Medicine - Gr6 - HIST.pdf

◄ Un it 1: Indigenous healing :in So uth Africa Word ban k indigenous inyanga patients herbal medicines sangoma ~@ belonging toh the locaxplaerrte~nowledge of plant medicines healer who as an e people who are treated by healers and doctors medicines from plants healer who uses spiritual healing p...

◄ Un it 1: Indigenous healing :in So uth Africa Word ban k indigenous inyanga patients herbal medicines sangoma ~@ belonging toh the locaxplaerrte~nowledge of plant medicines healer who as an e people who are treated by healers and doctors medicines from plants healer who uses spiritual healing powers Indigenous healers Indigenous healers are people from the local area or . country who care for the health of others. They may give patients medicines. They may also call on the help of the spirit world to help heal the patient. Traditional healing is closely tied to people's beliefs. t 4' .~ I • South Africans call traditional healers by different names: nyongo, izongomo, ixwe/e, omogqiro, and nqoka. • Indigenous healers interview people to find out about their health problems. • Treatment may involve herbal medicines, contacting the ancestors and asking the patients lots of questions. • Indigenous healers treat people's minds as well as their bodies. A South African and mind , body n's perso a rate sepa not do rs heale • Traditional indigenous healer spirit. • There are over 200 000 indigenous healers in South Africa. • About 60% of South Africans visit indigenous healers at some time. Kinds of indigenous healers in South Africa Sangomas A sangoma is the most important kind of indigenous healer. The word sangoma comes from the i~iZulu word izangoma. Most sangomas qre women_. Sangomas use their powers to work out why the patient is sick or worried. A sangoma has very strong spiritual powers. She passes on messages from the ancestors. 0• Medic ine through time ·I 1,,-yangas all indigenous healers Not • 1mg as spiritual hea 0 us rt of their treatment. In :uth Africa people called inyanga (inyan~a i_n iSiZulu, ixhwele 1n s1Xhosa) rnake medicines using plants. Inyangas have a vast knowledge of different plants and how they can be used to treat certain mnesses. Some sangomas are also inyangas. Most inyangas are male. I Inyangas use plants in a An inyanga variety of ways. Parts of plants can be put on wounds and cuts. They can also be dried and made into powders, made into a tea, or burnt and breathed in (inhaled). IsiZulu name: isiumhlonyane English name: African wormwood. Traditional healers make the leaves of this plant into a kind of tea. People drink the tea to treat coughs and colds. '2l·Ml+ii,i·l!IWl·II.. 1. Rewrite this sentence to make it true: Indigenous healers only treat a person's body. 2. What is the difference between a sangoma and an inyanga? 3. Write three lines about what you know about South African indigenous healers and medicines. Describe an indigenous medicine or herbal medicine you know about or have taken. Western doctor healer who uses medical science that developed in Europe What happens when you visit an indigenous healer? 1. The healer finds out why the patient is unwell. Patients spend time talking to the healer about their illness and their fears. The healer studies the patient as a whole. She does not treat the mind and the body as separate things. 2. To help treat the patient, the healer may contact the spirit world for an answer. This may involve as~ing the ancestors for help. She may also give the patient certain herbal medicines. Family members are often involved in the healing process. Sangomas use their powers to contact the spirit world to help treat people. Classroom activity 8.2 1. Make a copy of the table below. 2. Refer to the information and picture above. Also use your own knowledge about Western doctors. Then answer the questions in the table. Indigenous healer "Western doctor Where does the meeting take place? I I I How does the healer treat the patient? • Medicine through time j ) I l r HOW people become incligenous healers aecoming f:1~sangom a aeeoming a sangoma is not a choice, it is a calling from the ancestors. 1. Th~ person kt~ows or _ids tol~- they have a calling from the ancestors . .This means ey are I ent1fied as being special. a 2. A person training to be sangoma has to work with a proper sangoma and learn important things such as communicating with the spirit world. This process can take a few months or many years. .Beco_ming a sangoma is a 91ft, a calling. You c~nnot run away from th,s feeling. It is something you have to do. 3. When she has been trained she is 'called' by the ancestors. This is a sign that she is ready to work as a sangoma. This calling is the ukuthwoso. Becoming an inyanga Inyangas do not have the same calling as sangomas. They can choose to become an inyanga. Inyangas do not use spiritual powers in their healing. They are closer to Western doctors who use medicines developed by science to treat illnesses. 1. A young inyanga spends years with at~a~ned inyanga learning abo~t plants and medicines. 2. Some inyangas c~ode to specialise in treating certain illnesses.✓For example, they may only th treat certain parts of the body such as e heart or the lungs. 3. Inyangas often sell their medicines at markets and shops. medicines 11 their plants and I~yangas se d markets. Sometimes they ,n shops an t people in these places. a/so trea • Med' · icme through time \ e Unit 2: Some modern Western scientific medical discoveries The fight against infection and disease Many people died of diseases in the past. Fewer die of some diseases today, because several people made important discoveries that helped control these diseases. Vaccination against smallpox - Edward Jenner Smallpox was a highly infectious disease that killed thousands of people. In the 18th century (1700-1799) smallpox was a feared disease in Europe and North America. A person with smallpox has a high temperature and their whole body gets covered in sores. Smallpox can spread to the brain and to the lungs, causing the person to die. A doctor called Edward Jenner noticed that women who had been ill with a di~ease called cowpox never caught the disease smallpox. Cowpox is a milder form of smallpox that spreads from cows. Jenner decided to do an experiment. Edward Jenner performed the first successful smallpox vaccination. Jenner took some pus from a sore of a woman who had cowpox. . . ; . ' ~ . . .. ~ . .: The boy soon became ill with the disease cowpox. SJ!;' • Medicine through time He made a cut on the arm of a healthy eight-year-old boy. He infected him with the disease cowpox. ~. '.;, When the boy had recovered from cowpox, Jenner made another a cut on his arm and infected him with the deadly disease smallpox. The boy stayed perfectly healthy. This was the first safe vaccination. a highly infectious disease that can be passed to people from animals such as sheep and cattle tiny living things that can cause diseases teria can be spread easily between. people tiOUS less violent or deadly er yellow material in a sore full of germs 11 a fatal disease based in animals' spit P :cclnation way of giving you a tiny bit of a disease to help your body become strong against it in the future i I 'I :ies he connection between germs and disease ~ouis Pasteur Lo<>k on a bottle of milk for the word 'pasteurised'. This word ~mes from the name of a scientist, Louis Pasteur, who invented ~steurisation. Pasteurisation is a process that stops milk from going sour. rasteurisation r,asteur realised that there were certain germs from the air and Lhe environment that caused liquids such as milk, wine and beer Lo go sour. His pasteurisation process involved heating these iquids. Heating to a temperature of 60 °C killed the harmful bacteria. Germ theory Louis Pasteur was born in France in 1822 to a poor family. During his life he became one of the most famous scientists in the world. [ ouis Pasteur's work with bacteria led him to solve other problems. He saved the French silk industry by preventing the spread of a disease that had destroyed all the silk worms in France. Pasteur realised that bacteria cause diseases. He showed that other diseases such as TB cholera, anthrax and smallpox were all caused by bacteria. Like Jenner, he developed vaccinations that helped prevent the spread of diseases. He is famous for inventing a vaccination to prevent rabies. I ~M'l#M·hi❖Mmll . _. , 1. look at the comic on page 154. Tell someone in your family how . . I v~ccination works. 1 2. Find out if you have been vaccinated against any of the diseases named on these pages. Write them down. . 3. In one sentence, explain Louis Pasteur's ideas about bacteria. • Medicine through time e ~ ◄ antibiotic drug infamous septic a drug that can kill bacteria chemical that can heal sickness famous for bad reasons poisoned and infected Germs and the cause of TB - Robert Koch The discoveries of Louis Pasteur helped the work of other scientists. Robert Koch used Pasteur's ideas about germs to find the bacteria that caused particular diseases. Robert Koch is famous for identifying the bacteria that caused blood poisoning, anthrax and TB. He developed better ways of doing experiments. His experiments helped him to identify the anthrax and TB bacteria. Other scientists followed his work. Soon over 20 different bacteria had been discovered. Each one causes a particular disease. Fall from fame Robert Koch's experiments helped him to discover the bacteria that caused TB. In 1890, Koch said that he had discovered a cure for TB. He had a drug qalled Tuberculin which he said was made according to his secret formula. People all over the world were excited that a cure for this dreadful disease had been found. But then it became clear that Tuberculin did not cure TB. People also found out that Koch could make a lot of money from the sale of the drug Tuberculin. Robert Koch never quite got over the Tuberculin problem. Nevertheless, he is still remembered as one of the most important scientists in medical history. Medical students across the world still learn by heart Robert Koch's four famous rules about germs. 1. Name Robert Koch's most famous achievement. 2. Describe his most infamous achievement. 3. Name one thing that Robert Koch did that was linked to the work of Louis Pasteur. - ~ ~ ~ - ~ - - - - - - - --) • Medicine through time d · [ r~e first antibiotic - Alexa nder Fleming der Fleming worked as a ;Ale>': during World War I ~oc~_1q18). He saw many (1q~iers die from wound s that did 1 heal. After the war, Docto r Fl~rning tried to find a way of t htinQ germs that caused ~actions and poison ed the body. f ~rugs from bread In1q28 Dr Fleming was in his laboratory studyin g a kind of bacteria that made wound s go ~eptic. By chance, he had some bread in his labora tory. The bread was old and had started to grow a furry substa nce called mould. Alexan der Fleming working in his labora tory in London Fleming noticed that the bacter ia near to the mould y bread died. Could the mould contai n a substa nce that kills this kind of bacter ia? Fleming repeat ed his experi ment and the same thing happened. The bacteria died. He called the substa nce that grew on the mould penicillin. In 1938, two other scienti sts, Howar d Florey and Ernest Chain produc ed a pure drug from Fleming's penicillin. They proved that penicillin could cure infectio ns and poisoned wounds. There was no money to develo p the drug until anothe r war. The American government realised that thousands of Americ an soldiers were dying from wound s in World War II (1939-1945). They knew penicillin could h~lp these soldiers. In 1942, they gave money to drug compa nies to produce large amoun ts of penicillin. Penicillin was the first antibiotic drug. Today there are many differe nt kinds of antibio tics. ~11 1·H-1H-i,,i·id!Nif!i-k♦ ; What do we use antibio tics for today? 2. a) List all the dates on this page. Start with the oldest date. b) Write out an event that happened next to each date. 3. Why do you think wars often speed up scientific discoveries? - -""- ---=~ • Medicine through time II I ,/ I '1 11 IL II I rli, I Unit 3: A breakthrough in surgery the first heart transplant clotting becoming thick and sticky Infection the growth and spread of bacteria in the body morphine a strong drug that makes people go to sleep Discoveries that made the first heart transplant possible Anaesthetics An anaesthetic is a substance that stops you feeling pain. Some anaesthetics put you into a deep 'sleep'. Once you are 'asleep' doctors can perform operations, for example, removing your tonsils. You can imagine how strong the anaesthetic must be to stop you waking up. Modern anaesthetics really began with the discovery of morphine in 1804 and the invention of the hypodermic syringe, or injecting needle. Doctors injected morphine into people's bodies to put them to 'sleep'. In the 1840s a gas called nitrous oxide wa~ also used as an anaesthetic. Nitrous oxide is still used by some dentists today. Dentists using nitrous oxide as an anaesthetic _ ~\foidinQ in_fection r loped in fe ct io ns af te ve de ey th e us ca be people died ct er ia asteur p_roved th at ba _P s ui Lo .. n io at er op r4anYhad an is 1n th e environment. Th e ar ia er ct Ba n. tio ec tf!B~e inf ct or s' on su rfa ce s an d on do , air e th in e ar ey th :; ns 1666 1818 llCJnds.. 1900 . .~ . .':i :. ·. .,,:',:,;. ,., .. I :·; .. ' "{ .. , .' .·, ,, :i ': ,1; 19141918 1936 lp ed pa Us ing an tis ep tic s he First blood transfusion done on an animal· First human blood transfusion Four different blood groups discovered. Everybo dy belongs to one of these blood groups - A, 8, AB an dO Discovery th at blood could be st op pe d from cl ot tin g by mixing it with certain chemicals First blood bank opens where pe op le give blood to be st or ed '1' n. tie nt s to av oi d infectio Do ct or s fe ct io n is cleanliness. in of k ris e th g cin du ey The m ai n w ay of re amined a pa tie nt . Th ex ey th e tim ch ea s nd lle d began to wa sh th ei r ha di es wi th ch em ica ls ca bo 's le op pe d an s ey ce also sp ra ye d su rfa m ad e sure th e to ol s th s or ct Do . ia er ct ba l s kil io n he lp ed an tis ep tic s. An tis ep tic th e ch an ce s of in fe ct g cin du Re . an cle re used in op er at io ns we op er at io ns . more pa tie nt s survive Blood tr an sf u si o n s d Lo we r an d on an im al s by Ri ch ar ne do re we ns sio fu s of pu tti ng The fir st bl oo d tra ns ns fu sio n is th e pr oc es tra d oo bl A . 66 16 in ou t five Edmund King 's bo dy . Ad ul ts have ab ne eo m so to in ts uc bl oo d blood or bl oo d pr od at io n large am ou nt s of er op an g rin Du . dy bo ? th ey will die. litres of bl oo d in th ei r th an tw o litre~ of bl oo e or m s se lo on rs pe during an can be lo st . If a op le bl oo d transfusions pe e giv to ed ne n te Do ct or s of operation. • Medicine th rough tim e ft.t.' 'Iii ◄ X-rays In 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays by accident. He was doing an experiment with a special kind of light machine when he accidentally took a 'photo' of his fingers. Later he repeated the experiment and ·made an X-ray of his wife's hand. Her wedding ring and bones showed up on the X-ray. X-ray of chest area Roentgen's X-ray of his wife's hand X-ray technology lets doctors examine the inside of people's bodies without cutting them open. Improvements in X-ray technology have made it possible to examine the soft parts of the body as well. We use X-rays of a person's chest to see if they have TB. I ' / 1. Name one use you can think of for X-rays today. 2. Give two early examples of anaesthetics. 3. How did doctors avoid infection?,,.. 4. Write one line to explain the importance of these factors for improving blood transfusions. a) The discovery of different blood groups b) Finding a way to stop blood clotting. t... • Medicine through time po rta nt for life pa rts of the bo dy tha t are im open the bo dy to tre at illness med_ical tre atm en t tha t cu ts ot9rgerY m on e bo dy to an oth er ::.nsplant moving an org an fro an na rd an d th e tfeart surgery - ·c hr is tia an B ar . · he ar t tr an sp la nt world's fir st nurses rd led a tea m of do cto rs an d rna Ba an tia ris Ch r cto Do 7 1q6 In ___ _ ... ...--nt. pla ns tra art he n ma hu er ev t in the world's firs of Louis He removed the diseased he art h the he art of a washkansky and replaced it wit in a ca r crash. woman who had rec en tly died 18 da ys bu t the Louis Washkansky on ly lived for t replacing a operation proved to the world tha person's he art wa s possible. use fresh Transplant op era tio ns ca n on ly ys an d he art s organs . Organs su ch as kid ne dies of people have to be removed from the bo who have jus t died. pla nt operations Today, ab ou t 3 500 he art tra ns are done every ye ar. s ..--· S A doctor p er fo rm d's first h ea rt rl 1W O \ transplant t \~ · t·iaa n Ba rna rd Dr Chns t -----··-------·- . ___.._ ------,.,J -·--·- IMan with new heart / still alive -~ ~"'/\/' NeW hearts - w h a t next? 7 Ne ws pa pe r headlines from 1q6 . ''I rI 1ir! !' Events that led to the first heart transplant • Dr Christiaan Ba and his tearn Pra:~rd doing kidney tran 'sect They believed thissh10nts. them develop the do a heart transpl sto operation. ant s~:Ped • Denise Darvall died . car accident in Ca~n Town: H~r father Qove perbm1ss1on for her organs t o e used at Groote Schuur Hospital. ° • Louis Washkansky hod 0 diseased heart. He only had a short time to live He agreed to have O • heart transplant when heart became available. • Dr Barnard and his team performed the heart transplant on 3 December 1967. The operation took nine hours. a The operating theatre where the first heart transplant operation took place is now a museum. Not everybody thought the world's first heart transplant was a good thing. Some people said it was wrong to put organs from dead people into living people. Others said the operation was very expensive. They said that the money the operation cost could be used to help many other sick people, not just one person. • The operation was considered a success. Louis Washkansky died of a lung infection 18 days after getting a new heart. His new heart kept beating until he died. 1. In what year did the first heart transplant operation take place? 2. Write your own newspaper headline about the world's first heart transplant. 3. Write a paragraph to go with your newspaper headline. a) In your paragraph describe the events that led to the first heart transplant. b) Name important people in your paragraph. 4. Discuss this question in your group. Do you think it is right to use organs from dead people's bodies in operations? • b.. • Medicine through time