is supplied by bubbling compressed air through the broken waste. The sewage is broken down here by aerobic activation. The liquid from the aeration compartment passes to a settlement compartment where the activated sludge as it is known settles and leaves as a clear affluent. As there is no oxygen in this compartment, the sludge is continuously recycled to the aeration compartment here it mixes with the incoming waste to assist in the treatment process. The clear affluent discharges from a settlement compartment must be disinfected. Disinfection is achieved by treating the clear affluent with a solution or tablets of sodium hypochlorite in the chlorination compartment. The discharge pump lowers the level in the chlorination tank automatically by pumping overcharge. Automation is carried out by means of high- or low-level floats. The discharge pumps cuts in at high levels and cuts out at low level.  Official (Open) MARPOL Annex V: Garbage Preventing pollution of the marine environment by garbage from ships.  Official (Open) Regulation for the prevention of pollution by Garbage from ships (Dec 1988). This annex deals with the garbage produced onboard ships and ways to prevent pollution from the same. It was enforced on 31 December 1988, having 3 Chapters with 14 Regulations. Garbage from ships can be just as deadly to marine life as oil or chemicals. Hence, MARPOL Annex V seeks to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage being discharged into the sea from ships. Unless expressly provided otherwise, Annex V applies to all ships, which means all ships of any type whatsoever operating in the marine environment, from merchant ships to fixed or floating platforms to non-commercial ships like pleasure crafts and yachts.  Official (Open) Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships 1 Discharge Restrictions Ships are prohibited from discharging certain types of garbage into the sea, including plastic, regardless of distance from shore. This includes intentional and accidental discharges. 2 Garbage Management Plans Ships are required to develop and implement a comprehensive garbage management plan, outlining procedures for collecting, storing, and disposing of garbage onboard. 3 Garbage Record Book Ships must maintain a detailed record of all garbage generated, disposed of, and discharged, providing documentation for compliance with the Annex's regulations. 4 Designated Discharge Zones Certain areas are designated as "special areas" with stricter regulations, prohibiting the discharge of any garbage, even those considered less harmful to the marine environment.  Official (Open) Garbage Management Plans and Garbage Record Books 1 Developing a Plan The garbage management plan should clearly outline procedures for handling, storing, and disposing of all types of garbage generated onboard. 2 Implementing the Plan The plan should be implemented consistently, ensuring crew members are adequately trained and understand their responsibilities for garbage management. 3 Maintaining the Record Book The garbage record book is a critical document, meticulously recording all garbage received, disposed of, and discharged, ensuring accountability and transparency.  Official (Open) Application Unless expressly provided otherwise, Annex V applies to all ships, which means all ships of any type whatsoever operating in the marine environment, from merchant ships to fixed or floating platforms to non- commercial ships like pleasure crafts and yachts. Every ship of 100GT and above, and every ship which is certified to carry 15 or more persons, shall carry a Garbage management plan containing procedures on: 1. Garbage minimization 2. Garbage collection 3. Garbage storage 4. Garbage processing 5. Garbage disposal AND 1. Equipment used onboard for garbage handling 2. Person in charge for implementing the garbage management plan  Official (Open) Every ship of 400GT and above and every ship which is certified to carry 15 or more persons engaged in voyages to … In addition ports under the jurisdiction of another party to the convention should maintain a Garbage record book in the form specified in the appendix of the revised annex.  Official (Open) Garbage record book The date, time, position of the ship, description of the garbage and the estimated amount incinerated or discharged (in M3) must be logged and signed. The Garbage Record Book must be kept for a period of two years after the date of the last entry.  Official (Open) Garbage categories Currently 9 garbage categories for the purpose of record in Garbage management plan: Category A – Plastic Category B – Food waste Category C – Domestic waste (paper, rags, cans, bottles) Category D – Cooking oil Category E – Incinerator Ash Category F – Operational waste Category G – Cargo residues Category H – Animal Carcasses Category I – Fishing Gear  Official (Open) Garbage discharge is restricted to: ❑ Food waste ❑ Identified cargo residues ❑ Animal carcasses, and ❑ Identified cleaning agents and additives in wash-water which are not harmful to marine environment  Official (Open) Placard According to the regulation, Placard also required for every ship of 12 meters in length or over and every fixed or floating platform to display placards notifying passengers and crew of the disposal requirements of the Annex; these placards should be written in the working language of the ship's crew and also in English, French or Spanish for ships travelling to other States' ports or offshore terminals. Official (Open)  Official (Open) MARPOL Annex VI: Air Pollution Regulations for controlling emissions of harmful substances, particularly sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).  Official (Open) Regulation for prevention of Air pollution from ships (May 2005). This MARPOL Annex deals explicitly with ways to prevent air pollutions from ships. It came into force on 19th May 2005 having five chapters with 25 Regulations. A revised Annex VI with significantly tightened emissions limits was adopted in October 2008 which entered into force on 1 July 2010. The main changes to MARPOL Annex VI are a progressive reduction globally in emissions of SOx, NOx and PM and the introduction of emission control areas (ECAs) to reduce emissions of those air pollutants further in designated sea areas  Official (Open) Regulations on Air Pollution from Ships MARPOL Annex VI sets out various regulations to control ship emissions, including limits on sulfur content in fuels, technical requirements for engines, and operational measures to minimize emissions. 1 Sulfur Oxide (SOx) Emissions Limits on the sulfur content of marine fuels, with stringent requirements in Emission Control Areas (ECAs). 2 Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions Technical requirements for engine designs and operational procedures to reduce NOx emissions, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. 3 Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions Regulations aimed at reducing the emission of particulate matter, including limits on the amount of PM allowed in exhaust gases. 4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emissions Measures to control the emission of volatile organic compounds, such as the use of low-VOC paints and coatings.  Official (Open) Certificates and Documents Certificates and documents, but not limited to: IAPP Certificate EIAPP Certificate IEE Certificate Certificate of insurance or means other financial liability for pollution (P&I- Blue card - flag) ORB (s), SOPEP Cargo record book ,SMPEP DG manifest Garbage management plan, Garbage record Book, Official log book ( 50μ in minimum dimension, and Less than 10 viable organisms per ml < 50μ and>10μ in minimum dimension, and Less than the following concentrations of indicator microbes: – Toxicogenic Vibrio cholera less than 1 colony-forming unit (cfu) per 100 ml, or less than 1 cfu per 1 gram zooplankton samples – Escherichia coli less than 250 cfu per 100 ml – Intestinal Enterococci less than 100 cfu per 100 ml. Compliance with the Performance Standard (D-2) seems to be achievable only by use of a BW treatment system. In general treatment systems that comply with the standard D-2 shall be approved by the Administration.  Official (Open) Ballast Water Treatment Systems A variety of ballast water treatment systems are available to meet the requirements of the BWM Convention. ❑ Filtration Systems (physical) ❑ Chemical Disinfection (oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides) ❑ Ultra-violet treatment ❑ Deoxygenation treatment ❑ Heat (thermal treatment) ❑ Acoustic (cavitation treatment) ❑ Electric pulse/pulse plasma systems ❑ Magnetic Field Treatment