Medical Glossary MT 101 Past Paper PDF 2022-2023

**Medical Glossary** **MT 101** **First semester F.Y. 2022-2023** **Glaiza P. Salvador, RN, MSN** **Clinical Instructor** **II. MIDTERMS** Chapter 4: **THE SKELETON** 1. Normal Structure and Function 2. Division of the skeleton 3. Roots pertaining to the skeleton, bones and joints 4. C...

**Medical Glossary** **MT 101** **First semester F.Y. 2022-2023** **Glaiza P. Salvador, RN, MSN** **Clinical Instructor** **II. MIDTERMS** Chapter 4: **THE SKELETON** 1. Normal Structure and Function 2. Division of the skeleton 3. Roots pertaining to the skeleton, bones and joints 4. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the skeleton 5. Types of fractures 6. Other medical terminologies and abbreviations related to the skeleton Chapter 5: **MUSCULAR SYSTEM** 1. **Normal Structure and General Function** 2. **Roots pertaining to muscular system** 3. Types of muscles 4. Types of movements 5. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the muscular system 6. Other medical terminologies and abbreviations related to the muscular system **REFERENCES:** **Textbook** **1. Medical Language: Focus on Terminology, Moisio 2016** **Other References:** **1. Medical Terminology Complete 4th Wingerd 2019** **2. Medical Terminology: an illustrated guide 8th ed (T) Cohen 2017** **3. Bates pocket guide to physical examination and history taking (R) Bickley 2017** **5. Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Nursing 4th ed Dewit, S. 2014** **6. Introduction to Medical Terminology 3rd ed. Ehrlich, 2014** **7. Fundamental Concept and Skills for Nursing 4th ed, Dewit, 2014** **8. Mosby's Dictionary Of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions 9th ed. 2013** **9. Medical Terminology, incredibly Easy 3rd Editionby Lippincot Williams & Wilkins** **10. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, nursing and Health Profession 9th ed., Mosby, 2013** **Website References:** **www.e-rehab.com** **www.finditonline.ws** **www.aquaticnet.com** **www.yahoo.com** **www.google.com** **CHAPTER 4** **THE SKELETON** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Major topics** | +=======================================================================+ | 1. Normal Structure and Function | | | | 2. Division of the skeleton | | | | 3. Roots pertaining to the skeleton, bones, and joints | | | | 4. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the skeleton | | | | 5. Types of fractures | | | | 6. Other medical terminologies and abbreviations related to the | | skeleton | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Intended Learning Outcomes:** - Identify the general functions of the skeletal system - Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial and appendicular - Identify the different terminologies related to the anatomy of the skeletal system - Give the terminologies needed for physical examination of the skeletal system - Recognize tests that help skeletal system disorders - Identify and define disorders of the skeletal system and their treatments. **Key Terms:** - Skeleton - Bones - Joints - Fractures **Let's Begin!** **A. GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM** - Support: form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs - Protection: provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs - Movement: provide levers for muscles - Storage: reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus - Blood cell production: hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones Skeleton **NORMAL STRUCTURE** acetabulum The bony socket of the hip bone that holds the head of the femur (from Latin word for vinegar because it resembles the base of the vinegar cruet) --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- articulation A joint (adjective; articular) atlas The first vertical vertebra (atlant/o) axis The second cervical vertebra bone A calcified form of dense connective tissue; ossous tissue; also an individual unit of the skeleton made os such tissue (root; oste/o) bone marrow A soft material that fills bone cavities. Yellow marrow fills the central cavity of the long bones; blood cells are formed in red bone marrow, which is located in spongy bone tissue (root; myel/o) bursa A flied-filled sac that reduces friction near a joint (burs/a) cartilage A type of dense connective tissue that is found in the skeleton, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It is precursor to most bone tissue (root; chondr/o) diarthrosis A freely movable joint; also called synovial joint (adjective: diarrhrotic) diaphysis The shaft of a long bone epiphyseal plate The growth region of a long bone; located in the metaphysis, between the diaphysis and epiphysis. When bone growth ceases, this area appears as the epiphyseal line. Also spelled epiphyseal. epiphysis The irregular shaped end of a long bone ilium The large, flared, superior portion of the pelvic bone (root: ili/o) (adjective: iliac) joint The junction between two bones; articulation (root; arthr/o) ligament A strong band of connective tissue that joints one bone to another metaphysis The region of a long bone between the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end); during development, the growing region of a long bone ossification The formation of bone tissue (from Latin os, meaning "bone") osteoblast A cell that produces bone tissue osteoclast A cell that destroys bone tissue osteocyte A mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue pelvic The large ring of bone at the anterior trunk. Formed of two hip bones (ossa coxae) joined to the sacrum and coccyx (plural: pelvis). Each os coxae is formed of three bones, the superior, flared ilium; ischium; and pubis periosteum The fibrous membrane that covers a bone's surface resorption Removal of bone breakdown and absorption into the circulation skeleton The body's bone framework, consisting of 206 bones; root: skelet/o. the axial portion (80 bones) is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) contains the bones of the arms and legs, shoulder girdle, and pelvis suture An immovable joint, such as the bones between the skull bones symphysis A slightly movable joint synovial fluid The fluid contained in a freely movable (diarthrotic)joint; synovia (root;synov/i) synovial joint A freely movable joint; has a joint cavity containing synovial fluid; a diarthrosis tendon A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone thorax The upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; formed by the 12 pairs of ribs and sternum annulus fibrosus The outer ring-like portion of an intervertebral disk clavaria The dome-like upper portion of the skull coxa Hip cruciate ligament Ligaments that cross in the knee joint to connect the tibia and fibula. They are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Cruciate means "shaped like cross" genu The knee glenoid cavity The bony socket in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus hallux The great toe malleolus The projection of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle meniscus Crescent-shaped disk of cartilage found in certain joints. In the knee, the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus separate the tibia and femur; plural: menisci; meniscus means "crescent" nucleus pulposus The central mass of an invertebral disk olecranon The process of the ulna that forms the elbow os Bone (plural: ossa) osseous Pertaining to the bone symphysis pubis The anterior pelvic joint, formed by the union of two pubic bones; also called pubic symphysis ***Bone Markings*** Marking Description condyle Smooth, rounded protuberance at a joint crest Raised, narrow ridge epicondyle Projection above a condyle facet Small, flattened surface foramen Rounded opening fossa Hollow cavity meatus Passage or channel, such as long channel with a bone, also the external opening of a canal, such as urinary meatus process Projection sinus A space or channel, such as air-filled spaces in certain skull bones trochanter Large, blunt projection as at the top of the femur tubercle Small, rounded projection tuberosity Large, rounded projection **DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Region | Bones | Description | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **AXIAL SKELETON** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ***SKULL*** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | cranium | Cranial bones (8) | Chamber enclosing the | | | | brain; houses the ear | | | | and forms part of the | | | | eye socket | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | facial portion | Facial bones (14) | Forms the face and | | | | chambers the sensory | | | | organs | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | hyoid | | u-shaped bone under | | | | the mandible (lower | | | | jaw); used for muscle | | | | attachment | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ossicles | Ear bones (3) | Transmit sounds to | | | | the middle ear | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ***TRUNK*** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | vertebral column | Vertebrae (26) | Enclose the spinal | | | | cord | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | thorax | Sternum ribs (12 | Anterior bone of the | | | pairs) | thorax | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **APPENDICULAR | | | | SKELETON** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ***UPPER DIVISIION*** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | shoulder girdle | Clavicle | Anterior; between | | | | sternum and scapula | | | Scapula | | | | | Posterior: anchors | | | | muscle that moves arm | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | upper extremity | Humerus | Proximal arm bone | | | | | | | Ulna | Medial bone of | | | | forearm | | | Radius | | | | | Lateral bone | | | Carpals (8) | | | | | Wrist bone | | | Metacarpals | | | | | Bones of palms | | | phalanges | | | | | Bones of fingers | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ***LOWER DIVISION*** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | pelvic bones | Os oxae (2) | Join sacrum and | | | | coccyx of vertebral | | | | column to form the | | | | bony pelvis | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Lower extemity | Femur | Thigh bone | | | | | | | Patella | Kneecap | | | | | | | Tibia | Medial bone of leg | | | | | | | Fibula | Lateral bone of the | | | | leg | | | Tarsal bones (7) | | | | | Ankle bones. The | | | Metatarsals (5) | large heel bone is | | | | the calcaneous | | | Phalanges (14) | | | | | Bones of instep | | | | | | | | Bones of toes | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ ***Flipped Classroom:*** For additional reference, you can click the actual video of the different divisions of the skeleton and its corresponding bones: [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-FF**7Qigd3U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-FF7Qigd3U) **MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES (Roots/ Base Words)** **ROOTS FOR BONES AND JOINT** **Roots** **Meaning** **Example** **Definition of Example** ----------- ------------------------------------ -------------- ----------------------------------------- oste/o Bone osteopenia Deficiency of bone tissue myel/o Bone marrow; also, spinal cord Myeloid Pertaining to or resembling bone marrow chondr/o Cartilage Chondroblast A cartilage-forming cell arthr/o Joint Arthrosis Joint; condition affecting a joint synov/o Synovial fluid, joint, or membrane Asynovia Lack of synovial fluid burs/o bursa peribursal Around bursa **ROOTS FOR THE SKELETON** **Roots** **Meaning** **Example** **Definition of Example** ---------------- ------------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------- crani/o Skull, cranium Craniometry Measurement of cranium spondyl/o Vertebra Spondylolysis Destruction and separation of a vertebra vertebr/o Vertebra, spinal column Paravertebral Near the vertebrae or spinal column rachi/o Spine Rachischisis Fissure (-schisis) of the spine, spina bifida cost/o Rib Costochondral Pertaining to a rib and its cartilage sarc/o Sacrum Presacral In front of the sacrum coccy, coccy/o Coccyx Coccygeal\* Pertaining to the coccyx pelvi/o Pelvis Pelviscope Endoscope for examining the pelvis ili/o Ilium iliopelvic Pertaining to the ilium and pelvis **CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND DISORDERS OF THE SKELETON** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ***DISORDERS*** | | +===================================+===================================+ | ankylosing spondylitis | A chronic, progressive | | | inflammatory disease involving | | | the spinal joints and surrounding | | | soft tissue, most common in young | | | males; also, rheumatoid | | | spondylitis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ankylosing | Immobility and fixation of a | | | joint | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | arthritis | Inflammation of a joint | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | chondrosarcoma | A malignant tumor of cartilage | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | curvature of the spine | An exaggerated spinal curve, such | | | as scoliosis, lordosis, or | | | kyphosis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | degenerative joint disease (DJD) | Osteoarthritis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | fracture | A break in the bone. In a closed | | | simple fracture, the broken bone | | | does not penetrate the skin; in | | | an open fracture, there is an | | | accompanying wound in the skin | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | gout | A form of a cute arthritis, | | | usually beginning in the knee or | | | foot, caused by deposit of uric | | | acid salts in the joint | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | herniated disk | Protrusion of the center (nucleus | | | pulposus) of an intervertebral | | | disk into the spinal canal; | | | rupture or "slipped" disk | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | kyphosis | An exaggerated curvature of the | | | spine in the thoracic regions; | | | swayback | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | lordosis | An exaggerated curvature of the | | | spine in the lumbar regions; | | | humpback | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Osteoarthritis (OA) | Progressive deterioration of the | | | joint of the cartilage with | | | growth of new bone and soft | | | tissue in and around the joint; | | | the most common form of | | | arthritis; results from wear and | | | tear, injury, or disease; also | | | called degenerative joint disease | | | (DJD) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Osteogenic sarcoma | A malignant bone tumor; | | | osteosarcoma | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteomalacia | A softening and weakening of the | | | bones due to Vitamin D deficiency | | | or other disease | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteomyelitis | Inflammation of the bone and bone | | | marrow caused by infection, | | | usually bacteria | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteopenia | A lower-than-average bone | | | density, which may foreshadow | | | osteoporosis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteoporosis | A condition characterized by | | | reduction in bone density, most | | | common in white women past | | | menopause; predisposing factors | | | include poor diet, inactivity, | | | and low estrogen level | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Paget disease | Skeletal disease of the elderly | | | characterized by bone thickening | | | and distortion with bowing of | | | long bones; osteitis deformans | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pott disease | Inflammation of the vertebrae, | | | usually caused by tuberculosis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Rheumatoid arthritis | A chronic autoimmune disease of | | | unknown origin resulting in | | | inflammation of peripheral joints | | | and related structures; more | | | common in women than men | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Rheumatoid factor | A group of antibodies found in | | | the blood in case of rheumatoid | | | arthritis and other systemic | | | disease | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | rickets | Faulty bone formation in | | | children, usually caused by | | | deficiency of vitamin D | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | sciatica | Severe pain in the leg along the | | | course of the sciatic nerve, | | | usually related to spinal nerve | | | root irritation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | scoliosis | A sideways curvature of the spine | | | in any region | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | spondylolisthesis | A forward displacement of one | | | vertebra over another | | | | | | (-listhesis means "a spilling") | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | spomdylolysis | Degeneration of the articulating | | | portions of the vertebra allowing | | | for spinal distortion, | | | specifically in the lumbar region | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ***SYMPTOMS AND CONDITIONS*** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | achondroplasia | Decreased growth of cartilage in | | | the growth plate of long bones | | | resulting in dwarfism; a genetic | | | disorder | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | baker cyst | Mass formed at the knee by | | | distention of the bursa with | | | excess synovial fluid resulting | | | from chronic irritation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | bunion | Inflammation and enlargement of | | | the metatarsal joint of the great | | | toe, usually with displacement of | | | the great toe towards the other | | | toes | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa, a small | | | fluid-filled sac near a joint; | | | causes include injury, irritation | | | and joint disease; the shoulder, | | | hip, elbow, and knee are common | | | sites | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | carpal tunnel syndrome | Numbness and weakness of the hand | | | caused by pressure on the median | | | nerve as it passed through a | | | tunnel formed by carpal bones | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | chondroma | A benign tumor of cartilage | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Ewing tumor | A bone tumor that usually appears | | | in children 5 to 15 years of age. | | | It begins in the shaft of a long | | | bone and spread readily to other | | | bones. It may respond to | | | radiation therapy but then | | | returns. Also called Ewing | | | sarcoma | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | exostosis | A bony outgrowth from the surface | | | of a bone | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | giant cell tumor | A bone tumor that usually appears | | | in children and young adult. The | | | ends of the bones are destroyed, | | | commonly at the knee, by a large | | | mass that does not metastasize | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | hammertoe | Change in position of the toe | | | joints so that the toe takes on a | | | claw-like appearance and the | | | first joint protrude upward, | | | causing irritation an pain on | | | walking | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | hallux valgus | Painful condition involving | | | lateral displacement of the great | | | toe at the metatarsal joint. | | | There is also enlargement of the | | | metatarsal head and bunion | | | formation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Heberden nodes | Small, hard nodules formed in the | | | cartilage of the distal finger | | | joint in osteoarthritis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | hemarthrosis | Bleeding into a joint cavity | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Legg-Calve-Perthes disease | Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of | | | the femur's proximal growth | | | center. The bone is eventually | | | restored, but there may be | | | deformity and weakness. Most | | | common in young boys. Also called | | | coxa plana | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | multiple myeloma | A cancer of blood-forming cells | | | in the bone marrow | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | neurogenic arthopathy | Degenerative joint disease caused | | | by impaired nervous stimulation; | | | most caused in diabetes milletus; | | | charcot arthropathy | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Osgood-Schlatter disease | Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of | | | the tibia's proximal growth | | | center causing pain and | | | tendinitis at the knee | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteochondroma | A benign tumor consisting of | | | cartilage and bone | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteochondrosis | Disease of bone's growth center | | | in children; tissue degeneration | | | is followed by recalcification | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteodystrophy | Abnormal bone development | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteogenesis imperfect (OI) | The hereditary disease resulting | | | in the formation of brittle bones | | | that fractures easily. There is | | | faulty synthesis of collagen, the | | | main structural protein in | | | connective tissues | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | osteoma | A benign bone tumor that usually | | | remains small and localizes | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Reiter syndrome | Chronic polyarthritis that | | | usually affects young men; occurs | | | after a bacterial infection and | | | is common in those infected with | | | HIV; may also involve the eyes | | | and genitourinary tract | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | spondylosis | Degeneration and ankylosis of the | | | vertebra resulting in pressure on | | | the spinal cord and spinal nerve | | | roots; often applied to any | | | degenerative lesion of the spine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | subluxation | A partial dislocation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | talipes | A deformity of the foot, | | | especially one occurring | | | congenitally; clubfoot | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | valgus | Bent outward | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | varus | Bent inward | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | von Recklinghausen disease | Loss of bone tissue caused by | | | increased parathyroid hormone; | | | bones become decalcified and | | | deformed and fracture easily | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **TYPES OF FRACTURE**  **FRACTURE** **DESCRIPTION** -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- closed A simple fracture with no open wounds Colles A fracture of the distal end of the radius with backward displacement of the hand comminuted Fracture in the bones in which the bone is splintered or crushed compression Fracture caused by force from both ends, as to a vertebra greenstick One side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent impacted One fragment is driven to the other oblique Breaks occurs at the angle across the bone; usually one fragment slips by the other open Fracture is associated with open wound, or broken bone protrudes through the skin Pott Fracture at the distal end of the fibula with injury to the tibial joint Spiral Fracture in a spinal or S shape; usually caused by twisting injuries transverse A break at right angles to the long axis of the bone **MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM** ***Diagnosis and Treatment*** ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- allograft Graft of tissue between individuals of the same species but different genetic makeup; homograft, all allogeniec graft arthroclasia Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement aspiration Removal by suction, as removal of fluid from body cavity; also, inhalation, such as accidental inhalation of material into the respiratory tract autograft Graft of tissue taken from a site on or in the body of the person receiving the graft; autologous graft chondroitin A complex polysaccharide found in connective tissue, used a s dietary supplement, usually with glucosamine, for treatment of joint pain glucosamine A dietary supplement used in the treatment of joint pain goniometer A devise uses to measure joint angle and movement (root: goni/o means "angle") iontophoresis Introduction into the tissue by means of electric current, using the ions of a given drug; used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease laminectomy Excision of the posterior arch (lamina) of a vertebra meniscectomy Removal of the crescent-shaped cartilage (meniscus) of the knee joint myelogram Radiograph of the spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye; used to evaluate a herniated disk osteoplasty Scraping and removal of damaged bone from a joint prosthesis An artificial organ or part, such as an artificial limb ***Other Treatment*** alkaline phosphatase An enzyme needed in the formation of bone; serum activity of this enzyme is useful in diagnosis arthrocentesis Aspiration of fluid from joint by needle puncture arthrodesis Surgical immobilization (fusion) of a joint; artificial ankylosis arthroplasty Partial or total replacement of a joint with a prosthesis arthroscopy Use of an endoscope to examine the interior of a joint or to perform surgery on the joint; the instrument used is arthroscope diskectomy Surgical removal of herniated intervertebral disk; also spelled discectomy orthopedics The study and treatment of disorders of the skeleton, muscle. And associated structures; literally "straight" (orthro) "child" (ped); also spelled orthopaedics reduction of the fracture Return of a fractured bone to normal position; may be closed (not requiring surgery) or open (requiring surgery) traction The process of drawing or pulling, such as traction of the head in the treatment of injuries to the cervical vertebrae End of Chapter 4.... **CHAPTER 5** **MUSCULAR SYSTEM** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **MAJOR TOPICS** | +=======================================================================+ | 1. **Normal Structure and General Function** | | | | 2. **Roots pertaining to muscular system** | | | | 3. Types of movements | | | | 4. Clinical symptoms and disorders of the muscular system | | | | 5. Other medical terminologies and abbreviations related to the | | muscular system | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Intended Learning Outcomes:** - Identify the muscle structure and general function - Identify the terminologies for the physical examination of the muscular system - Identify the different the terminologies related to the anatomy of the muscular system - Give the terminologies that help diagnose the muscular system disorders - Identify and define clinical symptoms and disorders of the muscular system and their treatments. **Key Terms:** - Muscles - Movements - Posture - Tendons **Let's Begin!** A. **FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM** - Movement of the Body - Maintenance of Posture - Production of Body Heat - Communication - Constriction of Organs and Vessels - Contraction of the Heart B. **NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION** **Structure** **Function** ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- acetylcholine (Ach) A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles actin One of the two contractile protein in muscles cells; the other is myosin agonist The muscles that carry out a given movement (from Greek agon meaning "contest", "struggle"); prime mover antagonist The muscle that opposes an agonist; it must relax when the agonist contracts cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart wall fascia The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin (root: fasci/o); plural: fasciae fascicle A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers insertion In each movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton muscle An organ that produces movement by contracting; also, the tissue that composes such organs (root: my/o, muscul/o) myosin One of the two contractile protein in muscle cells; the other is actin neuromuscular junction (NMJ) The point of contract, or synapse, between a branch of a motor neuron and a muscle cell origin In each movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton skeletal muscle Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture smooth muscle Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of hollow organs, vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle synergist A muscle that assists an agonist to produce a given movement tendon A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (root: ten/o, tendin/o) tonus A state of steady, partial muscle contraction that maintains firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o) aponeurosis A flat, white, sheet-like tendon that connects a muscle with the part that it moves creatine A substance in muscle cells that stores energy for contraction glycogen A complex sugar that is stored for energy in muscle and in the liver isometric Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle tenses but does not shorten (literally: same measurement) isotonic Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle shortens to accomplish movement (literally: same tone) kinesthesia Awareness of movement perception of the weight, direction, and degree of movement (-esthesia means "sensation") Lactic acid An acid that accumulates in muscle cells functioning without enough oxygen (anaerobically), as in times of great physical exertion Motor unit A single motor neuron and all the muscle cells that its branches stimulate myoglobin A protein similar to hemoglobin that stores oxygen in muscle cells https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/vector-illustration-types-muscle-118758719.jpg C. **ROOTS PERTAINING TO MUSCLES** **Roots** **Meaning** **Example** **Definition of Example** -------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- my/o muscle myositis inflammation of the muscle muscul/o muscle musculature muscle arrangement in a part or the whole body in/o fiber inotropic acting on (muscle) fibers fasci/o fascia fasciodesis binding (suture) of a fascia to a tendon or other fascia ten/o, tendin/o tendon tenostosis ossification of a tendon ton/o tone cardiotonic having a strengthening action on the heart muscle erg/o work ergonomics Study of the efficient use of energy during work kin/o, kine, kinesi/o, kinet/o movement kinesis Movement (adjective: kinetic) D. **TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MOVEMENTS**  **Movement** **Definition** **Example** ----------------- -------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- flexion closing the angle at a joint bending at the knee or elbow extension opening the angle at a joint straightening at the knee or elbow abduction movement away from the midline of the body outward movement of the arm at the shoulder adduction movement toward the midline of the body return of lifted arm to the body rotation turning of a body part on its own axis turning of the forearm from the elbow circumduction circular movement from a central point describing a circle with an outstretched arm pronation turning downward turning the palm of the hand downward supination turning upward turning the palm of the hand upward eversion turning outward turning the sole of the foot outward inversion turning inward turning the sole of the foot inward dorsiflexion bending backward moving the foot so that the toes point upward, away from the sole of the foot plantar flexion bending the sole of the foot pointing the toes downward ***Flipped Classroom:*** For additional reference, you can click the actual video of different muscular movements: [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRaLjN2cTYo**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRaLjN2cTYo) E. **CLINICAL DISORDERS, SYMPTOMS AND CONDITIONS** **Disorders** **Description** ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) A disease caused by motor neuron degeneration resulting in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue, along with muscle and joint pain other symptoms; may be virally induced dermatomyositis A disease of unknown origin involving muscular inflammation as well as dermatitis and skin rashes fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and stiffness and having no known cause muscular dystrophy A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by progressive weakness and muscular atrophy myasthenia gravis (MG) A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness; an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction polymyositis A disease of unknown cause involving muscular inflammation and weakness Repetitive strain injury (RSI) Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of the arm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing, painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury, cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome sprain Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture strain Trauma to a muscle because of overuse excessive stretch; if severe, may involve muscular tearing, bleeding, separation of a muscle from its tendon, or tendon separation from a bone tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites, also spelled tendonitis tenosynovitis Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath **Symptoms and Conditions** **Description** asterixis Rapid, jerky movements, especially in the hands, caused by intermittent loss of muscle tone asthenia Weakness (prefix a- meaning "without" with root sthen/o meaning "strength" ataxia Lack of muscle coordination (from root tax/o meaning "order, arrangement) (adjective: ataxic) athetosis A condition marked by slow, irregular, twisting movement, especially in the hands and finger (adjective: athetotic) atrophy A wasting away; a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, such as muscular wasting from disuse avulsion Forcible tearing away of a part clonus Alternating spasmodic contraction and relaxation in a muscle (adjective: clonic) contracture Permanent contraction of a muscle fasciculation Involuntary small contraction or twitching of muscle fiber group (fasciculi) fibromyositis A nonspecific term for pain, tenderness, and stiffness in muscle and joint fibrositis Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue, especially the muscle fasciae; marked by pain and striffness Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Uneasiness, twitching, or restlessness in the legs that occurs after going to bed and often leading to insomnia; may be caused by poor circulation or drug side effects rhabdomyolysis An acute disease involving diffuse destruction of skeletal muscle cells (root rhabd/o means "rod," referring to the long, rod-like muscle cells) rhabdomyoma A benign tumor of skeletal muscle rhabdomyosarcoma A highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle rheumatism A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles associated with joint pain (adjective: rheumatic, rheumatoid) spasm A sudden involuntary muscle contraction: may be clonic (contraction alternating with relaxation) or tonic (sustained); a strong and painful spasm may be called a cramp (adjective: spastic, spasmodic) spasticity Increased tone or contraction of muscles causing stiff and awkward movement tetanus An acute infectious disease caused by the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium tetani. It is marked by persistent painful spasms of voluntary muscles; lockjaw tetany A condition marked by spasms, cramps, and muscle twitching caused by a metabolic imbalance, such as low blood calcium resulting from underactivity of the parathyroid glands torticollis Spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck F. **DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTS INCLUDING DRUGS** **Diagnosis and Treatment** **Description** --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chvostek sign Spasms of facial muscles after a tap over the facial nerve; evidence of tetany occupational therapy Health profession concerned with increasing function and preventing disability through work and play activities. The goal of occupational therapy is to increase the patient's independence and quality of daily life physical therapy Health profession concerned with physical rehabilitation and prevention of disability. Exercise, massage, and other therapeutic methods are used to restore proper movement rheumatology The study and treatment of rheumatic disease Trousseau sign Spasmodic contractions caused by pressing the nerve supplying a muscle; seen in tetrany **Other Diagnosis** creatine kinase (CK) An enzyme found in muscle tissue, the serum CK level increase in cases of muscles damage, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) electromyography (EMG) Study of the electrical activity of muscles during contraction **Drugs** anti-inflammatory agent Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, as cortisol, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs COX-2 inhibitor Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that does not cause the stomach problems associated with other NSAIDs. Inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme without affecting the COX-1 enzyme, a lack of which can cause stomach ulcers. Example is celecoxib (Celebrex). Some of these drugs have been withdrawn from the market because of cardiac risk muscle relaxant A drug that reduces muscle tension; different forms may be used to relax muscles during surgery to control spasticity, or to relieve musculoskeletal pain Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other inhibitors of prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote inflammation **End of Chapter 5....** THIS IS THE END OF THE MIDTERMS COVERAGE **RUBRICS FOR SHORT ESSAY** +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | **5** | **4** | **3** | **2** | **1** | **0** | | | | | | | | | | | **Excel | **Very | **Good* | **Fair* | **Poor* | **Non-C | | | lent** | Good** | * | * | * | omplian | | | | | | | | t** | +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+ | Correct | Correct | Answer | Answer | Answer | Answer | (No | | ness | answer | provide | provide | provide | given | answer | | of | is | d | d | d | is | Provide | | Answer | given | is | is | is not | incorre | d) | | | (right | correct | similar | clear | ct | | | | termino | but | concept | | and has | | | | logy | incompl | with | | no | | | | or | ete | the | | relatio | | | | concept | | correct | | n | | | | ) | | answer. | | to the | | | | | | | | topic | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | questio | | | | | | | | n | | | | | | | | being | | | | | | | | asked. | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Concise | Explana | Explana | Explana | Explana | Explana | No | | explana | tion | tion | tion | tion | tion | answer | | tion | is | is | is | is | is | Provide | | | support | correct | correct | missing | incorre | d | | | ed | but is | but | the | ct. | | | | with | not | support | signifi | | | | | appropr | support | ing | cant | | | | | iate | ed | concept | informa | | | | | concept | with | s | tion. | | | | | s. | appropr | is not | | | | | | | iate | applica | | | | | | | concept | ble. | | | | | | |. | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Sentenc | Answer | Answer | Answer | Answer | Sentenc | No | | e | is | is | does | is too | es | answer | | composi | present | present | not | long | are | Provide | | tion | ed | ed | follow | and | incompr | d | | | briefly | briefly | the | lacks | ehensib | | | | with | but | format | signifi | le. | | | | correct | with | provide | cant | | | | | grammar | grammat | d. | informa | | | | | and | ical | | tion. | | | | | punctua | errors. | | | | | | | tions. | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+