MCQs 2.docx PDF

ФГБОУ ВО Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет МЗ России Кафедра нормальной физиологии ТЕСТЫ ПО НОРМАЛЬНОЙ ФИЗИОЛОГИИ для иностранных студентов ученое пособие 2017 Мирошниченко И.В., Зинченко Е.А., Ушенина Е.А., Васильева Е.А. Тесты по нормальной физиологии для иностранных студ...

ФГБОУ ВО Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет МЗ России Кафедра нормальной физиологии ТЕСТЫ ПО НОРМАЛЬНОЙ ФИЗИОЛОГИИ для иностранных студентов ученое пособие 2017 Мирошниченко И.В., Зинченко Е.А., Ушенина Е.А., Васильева Е.А. Тесты по нормальной физиологии для иностранных студентов. Оренбург, 2017 г. -- 152 с. Учебное пособие предназначено для подготовки к первому этапу промежуточной аттестации студентов иностранного факультета, обучающихся на языке посреднике по дисциплине «Нормальная физиология». Тесты представлены с правильными ответами, структурированы по модулям. В сборник отдельным разделом включены тестовые задания, использующиеся в квалификационном скрининговом экзамене FMGE**.** Рецензенты: Каюмова Алия Фаритовна -- зав. кафедрой нормальной физиологии, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ФГБОУ ВО Башкирский государственный медицинский университет Министерства Здравоохранения Российской Федерации Пятин Василий Федорович -- зав. кафедрой физиологии с курсом безопасности жизнедеятельности и медицины катастроф, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ФГБОУ ВО Самарский государственный медицинский университет Министерства Здравоохранения Российской Федерации Учебное пособие рассмотрено и рекомендовано к печати РИС ФГБОУ ВО «ОрГМУ» Минздрава России CONTENT RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY 4 GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY 22 FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID - BASE HOMEOSTASIS 34 PHYSIOLOGY OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM 36 PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD SYSTEM 42 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 57 SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 71 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 78 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 85 REGULATION OF METABOLISM 98 SENSORY SYSTEMS 100 HIGHER FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 115 FMGE SOLUTIIONS FOR MCI SCREENING EXAMINATION 121 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY ====================== **EXTERNAL RESPIRATION** **GAS EXCHANGE IN LUNGS** **GAS TRANSPORT BY BLOOD** **CONTROL OF BREATHING** GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY =========================== **DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN DUODENUM** **GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY** **DIGESTION AND ABSORBTION IN MOUTH AND STOMACH** FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID - BASE HOMEOSTASIS ============================================== PHYSIOLOGY OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM ============================== PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD SYSTEM ========================== **PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM** **BLOOD TYPES** **TRANSFUSION** CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY ========================= **HEMODYNAMICS** **CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY** **CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY** **VASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY** SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ====================== **MOTOR SYSTEM** AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ======================== ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ================ REGULATION OF METABOLISM ======================== SENSORY SYSTEMS =============== **SENSORY SYSTEMS** **AUDITION, OLFACTION, TASTE, VESTIBULAR SYSTEM** HIGHER FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM ================================== FMGE SOLUTIIONS FOR MCI SCREENING EXAMINATION ============================================= **PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD** **1. T cells mature in:** 1\. thyroid 2\. tongue **3. thymus** 4\. trachea **2. Plasma protein, which is NOT normally synthesized in liver:** 1\. angiotensin **2. angiotensinogen II converting enzyme** 3\. C-reactive protein 4\. albumin **3. Which one of the following is NOT a tiansporter or binding protein:** **1. erythropoietin** 2\. ceruloplasmin 3\. lactoferrin 4\. transferrin **4. Reticulocytes are stained with:** 1\. auramine **2. brilliant cresyl blue** 3\. sudan black 4\. indigo carmine **5. Which оf the following defines hematocrit:** 1\. number of erythrocytes in blood **2. percentage of the blood, by volume, occupied by erythrocytes** 3\. ratio of erythrocytes to leucocytes 4\. ratio of erythrocytes to all blood cells **6. Normal pH of blood is:** 1. 7.30 2\. 7.20 3\. 7.70 **4. 7.40** **7. Monocytes remains in the circulation for:** **1. 1-3 days** 2\. 24 hours 3\. 12 hours 4\. 6 hours **8. Most common hemoglobin in normal adult is:** **1. HbA** 2\. HbF 3\. HbS 4\. HbA~2~ **9. Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as:** 1\. dissolved form 2\. carbamino compounds 3\. bicarbonate **4. all of the above** **10. Most useful method of estimating total iron content of blood:** **1. ferritin** 2\. transferrin 3\. erythropoietin 4\. lactoferrin **11. Vitamin К dependent clotting factors of hepatic origin are all of the following except:** 1. II 2\. VII **3. VIII** 4\. X **12. In sickle cell disease:** 1\. glutamtic acid, at position No.5 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by valine **2. glutamtic acid, at position No.6 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by valine** 3\. valine at position No.6 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by glutamtic acid 4\. valine at position No.5 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by glutamtic acid **13. 1 gm hemoglobin binds with:** 1\. 1.22 ml O~2~ **2. 1.33 ml O~2~** 3\. 1.44 ml O~2~ 4\. 1.55 ml O~2~ **14. Substance present in both serum and plasma:** 1\. f**ibrinogen** 2\. factor II **3. factor VII** 4\. factor V **15. Hemophilia В is deficiency of which factor:** **1.** ***IX*** 2\. XII 3\. VIII 4\. X **16. Universal recipients have blood group:** *1. A* 2\. В 3\. О **4. AB** **17. Extrinsic system (blood coagulation) is triggered by the release of:** 1\. prothrombin **2. thromboplastin** 3\. fibrinogen 4\. thrombin **18. Hagemann factor is involved in:** 1\. extrinsic pathway **2. intrinsic pathway** 3\. fibrinolysis 4\. none **19. Erythropoietin is secreted by:** **1. interstitial cells of kidney** 2\. extraglomerular mesangial cells 3\. macula densa 4\. renal tubular epithelial cells **20. Plasma makes:** 1\. 20% of body weight 2\. 15% of body weight 3\. 10% of body weight **4. 5% of body weight** **21. Heparin inhibits the active form of the following factors except:** **1.** **V** 2\. X 3\. XI 4\. XII **22. Autoregulation is seen in:** 1\. kidney 2\. brain 3\. muscles **4. all of the above** **23. Factor required for erythrocyte stability:** 1\. ankyrin 2\. spectrin 3\. NADPH **4. all of the above** **24. Extrinsic system of coagulation is checked by:** 1\. aPTT **2. PT** 3\. ВТ 4\. PTT **25. Reticulocytosis is not seen in:** **1. chronic renal failure anemia** 2\. hemorrhage 3\. hereditary spherocytosis 4\. paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria **26. Hereditary spherocytosis is due to deficiency of:** **1. spectrin** 2\. pyruvate kinase 3\. cytokeratin 4\. integrin **27. Raised aPTT is seen in all of the following bleeding disorder except:** 1\. hemophilia A 2\. hemophilia В 3\. Von-Willebrand disease **4. Henoch - Schonlein purpura** **28. Platelets are stored at what temperature:** **1. 20 degree Celsius** 2\. 15 degree Celsius 3\. 10 degree Celsius 4\. 5 degree Celsius **29. Iron is transported bound to:** 1\. ferritin **2. transferrin** 3\. hemosiderin 4\. hemoglobin **CARDIOVASCULAR AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY** **1. At rest, blood flow is maximum in:** 1\. heart **2. kidney** 3\. brain 4\. skin **2. Fourth heart sound is caused by:** 1\. closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves 2\. vibrations in the ventricular wall during systole **3. ventricular filling** 4\. closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves **3. Which of the following methods is NOT used for measurement of body fluid volumes:** 1\. antipyrine for total body water 2\. insulin for extracellular fluid 3\. Evans blue for plasma volume **4. H-albumin for blood volume** **4. CVP denotes pressure of:** 1\. left ventricle 2\. left atrium 3\. right ventricle **4. right atrium** **5. The first heart sound is due to:** **1. AV valves closure** 2\. closing of aortic and pulmonary valves 3\. opening of AV valves 4\. opening of aortic and pulmonary valves **6. Cardiac output depends on all of the following except:** 1\. cardiac rate **2. body surface area** 3\. stroke volume 4\. cardiac contractility **7. QRS complex is due to:** 1\. ventricular repolarization 2\. atrial depolarization 3\. conduction through AV node **4. ventricular depolarization** **8. Vitamin К causes carboxylation of all of the following clotting factors except:** 1. II 2\. Vll **3. VIII** 4\. IX **9. Mean pulmonary artery pressure is:** 1\. 10 mm Hg **2. 15mmHg** 3\. 20 mm Hg 4\. 25 mm Hg **10. Mean arterial pressure is calculated as:** **1. diastolic pressure +1/3 (systolic pressure- diastolic pressure)** 2\. systolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure- diastolic pressure) 3\. diastolic + 1 /3rd of systolic pressure 4\. systolic + 1 /3rd of diastolic pressure **11. Arithmetic mean of systolic and diastolic pressures blood flow in the vessels supplying the subendocardial portion of left ventricle occurs during:** 1\. systole **2. diastole** 3\. throughout the cycle 4\. diastole and mid half of systole **12. Coronary vasodilation is caused by:** **1. adenosine** 2\. noradrenergic stimulation 3\. hypocardia 4\. all of the above **13. True statement regarding Purkinje fibres:** 1\. are myelinated fibres 2\. have action potential about a tenth as long as those in the heart muscle **3. have conduction velocity of four times than that of the heart muscle** 4\. all of the above **14. Negative waves in jugular venous pulse:** 1\. A wave 2\. V wave 3\. C wave **4. X wave** **15. ECG changes seen in hypocalcemia:** 1\. ST segment depression **2. prolongation of ST segment** 3\. inversion of T wave 4\. prolongation of PR segment **16. Left ventricular failure is said to be present if pulmonary capillary wedge pressure exceeds:** 1\. 5 mm Hg 2\. 10 mm Hg 3\. 15 mm Hg **4. 20 mm Hg** **17. The first reactionary change to occur after vessel injury and haemorrhage is:** **1. vasoconstriction** 2\. bradycardia 3\. raised cortisol 4\. raised adrenaline **18. Increased preload is seen in all of the following except:** 1\. sympathetic stimulation **2. rest** 3\. arteriovenous fistula 4\. over transfusion of blood **19. Coronary blood flow is maximum during which phase of cardiac cycle:** **1. isovolumic relaxation phase** 2\. isovolumic contraction phase 3\. ejection phase 4\. isovolumic contraction phase **20. Aortic valve closure corresponds to the beginning of:** 1\. systole 2\. parasystole **3. isovolumetric relaxation** 4\. isovolumetric contraction **ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY** **1. All of the following hormones are increased during stress except:** 1\. cortisol **2. insulin** 3\. adrenalin 4\. noradrenalin **2. Oxytocin is synthesized in:** 1\. anterior pituitary **2. hypothalamus** 3\. intermediate pituitary 4\. posterior pituitary **3. ADH is released from:** 1\. anterior pituitary **2. posterior pituitary** 3\. hypothalamus 4\. intermediate pituitary **4. All are true for oxytocin EXCEPT:** 1\. polypeptide **2. secreted by anterior pituitary** 3\. causes ejection of milk 4\. secreted in both sexes **5. Action of renin:** 1\. erythropoiesis 2\. initiates secretion of melatonin **3. converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I** 4\. converts angiotensinogen I to angiotensinogen II **6. Anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following** except: 1\. GH 2\. TSH 3\. FSH **4. GnRH** **7. TSH is normal in:** 1\. hyperthyroid **2. euthyroid** 3\. hypothyroid 4\. graves **8. Which of the following is not related to the calcium metabolism:** 1\. calcitonin 2\. 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 3\. vitamin D **4. thyroxine** **9. At what time of the day GH levels are highest:** **1. 2 hours after sleep** 2\. 2 hours before sleep 3\. evening 4\. early morning **10. Fasting blood sugar in normal individuals is:** **1. 80-100 mg/100 ml** 2\. 100 -120 mg/100 ml 3\. 120-140 mg/100 ml 4\. 140-160 mg/100 ml **11. True regarding glucose tolerance test are all except:** **1. can be done in fasting as well as postprandial state** 2\. 1 gram of glucose/kg body weight is administered 3\. glucose levels are checked after 2 hours 4\. diagnosis of diabets mellitus can be established **12. Which one of the following statements describes diabetes mellitus:** 1\. rise of blood sugar of 50 mg/100 ml in oral glucose tolerance test **2. fasting blood sugar value more than 200 mg/100ml** 3\. postprandial rise of blood sugar more than 50 mg/100 ml 4\. all of the above **13. Which of the following causes hypocalcemia:** 1\. parathormone 2\. thyroid hormones **3. calcitonin** 4\. 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol **14. The hormone which helps in milk secretion:** 1\. oxytocin 2\. growth hormone 3\. FSH **4. prolactin** **15. Features like hypogonadism, dwarfism, loss of hair, pigmentation and ulcers of skin and decreased immunity are associated with deficiency of:** 1\. iron **2. zinc** 3\. iodine 4\. copper **16. Long term status of blood sugar is explained by:** 1\. HbA 2\. serial measurement of FBS 3\. oral glucose tolerance test **4. HbAlc** **17. Suprarenal medulla secretes which hormones:** 1\. glucocorticosteroids **2. catecholamines** 3\. androgens 4\. mineralocorticoids **18. Chronic atrophy of adrenal gland will result in which hormone deficiency:** 1\. CRH 2\. ACTH **3. cortisol** 4\. MSH **19. Procedure of glucose tolerance test is:** 1\. glucose load in fed state, measurement of blood glucose after 2 hours **2. glucose load in fasting state, measurement of blood glucose after 2 hours** 3\. glucose load in fasting state, measurement of urinary glucose after 2 hours 4\. glucose load in fed state, measurement of urinary glucose after 2 hours **20. Corticosteroids suppress:** 1\. GH **2. ACTH** 3\. FSH 4\. LH **21. Thyroxine levels are raised in:** 1\. myxedema 2\. endemic goitre 3\. idiopathic nontoxic colloid goiter **4. Grave\'s disease** **22. True about Chvostek\'s sign are all of the following except:** 1\. denotes neuromuscular hyperexcitability 2\. elicited over face **3. raised calcium level** 4\. facial nerve is stimulated by tapping **23. Hypocalcemia results in:** 1\. absent tendon reflexes 2\. shortened QT interval in ECG 3\. reduced excitability of nerves and muscle cells **4. tetany** **24. Which of the following is seen in cold temperature:** **1. increased thyroxine release** 2\. decreased thyroxine release 3\. unaltered thyroxine release 4\. none of the above **25. During surgical stress, which is not seen:** 1\. increased ACTH **2. increased insulin** 3\. increased norepinephrine 4\. increased GH **RENAL PHYSIOLOGY** **1. Renal plasm**a **flow value is:** 1\. 350 mL/ min **2. 650 mL/ min** 3\. 950 mL/ min 4\. 1250 mL/ min **2. Erythropoietin is secreted mainly by:** **1. kidney** 2\. liver 3\. brain 4\. RBC **3. Kidney secretes:** **1. erythropoietin** 2\. angiotensin I 3\. angiotensin II 4\. thrombodulin **4. Normal glomerular capillary pressure:** 1. 15 2\. 25 3\. 35 **4. 45** **5. Substance which is not absorbed in the loop of Henle:** *1. K^+^* **2. Urea** 3\. Cl^-^ 4\. Na^+^ **6. Reabsorption of water is maximum in:** **1. PCT** 2\. DCT 3\. collecting duct 4\. loop of Henle **7. Glomular filtration rate increases if:** 1\. increased plasma oncotic pressure 2\. decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure **3. increased renal blood flow** 4\. increased tubular hydrostatic pressure **8. True regarding water absorption in tubules:** 1\. majority of facultative reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule **2. bulk of water reabsorption occurs secondary to sodium absorption** 3\. 25% of water is reabsorbed irrespective of water balance 4\. obligatory reabsorption is ADH dependent **9. Site of action of ADH is:** 1\. PCT 2\. vasa recta 3\. loop of Henle **4. collecting ducts** **10. What is glomerular filtration rate?** 1\. 100 ml/min **2. 125 ml/min** 3\. 150 ml/min 4\. 175 ml/min **11. Active reabsorption of sodium ion occurs in:** 1\. ascending loop of Henle 2\. early distal tubule **3. proximal tubule** 4\. all of the above **12. PCT absorbs all except:** 1\. sodium 2\. amino acids 3\. glucose **4. hydrogen ions** **13. Glucose is reabsorbed at:** **1. PCT** 2\. DCT 3\. collecting duct 4\. all of the above **14. Maximum absorption of NaCl in proximal convoluted tubule occurs due to the effect of:** 1\. ADH 2\. aldosterone 3\. atrial natriuretic peptide **4. angiotensin II** **15. ANP acts at the:** 1\. proximal tubule 2\. distal tubule **3. collecting tubule** 4\. Henle loop **16. GFR decreases with the following:** 1\. hypoproteinemia **2. hypotension** 3\. hypertension 4\. all of the above **17. Urinary concentrating ability of kidney increases if there is:** 1\. increase in renal blood flow 2\. increase in GFR 3\. decrease in medullary hyperosmolarity **4. contraction in extracellular fluid volume** **18. Which is not a constituent of juxtaglomerular complex:** 1\. macula densa **2. glomerulus** 3\. juxtaglomerular cells 4\. extraglomerular mesangial cells **19. Aldosterone acts chiefly on which of the following cells:** **1. DCT** 2\. PCT 3\. loop of Henle 4\. glomerulus **GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY** **1. Structure facilitating absorption from small intestine is:** **1. villi** 2\. plica semilunaris 3\. both 4\. none **2. Iron is absorbed in:** 1\. stomach **2. duodenum** 3\. ileum 4\. duodenum + jejunum **3. Bulk mass contraction is seen in:** 1\. stomach 2\. duodenum 3\. ileum **4. colon** **4. D cells of pancreas secrete:** 1\. glucagon 2\. insulin **3. somatostatin** 4\. pancreatic polypeptide **5. Amount of bile produced (ml/day):** 1\. 100-500 **2. 500-1000** 3\. 1000-1500 4\. 1500-2000 **6. Form in which small intestine absorbs majority of carbohydrates:** 1\. polysacchride 2\. disacchride **3. monosacchride** 4\. pentose sugars **7. Emptying of stomach is facilitated by:** 1\. secretin 2\. CCK-PZ 3\. GIP **4. gastrin** **8. Cephalic phase of gastric secretion:** 1\. local hormones 2\. gastric distension **3. nervous mechanism** 4\. presence of food in stomach **9. Faecal mass is mainly derived from:** **1. undigested food** 2\. digested food 3\. intestinal secretions 4\. intestinal flora **10. Most potent stimulus for bile secretion is:** 1\. gastrin 2\. bile acid **3. bile salt** 4\. secretin **11. Rapidly absorbed in the stomach is:** 1\. protein 2\. carbohydrate 3\. fat **4. none** **12. Which of the following is not produced by hepatocytes:** **1. gamma globulin** 2\. albumin 3\. fibrinogen 4\. prothrombin **13. Urobilinogen is formed in the:** 1\. liver 2\. kidney **3. intestine** 4\. spleen **14. Chymotrypsinogen is activated into chymotrypsin by:** **1. trypsin** 2\. pepsin 3\. renin 4\. HC1 **15. Ion which promotes glucose absorption in the gut region:** 1\. Cl^-^ 2\. K^+^ **3. Na^+^** 4\. Ca^2+^ **16. ADEK deficiency is seen in:** 1\. malabsorption syndrome 2\. obstructive jaundice 3\. deficiency of pancreatic lipase **4. all of the above** **17. Kupffer cells in the liver are:** 1\. endothelial cells 2\. secretory cells **3. phagocytic cells** 4\. excretory cells **18. True about active absorption of iron is:** 1\. absorbed in distal ileum 2\. absorbed in stomach 3\. not absorbed in duodenum and proximal jejunum **4. decreases following gastrectomy** **19. Mechanism involved in the absorption of glucose from small intestine is which of the following:** **1. active co-transport with sodium** 2\. passive diffusion 3\. facilitated diffusion 4\. active co-transport with potassium **20. Causes of vitamin B~12~ deficiency is:** 1\. lack of intrinsic factor 2\. diseases affecting terminal ileum 3\. fish tapeworm infestation **4. all of the above** **21. Salivary amylase is activated by:** 1\. sodium ion **2. chlorine ion** 3\. potassium ion 4\. bicarbonate ion **22. Iron binding protein is:** 1\. ferritin 2\. ferroportin 1 **3. transferrin** 4\. hemosiderin **23. Which of the following decreases intestinal motility:** 1\. CCK 2\. serotonin 3\. gastrin **4. secretin** **24. Which of the following inhibits gastric phase of gastric secretion:** 1\. amino acids in stomach 2\. vagus effect 3\. distension of the stomach **4. low gastric pH** **PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM** **1. Intention tremors are seen in lesion of:** 1\. basal ganglia 2\. temporal lobe 3\. frontal lobe **4. cerebellum** **2. Neurotransmitter present in nigro-striatal pathway is:** 1\. acetylcholine **2. dopamine** 3\. epinephrine 4\. GABA **3. Shivering is controlled by:** 1\. dorsomedial nucleus **2. posterior hypothalamus** 3\. perifornical nucleus 4\. lateral hypothalamic area **4. True for alpha waves are all EXCEPT:** 1\. synchronized waves 2\. awake state, eyes closed 3\. frequeny of 8-13 cycles/ sec **4. predominantly recorded from temporal region** **5. Preganglionic neurotransmitter in sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system is:** 1\. noradrenergic 2\. adrenergic **3. acetylcholine** 4\. dopamine **6. Posterior part of hypothalamus is concerned with:** 1\. regulation of sexual function 2\. role in circadian rhythm **3. regulation of response to smell** 4\. secretion of posterior pituitary hormones **7. Bipolar cells is seen in:** 1\. sympathetic ganglion **2. retina** 3\. cochlear ganglion 4\. parasympathetic ganglion **8. All are carried through anterolateral system except:** **1. proprioception** 2\. temperature 3\. pain 4\. crude touch **9. All or none law is obeyed by:** 1\. post synaptic potential 2\. non propagated potential **3. action potential** 4\. spike potential **10. Sensory fiber with least conduction velocity:** **1. C- fiber** 2\. alpha fiber 3\. beta fiber 4\. gamma fiber **11. All are primary colours except:** 1\. green 2\. blue 3\. red **4. white** **12. True about colour blindness:** 1\. autosomal dominant inheritance 2\. tritanopia is the commonest disorder 3\. trichromats are unable to appreciate blue colour **4. defect in 1 or more prime colours** **3. True about semicircular canals is:** 1\. submerged in a fluid called endolymph 2\. base of cupula is in close contact with afferent fibers of cochlear division of the eight cranial nerve **3. arranged at right angles to each other** 4\. associated with hearing **14. Blind spot of Mariotte:** 1\. fovea centralis **2. optic disc** 3\. macula lutea 4\. ors serrata **15. Stretch reflex of urinary bladder is integrated at:** **1. sacral portion of spinal cord** 2\. lumbar portion of spinal cord 3\. substantia gelatinosa 4\. sympathetic plexus **16. Function of neocerebellum is:** 1\. maintaining posture and equilibrium **2. planning and programming of voluntary movements**^4^ 3\. maintenance of muscle tone 4\. propioception **17. All of the following are concerned with spatial orientation:** 1\. vestibular receptors 2\. eyes 3\. proprioceptors in joint capsule **4. all of the above** **18. Cut /lesion above the pyramidal tract decussation results in:** **1. paralysis of the opposite half of the body** 2\. contralateral loss of propioception 3\. ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature 4\. contralateral loss of vibration and joint position **19. Which lies in the dorsal column of spinal cord:** **1. fasciculus gracilis** 2\. anterior spinothalmic tract 3\. dorsal spinocerebellar tract 4\. ventral spinocerebellar tract **20. Phantom limb is explained by:** 1\. Webers law **2. law of projection** 3\. Fechners law of degeneration 4\. Pascals law **21. Clasp knife rigitidy is also known as:** 1\. inverse stretch reflex 2\. withdrawl reflex **3. lengthening reaction and 1** 4\. crossed extensor reflex **22. Neurotransmitter depleted in Parkinson\'s disease:** **1. dopamine** 2\. acetylcholine 3\. glutamate 4\. GABA **23. Function of flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum is:** 1\. co-ordination of movements **2. equilibrium** 3\. chemoreception 4\. planning of movements **24. Alpha wave in EEG are seen in:** 1\. mental work **2. awake state** 3\. sleep 4\. REM sleep **25. Features of occipital lobe of brain are all except:** 1\. visual cortex lies in relation to calcarine fissure 2\. Brodmann\'s area 17 corresponds to visual cortex 3\. geniculocalcarine fibres from the medial half of the lateral geniculate terminate on the superior lip of the calcarine fissure **4. it's the only area in the brain activated by visual stimuli** **26. Dreaming is common in which stage of sleep:** **1. REM** 2\. NREM1 3\. NREM2 4\. NREM3 **27. White colour vision/perception of white light is due to:** 1\. stimulation of red cones more than blue or green 2\. stimulation of blue cones more than red or green 3\. stimulation of green cones more than blue or red **4. stimulation of red, blue and green cones equally** **28. All are neuroglial cells in the CNS except:** 1\. oligodendrocytes 2\. microglia 3\. astrocytes **4. Kupffer cells** **29. True regarding movements of the cilia in the inner ear are all except:** 1\. it moves when head is rotated 2\. it moves when moving person suddenly stops **3. it moves when perilymph moves** 4\. its movement is guided by the inertia of endolymph **30. Electrical response, due to the effect of light on photosensitive compounds of rods and cones:** **1. hyperpolarisation occurs** 2\. depolarisation occurs 3\. spike potential is generated 4\. none of the above **31. Number of sodium channels per square micrometer, is present in:** 1\. cell body 2\. axon terminal 3\. surface of myelin **4. nodes of Ranvier** **32. Sweating is mediated by:** **1. cholinergic mediated sympathetic activity** 2\. noradrenergic mediated sympathetic activity 3\. noradrenergic mediated parasympathetic activity 4\. cholinergic mediated parasympathetic activity **33. Function of a muscle spindle is:** 1\. regulates withdrawl reflex 2\. maintains muscle tone **3. feedback device to maintain muscle length** 4\. receptor for inverse stretch reflex **34. Sensory organ for responding to texture is:** **1. Meissner corpuscles** 2\. Merkel cells 3\. Ruffini corpuscles 4\. Pacician corpuscles **35. All of the following are cholinergic effects except:** **1. tachycardia** 2\. salivation 3\. miosis 4\. bronchoconstriction **36. Properties of alpha waves are all of the following except:** 1\. it is most marked in the parieto-occipital area **2. it has a frequency of 8-12 Hz** 3\. frequency is decreased by low glucose level 4\. seen in REM sleep **37. Melatonin is associated with all of the following except:** **1. vomiting** 2\. pituitary gland secretion 3\. sleep mechanism 4\. jetlag **38. All of the following effects can occur if vagus is stimulated except:** 1\. reduction in blood pressure 2\. increase in secretions of the intestine 3\. intestinal musculature constriction **4. bronchial musculature relaxation** **39. Influx of which of the following ion is responsible for** **IPSP:** 1\. potassium ion **2. chloride ion** 3\. calcium ion 4\. sodium ion **40. Delta waves on EEG are recorded in:** 1\. REM 2\. 01NREM 3\. 02NREM **4. deep sleep** **41. Temperature regulation is chiefly under the control of:** 1\. midbrain 2\. pons 3\. medulla **4. hypothalamus** **42. Vomiting centre is situated in the:** 1\. hypothalamus 2\. midbarin 3\. pons **4. medulla** **43. Optic nerve is:** 1\. 1st order neuron **2. 2nd order neuron** 3\. 3rd order neuroon 4\. 4th order neuron **44. Which of the following is not carried in dorsal column of spinal cord:** 1\. proprioception 2\. vibratory sense **3. heat sensation** 4\. touch **45. Which of the following is not associated with temporal lobe:** 1\. audition 2\. memory **3. spatial relationship** 4\. behavior **RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY** **1. True statement regarding difference between apex and base of lung, in erect posture is:** 1\. V/ Q is low at the apex of lung **2. V/ Q is high at the apex of lung** 3\. V/ Q remain same at both apex and base 4\. none of the above **2. Effect of cutting spinal cord above medulla on respiration:** 1\. it becomes slower and deeper 2\. apneustic breathing 3\. breathing ceases **4. irregular and gasping** **3. Residual volume of lung is defined as:** 1\. additional volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after the end of normal inspiration 2\. volume of air breathed out of lungs in a single normal quiet respiration 3\. additional volume of air that can be expired forcefully after normal expiration **4. volume of air remaining in lungs even after forced expiration** **4. Surfactant acts on:** 1\. bronchi **2. alveoli** 3\. bronchioles 4\. trachea **5. Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood with normal pO~2~ in arterial blood is a feature of:** 1\. carbon monoxide poisoning 2\. COPD 3\. hypoxic hypoxia **4. anemic hypoxia** **6. Cyanosis may seen in:** 1\. histotoxic hypoxia **2. anemic hypoxia** 3\. stagnant hypoxia 4\. all of the above **7. Correct statement regarding high altitude:** **1. PO~2~ is less** 2\. PCO~2~ is more 3\. in the air, percentage of oxygen is less 4\. decrease in number of RBC\'s **8. Less O~2~ saturation in blood is seen in:** **1. R-L shunt** 2\. LV obstruction 3\. RV obstruction 4\. L-V shunt **9. Shift to right in oxygen dissociation curve is seen in all except:** 1\. increased PaCO~2~ 2**. decreased PaCO~2~** 3\. increase in 2, 3 DPG 4\. decreased pH **10. Which is responsible for respiratory drive:** 1\. O~2~ 2\. CO **3. CO~2~** 4\. bicarbonate ions **11. Regarding lung volumes, which of the following is true:** 1\. functional residual capacity accounts for 75% of total lung capacity **2. residual volume keeps alveoli inflated between breaths** 3\. vital capacity increases in elderly 4\. residual volume is about 500 ml **12. Bohr effect is described as:** 1\. decrease in CO~2~ affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood rises 2\. decrease in CO~2~ affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls 3\. decrease in O~2~ affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood rises **4. decrease in O~2~ affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls** **13. Vagal stimulation causes:** 1\. increase in rate of respiration 2\. increase in depth of respiration 3\. bronchodilation **4. decreased depth of respiration** **14. Surfactant is produced by:** 1\. alveolar macrophages 2\. lymphocytes in the alveoli 3\. type I alveolar cells **4. type II alveolar cells** **15. Haldane effect is defined as:** 1\. important mechanism meant for oxygen transport in the body **2. binding of oxygen to hemoglobin increases capacity for carbon dioxide** 3\. deoxygenation of blood increases capacity for carbon dioxide 4\. all of the above **16. Complete apneusis will result if transection is done at:** **1. lower pons** 2\. lower medulla 3\. midbrain 4\. cerebellum **17. Which of the following is seen at high altitude:** **1. low PaO~2~** 2\. high PaO~2~ 3\. normal PaO~2~ 4\. high PaCO~2~, Low PaO~2~ **REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY** **1. Which of the following describes in vitro fertilization:** 1\. method to judge the time of ovulation so that coitus can result in fertilization 2\. use of hormones to promote fertilization in the tubes **3. removing mature ova, fertilizing it with sperm and implanting back in uterus** 4\. artificial insemination **2. Ovulation is due to surge of:** 1\. FSH **2. LH** 3\. Prolactin 4\. TSH **3. Separation of first polar body occurs at the time of:** *1. fertilization* **2. ovulation** 3\. implantation 4\. menstruation **4. All of the following are indicators of ovulation except:** 1\. increase in cervical mucus 2\. abdominal cramps 3\. LH surge **4. fall in body temperature** **5. Fertilization occurs in which part of the fallopian** **tube:** 1\. fimbrial 2\. isthmus **3. ampulla** 4\. interstitial **6. Sperm becomes mobile in:** 1\. vas deferens 2\. prostatic urethra 3\. testis **4. epididymis** **7. Asthenospermia means:** 1\. reduction in number of sperms **2. reduction in motility of sperms** 3\. absence of sperms 4\. absence of semen **8. Ovulation occurs:** 1\. 14 days after menstruation **2. 14 days prior to next menstruation** 3\. on 14th day of the cycle 4\. none of the above **9. Term period for embryonic period:** 1\. 0-14 days of gestation **2. 14 days to 9 weeks of gestation** 3\. 9 weeks to birth 4\. 22 weeks intrauterine to 7 days after birth **10. Impotency may be seen in:** 1\. mumps orchitis 2\. testosetrone deficiency 3\. prolactinoma **4. all of the above** **11. Testosterone production is mainly contributed by:** **1. Leydig cells** 2\. Sertoli cells 3\. seminiferous tubules 4\. epididymis **12. Interstitial cells (of Leydig) in testes secrete which of the following:** 1\. inhibin **2. testosterone** 3\. anti-mullerian hormone 4\. aromatase **13. Levels of which of the following hormones are increased in post menopausal women:** *1. estrogen* **2. FSH** 3\. progesterone 4\. cortisone **MISCELLANEOUS** **1. The intrafusal fibres of the striated skeletal muscles are innervated by one of the following type of motor neurons. Choose the correct answer:** 1\. alpha **2. gamma** 3\. beta 4\. delta **2. Synaptic potential can be recorded by:** 1\. patch clamp technique 2\. voltage clamp technique **3. microelectrode** 4\. EEG **3. Protein synthesis occurs in:** 1\. smooth endoplasmic reticulum **2. rough endoplasmic reticulum** 3\. Golgi bodies 4\. nucleus **4. Example of neurohormone:** 1\. ACTH 2\. cortisol **3. oxytocin** 4\. somatostatin **5. BMR is dependent on:** 1\. body weight **2. surface area** 3\. amount of adipose tissue 4\. amount of lean body mass **6. On exposure to cold, all are seen EXCEPT:** 1\. increased adrenaline 2\. shivering 3\. increased thyroxine **4. cutaneous vasodilation** **7. Muscle weakness may be a feature of all of the following EXCEPT:** 1\. progressive degeneration of muscle fibres 2\. magnesium deficiency 3\. myasthenia gravis **4. physostigmine therapy** **8. Conduction along membrane is dependent on all of the following EXCEPT:** 1\. Ca^2+^ 2\. K^+^ **3. Fe^2+^** 4\. Na^+^ **9. Charecteristic of smooth muscle cells in intestine:** 1\. does not have actin and myosin 2\. cannot do sustained contraction **3. it contracts when stretched in the absence of any extrinsic innervation** 4\. does not require calcium for contraction **10. Osmolality of plasma in a normal adult:** 1\. 320-330 mOsm/L 2\. 300-310 mOsm/L **3. 280-290 mOsm/L** 4\. 260-270 mOsm/L **11. Hydrogen ion is eliminated by:** **1. kidney** 2\. lungs 3\. liver 4\. stomach **12. Which ion helps is resting membrane potential in** **neurons:** **1. potassium** 2\. calcium 3\. chloride 4\. sodium **13. Metabolic acidosis is seen in all except:** 1\. diabetic ketaacidosis **2. emphysema** 3\. aspirin overdose 4\. uremia **14. Magnitude of action potential is mainly affected by:** 1\. calcium ion 2\. hydrogen ion **3. sodium ion** 4\. potassium ion **15. Type of exercise done to increase the muscle strength:** 1\. aerobic isotonic 2\. isometric **3. isotonic** 4\. all of the above **16. Nicotinic receptors are seen in all except:** 1\. neuromuscular junction 2\. autonomic ganglia of autonomic nervous system **3. bronchial smooth muscle** 4\. brain **17. Normal limit for postprandial (after 2 hours) blood glucose level (in mg/dL):** **1. 80-110** 2\. 110-140 3\. 140-170 4\. 170-200 **18. BMI of underweight individual:** **1. less than 18.5** 2\. 18.5-24.9 3\. 25-29.9 4\. more than 30 **19. Most abundant ion in intracellular fluid is:** 1\. protein 2\. bicarbonate **3. potassium** 4\. sodium **20. Nearly 20% of normal tensile strength of tissue at the site of wound is gained after:** 1\. 1 week of wound healing 2\. 2 weeks of wound healing **3. 3 weeks of wound healing** 4\. 4 weeks of wound healing **21. Major contribution to plasma osmolality is by which** **ion:** 1\. sodium 2\. potassium **3. glucose** 4\. calcium **22. All of the following changes are seen in chronic starvation except:** 1\. all fat stores have been used up 2\. severe fat and muscle wasting 3\. brain uses ketoacids as fuel **4. level of serum proteins less than 2.8 g/dL** **23. Repolarization of a nerve is due to:** 1\. hydrogen ions **2. potassium ions** 3\. sodium ions 4\. calcium ions **24. Which interleukin is needed for differentiation of** **eosinophils:** 1\. IL1 2\. IL2 3\. IL4 **4. IL5** **25. Bicarbonate exchange occurs in:** 1\. kidney 2\. lung 3\. none of the above **4. both of the above** **26. Size of action potential is decreased as a result of:** **1. lower extracellular sodium** 2\. raised extracellular calcium 3\. lower extracellular calcium 4\. raised extracellular sodium **27. With glucose which of the following is transported:** 1\. hydrogen ions 2\. potassium ions 3\. calcium ions **4. sodium ions** **28. During pregnancy, deficiency of which vitamin in women causes neural tube defect in the newborn:** 1\. thiamine 2\. pyridoxine **3. folic acid** 4\. cyanocobalamin **29. What is the BMI for obese person:** 1\. less than 18.5 2\. 18.5-24.9 3\. 25-29.9 **4. more than 30** **30. A disease occurring before 65 yr of age is termed as:** *1. senile* **2. pre senile** 3\. post adolescent 4\. post senile **31. Main content of bilayer cell membrane is:** 1\. glycerol **2. cholesterol** 3\. cholesterol ester 4\. triacyl glycerol **32. Oily substance secreting gland is:** 1\. sweat gland **2. meibomian gland** 3\. salivary gland 4\. lacrimal gland **33. Which of the following is true:** 1\. extracellular fluid is rich in organic anion 2\. ECF is more than Intra Cellular Fluid **3. high sodium to potassium ratio is seen in ECF** 4\. ECF is potassium ion rich **34. Red reaction in triple response is due to:** 1\. local edema **2. capillary dilation** 3\. axon reflex 4\. decreased permeability of capillaries **35. Which of the following may be the effect of positive G- acceleratory force on the body of aviator:** 1\. increased cardiac output 2\. initial rise and then fall of blood pressure 3\. thrombocytopenia **4. pooling of blood in lower body** **36. Fibrillation of skeletal muscle is associated with all except:** 1\. long time after denervation 2\. hypersensitivity to acetylcholine 3\. lot of receptors over entire muscle cell membrane **4. strong stimulus**