Introduction to General Biochemistry PDF

# Introduction to General Biochemistry ## What is Biochemistry? The word "BIOCHEMISTRY" means -Chemistry of Living beings or Chemical Basis of Life. ## "Life" in Biochemistry point of view is: - Hundreds of Biochemical reactions and Biochemical processes - Occurring in sub cellular organelles of...

# Introduction to General Biochemistry ## What is Biochemistry? The word "BIOCHEMISTRY" means -Chemistry of Living beings or Chemical Basis of Life. ## "Life" in Biochemistry point of view is: - Hundreds of Biochemical reactions and Biochemical processes - Occurring in sub cellular organelles of a cell in an organized manner. ## Biochemistry is a branch of life science: - Which deals with the Study of Biochemical Reactions and Processes - Occurring in living cells of organisms. ## Branches of Biochemistry - Medical Biochemistry-Deals with chemical basis of human body. - Clinical Biochemistry-Deals with clinical diseases/pathological conditions of human body. ## Clincal Biochemistry supports: - Diagnosis, Therapy and Research of Medical field. **Image: Venn Diagram** * The diagram shows three overlapping circles, with the largest circle representing biochemistry. * The middle circle represents medical biochemistry. * The innermost circle represents clinical biochemistry. ## Other Branches** - Bacterial Biochemistry-Deals with Microbes. - Plant Biochemistry- Deals with Plants. - Animal Biochemistry-Deals with animals. - Industrial Biochemistry-Deals with industrial products involved with microorganisms. # Historical Developments of Biochemistry - Biochemistry emerged in the late 18th and early 19th century. - The term Biochemistry was first introduced by the German Chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903. - In the 1940s Clinical Biochemistry evolved, as an autonomous field. ## Pioneer Workers and their Discoveries | S.No | Pioneer Workers | Discovery/Work | |---|---|---| | 1 | Berzilus | Enzymes Catalysis | | 2 | Edward Buchner | Enzyme Extraction | | 3 | Louis Pasteur | Fermentation Process | | 4 | Lohmann | Role of Creatine P04 in muscles | | 5 | Hans Kreb | TCA Cycle | | 6 | Banting and Macleod | Insulin | | 7 | Fiske and Subbarow | Role of ATPs | | 8 | Watson and Crick | Double Stranded DNA | | 9 | Landsteiner | Protein Structure | | 10 | Peter Mitchell | Oxidative Phosphorylation | | 11 | Nirenberg | Genetic Code on mRNA | | 12 | Paul Berg | Recombinant DNA Technology | | 13 | Karry Mullis | Polymerase Chain Reaction | | 14 | Khorana | Synthesized Gene | # Aim and Objectives to Study Biochemistry - To know the various Biomolecules composed in Human body: - Chemistry/Structure - Occurrence/Location - Functions/Role - Biochemical research has impact on Nutrition & Preventive Medicine. - Determination of mode of action of Biomolecules is by: - Isolation and Structural elucidation of Biomolecules. - Understand completely all the organized Biochemical processes - Occurring in living cells at the molecular/sub cellular level. - Identification of disease mechanisms: - Study of Inborn Errors of metabolism. - Study of Oncogenes in cancer cells. # Syllabus of Biochemistry ## Medical Biochemistry - Medical or Human Biochemistry is a branch of Biochemistry which deals with: - Biochemical constituents of human body - Their interactions in body cells - To maintain normal health, growth and reproduction and related diseases. ## Chemical Composition of Human body - Study of Biochemical aspects of Cell and its sub cellular organelles. - Study of various Biochemical constituents of cell: - Chemistry, properties, functions, metabolism and related disorders. 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water ## Metabolism of Biomolecules - Ingestion - Digestion - Absorption - Transport - Uptake and - Assimilation of food constituents in human body. - Catabolic and Anabolic pathways related to Biomolecules for Human vitality: - Energy rich biomolecules get catabolized in body cells to liberate chemical form of energy ATP used for various body activities. - Various biomolecules are biosynthesized to perform vital functions of human body. - To maintain normal health of a human body: - Biomolecules in human body work cooperatively with good coordination, Regulation and Interrelationship. # Roles of Important Biomolecules - Carbohydrates serves as primary source of energy. - Lipids serves as secondary source of energy. - Proteins are structural and functional units of human body which are of prime importance and survival of human beings. - Vitamins: Fat soluble and Water soluble vitamins have specific functions which serve as accessory growth factors. - Minerals: Inorganic elements major and minor type has important role in building and functioning of human bodies. - Enzymes are biomolecules which are Biocatalysts catalyzes specific biochemical reactions of metabolic pathways and considered as functional units of metabolism. - Hormones the Endocrine substances, chemical messengers of human body. - They bring good coordination and regulate enzyme activities of metabolism. # Interrelationships of Biochemistry - Biochemistry is related to almost every Subject of Medicine. - It helps in right diagnosing and treatment of patients. - There is relationship of Biochemistry with Many subjects of MBBS Course. - Physiology - Pathology - Pharmacology - Immunology - Microbiology - Toxicology - Medicine and Allied Subjects - Community Medicine-Nutrition - Genetics - Nursing # The Scope for Study and Research in Biochemistry is Endless. - Principal driving force in Clinical Biochemistry. - New emerging techniques and methodologies to study new Biomarkers - The scope of Biochemistry is to understand The functionality of the living cells, tissues and the entire living system. # Major causes of diseases - All of the causes listed below act by influencing the various biochemical mechanisms in the cell or in the body - 1. Physical agents: Mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, radiation, electric shock. - 2. Chemical agents, including drugs: Certain toxic compounds, therapeutic drugs, etc. - 3. Biologic agents: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, higher forms of parasites. - 4. Oxygen lack: Loss of blood supply, depletion of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, poisoning of the oxidative enzymes. - 5. Genetic disorders: Congenital, molecular. - 6. Immunologic reactions: Anaphylaxis, autoimmune disease. - 7. Nutritional imbalances: Deficiencies, excesses. - 8. Endocrine imbalances: Hormonal deficiencies, excesses **Image: Diagram** * **The diagram is a simple chart that illustrates the relationship between biochemistry and medicine**. * It has two horizontal lines separated by a blue line. * The top line depicts biochemistry and is divided into 4 sections: nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. * The bottom line represents medicine and is divided into 4 sections: genetic diseases, sickle cell anemia, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus. * Arrows connect the sections on the top line to the sections on the bottom line, showing the link between each biochemical component and its corresponding medical condition. # Thank you.