Planning for Pedestrians and Bicyclists PDF

Planning for Pedestrians and Bicyclists Panti Wahyu Ningsih, S. Ars., M.P.W.K One issue, in particular, the safety of pedestrians and bicyclists as they use the transportation system, merits much more attention. Because in many cities, bicycling is no longer just for recreational...

Planning for Pedestrians and Bicyclists Panti Wahyu Ningsih, S. Ars., M.P.W.K One issue, in particular, the safety of pedestrians and bicyclists as they use the transportation system, merits much more attention. Because in many cities, bicycling is no longer just for recreational INTRODUCTION trips, but has become an important mode of transportation for other trip purposes as well.  Typical goals for pedestrian and bicycle programs usually include: increase the number of bicycling and walking trips as an alternative to motorized GOALS AND BENCHMARKS FOR transportation, PEDESTRIAN AND Promote bicycling and walking as part of a BICYCLE PLANNING healthy lifestyle as well as improving the safety of all users of the right-of-way, promote bicycling and walking as a less costly travel mode, and reduce environmental impacts by replacing motor vehicle trips with bicycling or walking trips.  crash records that report bicyclist and pedestrian involvement in a motor vehicle crash represent only a portion of the injuries to bicyclists and pedestrians. PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST Many injuries can occur to walkers or bicyclists SAFETY without a motor vehicle being involved. For example, an analysis of hospital emergency admissions data in 1998 showed that 70 percent of reported bicycle injury events and 64 percent of reported pedestrian injury events did not involve a motor vehicle. [Stutts and Hunter, 1999]  As reported in 2013, 66,000 pedestrians were injured and 4,735 pedestrians killed in traffic crashes. [National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 2015a] This averages to one crash-related pedestrian death every 2 hours,and a pedestrian injury every 8 minutes. PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST As shown in crash statistics, pedestrian crashes SAFETY represent a greater risk for young children and seniors. Nearly one-fifth of children 14 years and younger killed in 2013 traffic crashes were pedestrians, and pedestrians from ages 5 to 15 and 65 and older accounted for 23 percent of all 2013 pedestrian fatalities in traffic crashes. Of the estimated 66,000 injured pedestrians in traffic crashes in 2013, 10,000 (15%) were children. [NHTSA, 2014] Table for the top reasons associated with pedestrian and pedalcyclist fatal crashes in 2013. Walking is the oldest and most basic form of transportation, whereas the use of bicycles is more recent, dating from the mid- to late 1800s. The ability to walk from place to place directly contributed to the size and shape of cities before the Industrial Revolution. Only the very largest cites could not be crossed on foot in less than 1 hour. EVOLUTION OF PEDESTRIAN AND Bicycling became immensely popular in the late 1800s. The first officially designated bicycle path in the United States was built in BICYCLE 1894 along Ocean Parkway in Brooklyn, New York, and other PLANNING roads were designated as bicycle routes. Dedicated bicycle facilities, such as bicycle lanes and multi-use paths, did not become widespread until the latter half of the twentieth century, when more formal planning efforts for bicyclists and pedestrians were initiated.  Given the large number of topics and issues considered in the transportation planning process, it is not surprising to find walking and bicycling a consideration in many of them. Important Some of the more important concepts relating to Considerations in walking and bicycling include: Today’s Planning Balance among Transportation Modes and Environment Complete Streets Context-Sensitive Design/Solutions Land Use Education, Encouragement, and Enforcement Design Flexibility to Enhance Safety  Understanding the Context and Problem DevelopingVision/Goals/Objectives/Performance Measures Analyzing Walking and Bicycling Alternatives PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST Prioritizing Projects/Strategies PLANNING Producing Planning Products Monitoring Plan Progress  Although transportation planning can recommend actions appropriate for both pedestrians and bicyclists, some issues PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST are specific to each mode. This section discusses some of the mode-specific issues that engineers PLANNING/DESIGN ISSUES and planners often face when planning for pedestrian and bicyclist transportation. What type of bicyclist is most likely to use a facility? One of the first steps in determining appropriate design for bicycle facilities is to determine the characteristics of the users, because it is the bicyclist who determines how the bike facility will Bicycle be used Network/Facility Design What guidelines exist for bicycle facilities? Several national design guidelines and standards apply to bicycle facilities. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga No. 07/P/BM/2023 Pedoman Perencanaan Teknis Fasilitas Pejalan Kaki What treatments are appropriate for different facilities? A variety of facility types or roadway treatments can be used to accommodate bicyclists. They can include signed routes, shared lane markings, onstreet bike lanes, onstreet buffered bike lanes, separated bike lanes, and offstreet paths/side trails. [FHWA, 2015b] Bicycle What spot hazards need to be identified and Network/Facility rectified? Design Sudden changes in the bicycle facility alignment or pavement conditions can have a very detrimental effect on bicyclists, particularly when they occur with no forewarning. Unless quick evasive actions are taken, such obstacles and irregularities can cause bicycle crashes. It can also be a problem when bicyclists suddenly swerve to avoid a hazardouscondition, since unpredictable movement can result in a crash with a motor vehicle.  An individual’s decision to walk is as much influenced by the perceived quality of the experience as it is by security, safety, and convenience. Thus, whereas traditional pedestrian planning has focused on the physical characteristics of the pedestrian and of pedestrian movement, more recent studies have Pedestrian Network/Facility looked at a much broader context. Design This perspective not only includes what is needed to physically walk from one location to another, but also how urban design and the interaction between road network structure and land-use patterns can enhance or degrade this experience.  What are the characteristics of pedestrians that need to be considered in the planning process? Basic definitions and the characteristics of pedestrian movement, their relationship to various land-use contexts, quality of space, proximity to nearby active uses, and common pedestrian crash types should be considered when planning for pedestrian movement. Pedestrian Network/ Pedestrian characteristics, described in AASHTO’s A Facility Design Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (known as the “Green Book” and the Transportation Research Board’s Highway Capacity Manual, include information on, average pedestrian space needs (the average pedestrian occupies a space of 18 in. by 24 in. [45 cm by 60 cm]), walking speeds, and capacities for pedestrian-related facilities.  What are typical design considerations for pedestrian facilities? Pedestrian facilities should be designed with the following factors in mind: Pedestrian Network/Facility Sufficient Width Design Protection from Traffic Intersection Design. Street Trees Pedestrian-Scale Design Continuity Clearances Conformance with National Standards  What design treatments are appropriate for different pedestrian environments? Sidewalk width and setbacks Sidewalks in Community Benefit Districts (CBDs) Pedestrian Network/Facility Arterial and Collector Streets in Commercial and Design Residential Areas Sidewalks on Local Streets in Residential Areas Curb Extensions or Bulb-Outs Sidewalks on Streets with No Curb and Gutter Crosswalks Curb Ramps  Pedestrian Refuge Areas Split Pedestrian Crossings (SPXOs) MidBlock Crossings Pedestrian Network/Facility Sidewalk Pavement Design Sidewalk Obstacles Design On-Street Parking Construction Zones  Pedestrians and bicyclists should be rerouted well in advance of the construction barriers because most are unlikely to retrace their steps to get around the work zone. Pedestrian Network/Facility Design Construction sites are particularly difficult to traverse for dis-abled pedestrians. An alternate accessible route should always be provided when the main route is interrupted by construction activities.  Pedestrian facility maintenance is an important aspect of creating adequate and comfortable facilities for pedestrians. A crumbling sidewalk is not only an eyesore, but also a hazard to the pedestrian Pedestrian Network/Facility and a barrier to the disabled. Most sidewalk Design maintenance is the responsibility of the fronting property, but in some cases, jurisdictions have assumed this responsibility.  A periodic inspection schedule for pedestrian facilities should be adopted by local jurisdictions. Crosswalks will need restriping. A general maintenance budget should be allocated by each Pedestrian Network/Facility local government for use on a yearly basis, perhaps Design combined with a maintenance budget for bicycle facilities.  Several measures can increase the awareness of motorists and improve conditions for pedestrians at interchanges. Ramp width should be minimized to Pedestrian Network/Facility reduce the crossing distance for pedestrians. Design Warning signs should be posted on exit ramps to warn motorists of upcoming pedestrian crossings..  https://id.pinterest.com/ Thank You