Marriages, Families, and Relationships PDF

19175, 1995, 14 51989  MAKING CHOICES IN A DIVERSE SOCIETY 13e 1  111 75 9541 1 51...

19175, 1995, 14 51989  MAKING CHOICES IN A DIVERSE SOCIETY 13e 1  111 75 9541 1 51 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  Contents i Marriages, FaMilies, and relationships Making Choices in a Diverse Society Thirteenth Edition Mary Ann Lamanna University of Nebraska, Omaha Agnes Riedmann California State University, Stanislaus Susan Stewart Iowa State University Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States i Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  Marriages, Families, and Relationships: © 2018, 2015 Cengage Learning Making Choices in a Diverse Society, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Thirteenth Edition may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as Mary Ann Lamanna, Agnes Riedmann, and permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the Susan Stewart copyright owner. Product Director: Marta Lee-Perriard Product Manager: Elizabeth Beiting-Lipps For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Content Developer: Elesha Hyde For permission to use material from this text or product, Product Assistant: Timothy Kappler submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Marketing Manager: James Finlay Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Content Project Manager: Cheri Palmer [email protected]. Art Director: Vernon Boes Manufacturing Planner: Judy Inouye Library of Congress Control Number: 2016936079 Production, Composition, Illustration: Student Edition: MPS Limited ISBN: 978-1-337-10966-6 Photo and Text Researchers: Lumina Datamatics Loose-leaf Edition: Copy Editor: Steven Summerlight ISBN: 978-1-337-11506-3 Text Designer: Marsha Cohen Cover Designer: Paula Goldstein Cengage Learning Cover Image: Thomas Barwick/Stone/Getty 20 Channel Center Street Images Boston, MA 02210 USA Design Graphics: Artville/Color Rhythms Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Unless otherwise indicated, all content is © Cengage Learning 2018 Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  To our families, especially Larry, Valerie, Sam, Janice, Simon, and Christie Bill, Beth, Natalie, Alex, and Livia Gwendolyn, Gene, Lee, Christine, Mom and Dad Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 about the authors Mary Ann Lamanna is Professor Emerita of Sociology at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. She received her bachelor’s degree in political science Phi Beta Kappa from Washington University (St. Louis); her master’s degree in sociology (minor in psychology) from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and her doctorate in sociology from the University of Notre Dame. Research and teaching interests include family, reproduction, and gender and law. She is the author of Emile Durkheim on the Family (Sage Publications, 2002) and coauthor of a book on Vietnamese refugees. She has articles in journals on law, sociology, and medical humanities. Current research concerns the sociology of literature, specifically “novels of terrorism” and a sociological analysis of Marcel Proust’s novel In Search of Lost Time. Professor Lamanna has two adult children, Larry and Valerie. Agnes Riedmann is Professor of Sociology at California State University, Stanislaus. She attended Clarke College in Dubuque, Iowa. She received her bachelor’s degree from Creighton University and her doctorate from the University of Nebraska. Her professional areas of interest are theory, family, and the sociology of body image. She is author of Science That Colonizes: A Critique of Fertility Studies in Africa (Temple University Press, 1993). Dr. Riedmann spent the academic year 2008–09 as a Fulbright Professor at the Graduate School for Social Research, affiliated with the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, where she taught courses in family, social policy, and globalization. She has two children, Beth and Bill; two granddaughters, Natalie and Livia; and a grandson, Alex. Susan Stewart is a Professor of Sociology at Iowa State University. She received her bachelor’s degree from the State University of New York at Fredonia and her doctorate from Bowling Green State University. Her professional areas of interest are gender, family, and demography and specifically how complex living arrangements affect the physical and emotional health of adults and children. She is the author of Brave New Stepfamilies (Sage Publications, 2007) and has just completed her new book, Co-Sleeping in Families (Rowan & Littlefield, 2016). Dr. Stewart is thrilled to have been added as an author of this book. She used the third edition of the Lamanna and Riedmann textbook in the sociology of family class she took as an undergraduate. She lives in Ames, Iowa, with her thirteen-year-old daughter, husband, and seventeen-year-old stepson. Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 BrieF Contents Chapter 1 Making Family Choices in a Changing Society 3 Chapter 2 Exploring Relationships and Families 29 Chapter 3 Gender Identities and Families 55 Chapter 4 Our Sexual Selves 83 Chapter 5 Love and Choosing a Life Partner 111 Chapter 6 Nonmarital Lifestyles: Living Alone, Cohabiting, and Other Options 139 Chapter 7 Marriage: From Social Institution to Private Relationship 163 Chapter 8 Deciding about Parenthood 189 Chapter 9 Raising Children in a Diverse Society 217 Chapter 10 Work and Family 245 Chapter 11 Communication in Relationships, Marriages, and Families 271 Chapter 12 Power and Violence in Families 297 Chapter 13 Family Stress, Crisis, and Resilience 327 Chapter 14 Divorce and Relationship Dissolution 353 Chapter 15 Remarriages and Stepfamilies 383 Chapter 16 Aging and Multigenerational Families 415 v Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Contents 1 Making FaMily ChoiCes in a Changing soCiety 3 DEFining FAmiLy 4 Demographic Characteristics: Age Structure 17 Family Functions 5 Demographic Characteristics: Religion 18 Structural Family Definitions 6 Demographic Characteristics: Race and Ethnicity 19 Postmodern: There Is No Typical Family 7 A Closer Look at Diversity Globalization, Immigration, Adapting Family Definitions to the Postmodern Family 7 and Family Ties 20 Facts About Families American Families Today 8 Family Policy: A Family Impact Lens 21 Relaxed Institutional Control over Relationship Choices: ThE FrEEDom AnD PrEssurEs “Family Decline” or “Family Change”? 9 oF Choosing 22 Facts About Families Focus on Children 11 Making Informed Decisions 23 A soCioLogiCAL imAginATion: FAmiLiEs oF inDiviDuALs 24 PErsonAL TroubLEs AnD somE Families as a Place to Belong 24 soCiAL ConDiTions ThAT imPACT Familistic (Communal) Values and Individualistic FAmiLiEs 12 (Self-Fulfilment) Values 25 Ever-New Biological and Communication People as Individuals and Family Members 25 Technologies 12 Economic Conditions 14 mArriAgEs AnD FAmiLiEs: Four ThEmEs 26 Historical Periods and Events 17 2 exploring relationships and FaMilies 29 sCiEnCE: TrAnsCEnDing PErsonAL The Family Life Course Development Framework 36 ExPEriEnCE 30 The Structure–Functional Perspective 37 The Blinders of Personal Experience 30 The Interaction–Constructionist Perspective 38 issues for Thought Studying Families and Ethnicity 31 Exchange Theory 39 Scientific Norms 31 A Closer Look at Diversity Hetero-Gay Families 40 ThEorETiCAL PErsPECTivEs Family Systems Theory 41 on ThE FAmiLy 32 Conflict and Feminist Theory 42 The Family Ecology Perspective 32 The Biosocial Perspective 43 vii Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 viii Contents Attachment Theory 45 Deductive Versus Inductive Reasoning 47 The Relationship Between Theory and Research 45 Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research 47 DEsigning A sCiEnTiFiC sTuDy: somE Defining Terms 48 bAsiC PrinCiPLEs 45 Samples and Generalization 48 Facts About Families How Family Researchers Study Data-Collection Techniques 49 Religion from Various Theoretical Perspectives 46 The Ethics of Research on Families 52 Cross–Sectional Versus Longitudinal Data 47 3 gender identities and FaMilies 55 our gEnDEr iDEnTiTiEs 56 Education 68 Gender—No Longer Binary 57 Economics 69 Cultural Gender Expectations 58 gEnDEr soCiALizATion 70 Doing Gender: To What Extent Do Individuals Follow Gender Socialization Theories 71 Cultural Expectations? 60 Gender Socialization—The Process 71 Race/Ethnic Diversity and Gender Expectations 61 gEnDEr AnD soCiAL ChAngE 74 Following Traditional Gender Expectations Can Be Costly 63 Gender Fluidity and Family Relationships 74 Facts About Families How Did Gender Expectations A Closer Look at Diversity A Transgender Person’s Emerge? 64 Relationship with Their Mother 75 The Women’s Movement 75 gEnDEr iDEnTiTiEs in soCiAL Men’s Movements 77 ConTExT 65 Breadwinner and Caregiver Roles Today Religion 66 and in the Future 78 Government and Politics 67 4 our sexual selves 83 sExuAL DEvELoPmEnT AnD The Interactionist Perspective: Negotiating Cultural iDEnTiTy 84 Messages 88 Children’s Sexual Development 84 ChAnging CuLTurAL sCriPTs 88 Sexual Identity 84 Early America: Patriarchal Sex 88 issues for Thought Bisexual or Just “Bi-Curious”? The Twentieth Century: The Emergence The Emergence of Pansexuality 85 of Expressive Sexuality 89 ThEorETiCAL PErsPECTivEs The 1960s Sexual Revolution: Sex for Pleasure 89 on humAn sExuALiTy 87 The 1980s and 1990s: Challenges to Heterosexism 90 The Exchange Perspective: Rewards, Costs, and Equality The Twenty-First Century: Risk, Caution—and in Sexual Relationships 87 Intimacy 91 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  Contents ix Fact About Families How Do We Know What We Do? Sexual Frequency 99 A Look at Sex Surveys 92 Young Spouses and Partners 99 As we make Choices Sexting—Five Things to Think Spouses and Partners in Middle Age 100 about Before Pressing “Send” 93 Older Spouses and Partners 100 Race/Ethnicity and Sexual Activity 93 What about Boredom? 101 Comparing the Sexual Behaviors of Gays and Lesbians Sexual Relationships and Pornography 102 and Heterosexuals 94 ThE PoLiTiCs oF sEx 103 sExuAL vALuEs ouTsiDE CommiTTED Adolescent Sexuality 103 rELATionshiPs 95 Sex Education 104 Abstinence 95 sExuAL rEsPonsibiLiTy 105 Sex with Affection 95 Risk of Pregnancy 106 Sex without Affection and Recreational Sex 95 Sexually Transmitted Infections 107 The Double Standard 96 Responsibility to Sexual Partners 108 sExuAL vALuEs For CommiTTED Responsibility to Oneself 108 rELATionshiPs 97 Monogamy and Sexual Infidelity 97 5 love and Choosing a liFe partner 111 LovE AnD CommiTmEnT 112 hETErogAmy in rELATionshiPs 125 Defining Love 112 Interracial and Interethnic Heterogamy 125 Gender Differences in Love 113 Interfaith Relationships 127 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love 114 Heterogamy and Relationship Quality and Stability 127 Attachment Theory and Loving Relationships 115 mEAnDEring TowArD Three Things Love Is Not 115 mArriAgE: DEvELoPing mATE sELECTion: ThE ThE rELATionshiP AnD moving ProCEss oF sELECTing TowArD CommiTmEnT 128 A CommiTTED PArTnEr 115 Contemporary Dating 128 Dating versus “Nondating” 129 Fact About Families Six Love Styles 116 A Sequential Model of Mate Selection 116 issues for Thought Sexual Assault Minimizing Mate Selection Risk 117 and Acquaintance Rape 130 Technology and Dating 130 ThE mArriAgE mArkET 118 From Dating to Commitment 132 Arranged and Free-Choice Marriages 118 Social Exchange 119 DATing vioLEnCE: A sErious sign oF TroubLE 134 AssorTATivE mATing: A FiLTEring ouT ProCEss 120 ThE PossibiLiTy oF brEAking uP 135 As we make Choices Looking for Love on the nurTuring Loving AnD CommiTTED Internet 122 rELATionshiPs 136 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. 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WCN 02-200-203 x Contents 6 nonMarital liFestyles: living alone, CohaBiting, and other options 139 whAT DoEs iT mEAn CohAbiTATion AnD FAmiLy LiFE 148 To bE singLE? 140 A Closer Look at Diversity The Different Meanings of rEAsons For morE unmArriEDs 140 Cohabitation for Various Race/Ethnic Groups 149 Demographic, Economic, and Technological Characteristics of Cohabitors 150 Changes 141 Why Do People Cohabit? 151 Social and Cultural Changes 143 The Cohabiting Relationship 153 singLEs: ThEir vArious Living As we make Choices Some Things to Know about the ArrAngEmEnTs 144 Legal Side of Living Together 154 Living Alone 144 Cohabiting Parents and Outcomes for Children 154 Living Apart Together 144 Cohabiting Same-Sex Couples 157 Living with Parents 144 mAinTAining suPPorTivE soCiAL Group or Communal Living 147 nETworks AnD LiFE sATisFACTion 158 7 Marriage: FroM soCial institution to private relationship 163 mAriTAL sTATus: ThE ChAnging DEinsTiTuTionALizED mArriAgE 172 PiCTurE 164 Institutional Marriage 172 Fewer Heterosexual Married Couples 164 Companionate Marriage 173 Legal Same-Sex Marriage 165 Individualized Marriage 174 Facts About Families Legal Same-Sex Marriage as a Deinstitutionalized Marriage: Examining the Successful Social Movement 166 Consequences 175 ThE TimE-honorED mArriAgE Marital Status, Poverty, and Child Outcomes: PrEmisE: PErmAnEnCE AnD sExuAL Does Marriage Matter? 176 ExCLusiviTy 167 DEinsTiTuTionALizED mArriAgE: ThE The Expectation of Permanence 168 PoLiCy DEbATE 179 The Expectation of Sexual Exclusivity 168 Policies from the Family Decline Perspective 179 issues for Thought Three Very Different A Closer Look at Diversity African Americans and Subcultures with Norms Contrary to Sexual “Jumping the Broom” 180 Exclusivity 169 Policies from the Family Change Perspective 180 From “yokE mATEs” To “souL A Possible Truce in the War Over Family 182 mATEs”: A ChAnging mArriAgE hAPPinEss, wELL-bEing, AnD LiFE PrEmisE 170 sATisFACTion: how DoEs mArriAgE Weakened Kinship Authority 170 mATTEr? 184 Finding One’s Own Marriage Partner 172 Marital Satisfaction and Choices Throughout Life 184 Marriage and Love 172 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. 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WCN 02-200-203  Contents xi 8 deCiding aBout parenthood 189 FErTiLiTy TrEnDs in ThE uniTED PrEvEnTing PrEgnAnCy 203 sTATEs 190 AborTion 204 Historical Patterns of Fertility and Family Size 191 The Politics of Family Planning, Contraception, Differential Fertility Rates by Education, Income, and Abortion 205 and Race/Ethnicity 192 Deciding about an Abortion 205 Things To ConsiDEr whEn DECiDing invoLunTAry inFErTiLiTy AnD AbouT PArEnThooD 193 rEProDuCTivE TEChnoLogy 207 Rewards and Costs of Parenthood 193 Reproductive Technology: Social and Ethical Issues 207 issues for Thought Caesarean Sections: Should a Reproductive Technology: Making Personal Choices 209 Delivery Be Planned for Convenience? 194 ADoPTion 210 How Children Affect Couple Happiness 196 The Adoption Process 210 Choosing to Be Childfree 196 A Closer Look at Diversity Through the Lens of One hAving ChiLDrEn: oPTions AnD Woman, Adopted Transracially in 1962 211 CirCumsTAnCEs 197 Adoption of Race/Ethnic Minority Children 211 Timing Parenthood: Earlier versus Later 197 Adoption of Older Children and Children Having Only One Child 199 with Disabilities 212 Nonmarital Births 200 International Adoptions 213 9 raising Children in a diverse soCiety 217 PArEnTing in TwEnTy-FirsT CEnTury ExPErTs ADvisE AuThoriTATivE AmEriCA 218 PArEnTing 227 Parenting Challenges and Resilience 219 A Closer Look at Diversity Straight Parents and LGBT A Stress Model of Parental Effectiveness 220 Children 228 The Transition to Parenthood 220 Is Spanking Ever Appropriate? 228 As we make Choices Selecting a Childcare Facility—Ten soCiAL CLAss AnD PArEnTing 230 Considerations 222 Middle- and Upper-Middle-Class Parents 230 gEnDEr AnD PArEnTing 222 Working-Class Parents 231 Doing Motherhood 223 Low-Income and Poverty-Level Parents 232 Doing Fatherhood 224 PArEnTing AnD DivErsiTy: whAT Do ChiLDrEn nEED? 226 sExuAL iDEnTiTy, rACE/EThniCiTy, rELigion 233 Infants 226 Same-Sex Parents 233 Preschool and School-Age Children 226 African American Parents 234 Teenagers 226 Native American Parents 234 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. 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WCN 02-200-203 xii Contents Hispanic Parents 235 grAnDPArEnTs As PArEnTs 238 Asian American Parents 235 Facts About Families Foster Parenting 239 Parents of Multiracial Children 236 PArEnTing young ADuLT Parents in Transnational Families 236 ChiLDrEn 240 Religious Minority Parents 237 TowArD bETTEr PArEnTing 240 Raising Children of Minority Race/Ethnic Identity in a Racist and Discriminatory Society 237 10 Work and FaMily 245 ThE inTErFACE oF work Household Labor 255 AnD FAmiLy LiFE 247 Why Do Women Do More Household Labor? 257 Gender and the Work–Family Interface 247 Diversity and Household Labor 258 mEn’s work AnD FAmiLy roLEs 248 JuggLing EmPLoymEnT “Good Providers” versus “Involved Fathers” 249 AnD FAmiLy work 258 womEn’s work AnD FAmiLy Work–Family Conflict in the Twenty-First Century 259 roLEs 250 Two-Earner Families and Children’s Well-Being 259 Women in the Labor Force 250 issues for Thought When One Woman’s Workplace Women’s Occupations 251 Is Another’s Family 260 The Female–Male Wage Gap 251 soCiAL PoLiCy, work, AnD FAmiLy 261 Stay-at-Home Moms 252 What Are the Issues? 261 Two-EArnEr PArTnErshiPs What’s Needed to Address the Issues? 262 AnD work–FAmiLy oPTions 253 As we make Choices Self-Care (Home Alone) Kids 266 Two-Career Partnerships 253 Who Will Provide What’s Needed to Meet the Working Part-Time 254 Challenges? 266 Shift Work and Variations 254 ThE Two-EArnEr CouPLE’s Doing Paid Work at Home 254 rELATionshiP 268 unPAiD FAmiLy work 255 Fairness and Couple Happiness 268 11 CoMMuniCation in relationships, Marriages, and FaMilies 271 FAmiLy CohEsion AnD ConFLiCT 272 CommuniCATion AnD CouPLE Characteristics of Cohesive Families 272 sATisFACTion 277 Children, Family Cohesion, and Unresolved Conflict 274 Affection and Antagonism 277 As we make Choices Communicating with Communicate Positive Feelings 278 Children—How to Talk So Kids Will Listen and Listen sTrEss, CoPing, AnD ConFLiCT So Kids Will Talk 276 in rELATionshiPs 278 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. 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WCN 02-200-203  Contents xiii Facts About Families Ten Rules for Successful Guideline 3: To Avoid Attacks, Use “I” Statements 286 Relationships 279 Guideline 4: Avoid Mixed, or Double, Messages 287 Conflict in Happy Marriages 279 Guideline 5: When You Can, Choose the Time and Place Indirect Expressions of Anger 280 Carefully 287 Guideline 6: Address a Specific Issue, Ask for a Specific John goTTmAn’s rEsEArCh on Change, and Be Open to Compromise 287 CouPLE CommuniCATion AnD ConFLiCT mAnAgEmEnT 280 issues for Thought Digital Communication and the The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 281 Rise of Social Media 288 Positive versus Negative Affect 282 Guideline 7: Be Willing to Change Yourself 288 Guideline 8: Don’t Try to Win 289 gEnDEr DiFFErEnCEs AnD CommuniCATion 282 Guideline 9: Practice Forgiveness 290 What Couples Can Do 284 Guideline 10: End the Argument 290 When Is It Okay to Let Go? 290 working Through ConFLiCTs in PosiTivE wAys—TEn guiDELinEs 284 TowArD bETTEr CouPLE AnD FAmiLy Guideline 1: Express Anger Directly and with Kindness 285 CommuniCATion 290 Relationship and Family Counseling 292 issues for Thought Biosociology, Love, and Communication 286 Family Well-Being Depends on Positive Communication Habits Together with the Family’s External Social Guideline 2: Check Out Your Interpretation of Others’ Environment 293 Behaviors 286 12 poWer and violenCe in FaMilies 297 whAT is PowEr? 298 The Incidence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) 308 Power Bases 298 Correlates of Family Violence 308 ThE rEsourCE hyPoThEsis: A CLAssiCAL gEnDEr AnD inTimATE PArTnEr PErsPECTivE on mAriTAL PowEr 300 vioLEnCE (iPv) 309 Resources and Gender 300 Situational Couple Violence 310 Resources in Cultural Context 300 Intimate Terrorism, or Coercive Controlling Violence 311 CurrEnT rEsEArCh on CouPLE Facts About Families Signs of Intimate Terrorism 312 PowEr 300 Male Victims of Heterosexual Terrorism 315 Decision Making 300 Abuse among Same-Gender, Bisexual, and Transgender Division of Household Labor 301 Couples 315 Money Allocation 301 vioLEnCE AgAinsT ChiLDrEn—ChiLD Ability to Influence the Other 302 mALTrEATmEnT 316 A Closer Look at Diversity Mobile Phones, Migrant Neglect and Abuse 316 Mothers, and Conjugal Power 303 How Extensive Is Child Maltreatment? 317 Diversity and Marital Power 303 sibLing vioLEnCE 319 As we make Choices Domination and Submission in ChiLD-To-PArEnT vioLEnCE 319 Couple Communication Patterns 305 sToPPing FAmiLy vioLEnCE 320 PowEr PoLiTiCs vErsus FrEELy Separating Victim from Perpetrator 320 CooPErATivE rELATionshiPs 305 The Criminal Justice Response 320 FAmiLy vioLEnCE 306 The Therapeutic Approach 321 IPV Data Sources 306 Macro or Structural Approaches 321 Facts About Families Major Sources of Family-Violence Data 307 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. 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WCN 02-200-203 xiv Contents 13 FaMily stress, Crisis, and resilienCe 327 DEFining FAmiLy sTrEss, Crisis, FAmiLy sTrEss, Crisis, ADJusTmEnT, AnD rEsiLiEnCE 328 AnD ADAPTATion: A ThEorETiCAL Facts About Families Shielding Children from Stress moDEL 341 Associated with Frightening Events 329 Stressor Pileup 341 Appraising the Situation 342 ThEorETiCAL PErsPECTivEs on FAmiLy sTrEss AnD CrisEs 329 Crisis-Meeting Resources 343 A Closer Look at Diversity Young Caregivers 331 mEETing CrisEs CrEATivELy 344 A Positive Outlook 344 whAT PrECiPiTATEs A FAmiLy Crisis? 331 Spiritual Values and Support Groups 345 Types of Stressors 332 Open, Supportive Communication 345 Adaptability 345 issues for Thought Caring for Patients at Home—A Informal Social Support 345 Family Stressor 335 An Extended Family 346 Facts About Families ADHD, Autism, Stigma, Community Resources 347 and Stress 337 Stressor Overload 338 issues for Thought When a Parent Is in Prison 348 ThE CoursE oF A FAmiLy Crisis 338 Crisis: DisAsTEr or oPPorTuniTy? 350 The Period of Disorganization 339 Recovery 340 14 divorCe and relationship dissolution 353 ToDAy’s DivorCE rATE 354 issues for Thought Should Divorce Be Harder to The Divorce Divide 354 Get? 359 Starter Marriages and Silver Divorces 355 why ThE DivorCE rATE sTAbiLizED Divorce Among Gay and Lesbian Couples 355 ovEr ThE PAsT ThrEE DECADEs 359 Redivorce 356 Thinking AbouT DivorCE: wEighing why DiD ThE DivorCE rATE risE ThE ALTErnATivEs 360 ThroughouT ThE TwEnTiETh “What’s Stopping Me?” Barriers to Divorce 360 CEnTury? 356 “Would I Be Happier?” Alternatives to the Marriage 360 Demographic Factors 356 “Can This Marriage Be Saved?” Rewards of the Current Economic Factors 357 Marriage 360 Weakening Social, Moral, and Legal Constraints 357 Other Solutions to Marital Distress 361 High Expectations for Marriage 358 gETTing ThE DivorCE 362 Interpersonal Dynamics 358 The “Black Box” of Divorce 362 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. 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WCN 02-200-203  Contents xv Initiating a Divorce 362 Consequences for Women and Men 368 Legal Aspects of Divorce 362 How Divorce Affects Children 369 Divorce Mediation 362 ChiLD-CusToDy issuEs 373 Divorce “Fallout” 363 The Residential Parent 374 ThE EConomiC ConsEquEnCEs oF The Visiting Parent 375 DivorCE 365 Joint Custody 376 Consequences for Children: Single-Parent Families and sTyLEs oF PArEnTAL rELATionshiPs Poverty 365 AFTEr DivorCE 378 Economic Losses for Women 366 Co-Parenting 378 Economic Losses for Men 366 As we make Choices Rules for Successful Co- Child Support 367 Parenting 380 ThE soCiAL AnD EmoTionAL ConsEquEnCEs oF DivorCE 368 15 reMarriages and stepFaMilies 383 DEFining AnD mEAsuring The Stability of Remarriages 394 sTEPFAmiLiEs 384 DAy-To-DAy Living in sTEPFAmiLiEs 395 What Makes a Stepfamily? 384 Challenges to Developing a Stepfamily Identity 395 issues for Thought What Makes a Stepfamily? 385 A Closer Look at Diversity Do You Speak Various Types of Stepfamilies 385 Stepfamily? 396 Perceptions of Stepfamilies: Stereotypes and Stigmas 389 The Stepfamily System 397 Choosing PArTnErs ThE nExT Stepfamily Roles 399 TimE 390 Stepfamily Relationships 402 Dating with Children 390 Financial and Legal Issues 404 What Kinds of People Become Stepparents? 391 wELL-bEing in sTEPFAmiLiEs 406 Second Weddings 392 The Well-Being of Parents and Stepparents 406 hAPPinEss, sATisFACTion, AnD The Well-Being of Children 407 sTAbiLiTy in rEmArriAgE 393 CrEATing suPPorTivE Happiness and Satisfaction in Remarriage 393 sTEPFAmiLiEs 409 16 aging and Multigenerational FaMilies 415 our Aging PoPuLATion 416 Race/Ethnic Composition of the Older American Aging Baby Boomers 417 Population 418 Longer Life Expectancy 417 Older Americans and the Diversity of Family Forms 418 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. 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WCN 02-200-203 xvi Contents Living ArrAngements of oLder Aging fAmiLies And cAregiving 428 AmericAns 419 As We make choices Tips for Step-Grandparents 429 Race/Ethnic Differences in Older Americans’ facts About families Community Resources for Elder Living Arrangements 419 Care 430 Gender Differences in Older Americans’ Living Arrangements 420 issues for thought Filial Responsibility Laws 431 Adult Children as Elder Care Providers 431 Aging in todAy’s economy 421 Gender Differences in Providing Elder Care 432 Retirement? 421 The Sandwich Generation 433 Gender Issues and Older Women’s Finances 422 Elder Care—Joy, Ambivalence, Reluctance, and reLAtionship sAtisfAction in LAter Conflict 433 Life 422 Race/Ethnic Diversity and Family Elder Care 435 Sexuality in Later Life 423 eLder Abuse And negLect 435 LAter-Life divorce, WidoWhood, And Elder Maltreatment by Family Members 436 repArtnering 423 Two Models to Explain Elder Abuse 436 Widowhood and Widowerhood 424 Aging and Repartnering 424 the chAnging AmericAn fAmiLy And eLder cAre in the future 437 muLtigenerAtionAL ties: oLder Same-Sex Families and Elder Care 438 pArents, AduLt chiLdren, And grAndchiLdren 425 toWArd better cAregiving 438 Older Parents and Adult Children 425 The Private Face of Family Caregiving 439 Grandparenthood 426 The Public Face of Family Caregiving 439 Glossary 443 References 453 Name Index 544 Subject Index 561 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. 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WCN 02-200-203 Boxes A Closer Look at Diversity Globalization, Immigration, and Family Ties 20 Through the Lens of One Woman, Adopted Transracially in Hetero-Gay Families 40 1962 211 A Transgender Person’s Relationship with Their Mother 75 Straight Parents and LGBT Children 228 The Different Meanings of Cohabitation for Various Race/ Mobile Phones, Migrant Mothers, and Conjugal Power 303 Ethnic Groups 149 Young Caregivers 331 African Americans and “Jumping the Broom” 180 Do You Speak Stepfamily? 396 As we make Choices Sexting—Five Things to Think about Before Communicating with Children—How to Talk So Kids Pressing “Send” 93 Will Listen and Listen So Kids Will Talk 276 Looking for Love on the Internet 122 Domination and Submission in Couple Some Things to Know about the Legal Side of Living Communication Patterns 305 Together 154 Rules for Successful Co-Parenting 380 Selecting a Childcare Facility—Ten Considerations 222 Tips for Step-Grandparents 429 Self-Care (Home Alone) Kids 266 Facts About Families American Families Today 8 Foster Parenting 239 Focus on Children 11 Ten Rules for Successful Relationships 279 How Family Researchers Study Religion from Various Major Sources of Family-Violence Data 307 Theoretical Perspectives 46 Signs of Intimate Terrorism 312 How Did Gender Expectations Emerge? 64 Shielding Children from Stress Associated How Do We Know What We Do? A Look at Sex Surveys 92 with Frightening Events 329 Six Love Styles 116 ADHD, Autism, Stigma, and Stress 337 Legal Same-Sex Marriage as a Successful Social Community Resources for Elder Care 430 Movement 166 issues for Thought Studying Families and Ethnicity 31 When One Woman’s Workplace Is Another’s Family 260 Bisexual or Just “Bi-Curious”? The Emergence Biosociology, Love, and Communication 286 of Pansexuality 85 Digital Communication and the Rise of Social Media 288 Sexual Assault and Acquaintance Rape 130 Caring for Patients at Home—A Family Stressor 335 Three Very Different Subcultures with Norms Contrary to When a Parent Is in Prison 348 Sexual Exclusivity 169 Should Divorce Be Harder to Get? 359 Caesarean Sections: Should a Delivery Be Planned What Makes a Stepfamily? 385 for Convenience? 194 Filial Responsibility Laws 431 xvii Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 preFaCe As we complete our work on the thirteenth edition of this attention to the impact of social structure on family life. We text, we look back over twelve earlier editions. Together, have highlighted the family ecology perspective in keeping these represent nearly forty years spent observing and with the importance of social context and public policy. rethinking American families. Not only have families We cannot help but be aware of the cultural and political changed since we began our first edition but also has tensions surrounding families today. At the same time, in social science’s interpretation of family life. It is gratify- recent editions and in response to our reviewers, we have ing to be a part of the enterprise dedicated to studying given heightened attention to the contributions of biology families and sharing this knowledge with students. and psychology and to a social psychological understand- Our own perspective on families has developed and ing of family interaction and its consequences. changed as well. Indeed, as marriages and families have We continue to affirm the power of families as they evolved over the last three decades, so has this text. In the influence the courses of individual lives. Meanwhile, we beginning, this text was titled Marriages and Families—a give considerable attention to policies needed to pro- title that was the first to purposefully use plurals to rec- vide support for today’s families: working parents, fami- ognize the diversity of family forms—a diversity that we lies in financial stress, single-parent families, families of noted as early as 1980. Now the text is titled Marriages, varied racial/ethnic backgrounds, stepfamilies, same- Families, and Relationships. We added the term relationships sex couples, and other nontraditional families—as well to recognize the increasing incidence of individuals form- as the classic nuclear family. ing commitments outside of legal marriage. At the same We note that, despite changes, marriage and family time, we continue to recognize and appreciate the fact values continue to be salient in contemporary American that a large majority of Americans—now including same- life. Our students come to a marriage and family course sex couples—are married or will marry. Hence, we con- because family life is important to them. Our aim now, as sciously persist in giving due attention to the values and it has been from the first edition, is to help students ques- issues of married couples. Of course, the concept of mar- tion assumptions and reconcile conflicting ideas and val- riage itself has changed appreciably. No longer necessar- ues as they make choices throughout their lives. We enjoy ily heterosexual, marriage is now an institution to which and benefit from the contact we’ve had with faculty and same-sex couples across the United States and in a grow- students who have used this book. Their enthusiasm and ing number of other nations have legal access. criticism have stimulated many changes in the book’s Meanwhile, the book’s subtitle, Making Choices in content. To know that a supportive audience is interested a Diverse Society, continues to speak to the significant in our approach to the study of families has enabled us to changes that have taken place since our first edition. To continue our work over a long period. help accomplish our goal of encouraging students to bet- ter appreciate the diversity of today’s families, we present the latest research and statistical information on varied ThE book’s ThEmEs family forms (lesbian, gay male, and transgender fami- lies) and families of diverse race and ethnicity, socioeco- Several themes are interwoven throughout this text: Peo- nomic, and immigration status, among other variables. ple are influenced by the society around them as they make We continue to take account not only of increasing choices, social conditions change in ways that may impede race/ethnic diversity but also of the fluidity of the con- or support family life, there is an interplay between indi- cepts race and ethnicity themselves. We pay attention to vidual families and the larger society, and individuals make the socially constructed nature of these concepts. We family-related choices throughout adulthood. integrate these materials on family diversity through- out the textbook, always with an eye toward avoiding making Choices throughout Life stereotypical and simplistic generalizations and instead The process of creating and maintaining marriages, explaining data in sociological and sociohistorical con- families, and relationships requires many personal texts. Interested from the beginning in the various choices; people continue to make family-related deci- ways that gender plays out in families, we have persis- sions, even “big” ones, throughout their lives. tently focused on areas in which gender relations have changed and continue to change, as well as on areas in Personal Choice and social Life which there has been relatively little change. In addition to our attention to gender, we have stud- Tension frequently exists between individuals and their ied demography and history, and we have paid increasing social environment. Many personal troubles result from xix Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 xx P r e fac e societal influences, values, or assumptions; inadequate and restructuring throughout their lives. This emphasis societal support for family goals; and conflict between on the life course creates a comprehensive picture of family values and individual values. By understanding marriages, families, and relationships and encourages some of these possible sources of tension and conflict, us to continue to add topics that are new to family texts. individuals can perceive their personal troubles more Meanwhile, this book makes these points: clearly and work constructively toward solutions. They People’s personal problems and their interaction may choose to form or join groups to achieve family with the social environment change as they and goals. They may become involved in the political process their relationships and families grow older. to develop state or federal social policy that is support- ive of families. The accumulated decisions of individu- People reexamine their relationships and their als and families also shape the social environment. expectations for relationships as they and their mar- riages, relationships, and families mature. A Changing society Because family forms are more flexible today, people may change the type or style of their rela- In the past, people tended to emphasize the dutiful per- tionships and families throughout their lives. formance of social roles in marriage and family structure. Today, people are more apt to view committed relation- ships as those in which they expect to find companion- mArriAgEs AnD FAmiLiEs— ship, intimacy, and emotional support. From its first mAking ChoiCEs edition, this book has examined the implications of this shift and placed these implications within social scien- Making decisions about one’s family life begins in tific perspective. Individualism, economic pressure, time early adulthood and lasts into old age. People choose pressures, social diversity, and an awareness of committed whether they will adhere to traditional beliefs, values, relationships’ potential impermanence are features of the and attitudes about gender roles or negotiate more social context in which personal decision making takes flexible roles and relationships. They may rethink their place today. With each edition, we recognize again that, values about sex and become more informed and com- as fewer social guidelines remain fixed, personal decision fortable with their sexual choices. making becomes even more challenging. Women and men may choose to remain single, to Then too, new technologies continue to create changes form heterosexual or same-sex relationships outside of in family members’ lives. Discussions about technological marriage, or to marry. They have the option today of stay- developments in communication appear throughout the ing single longer before marrying. Single people make book—for example, a discussion of how technology and choices about their lives ranging from decisions about liv- social media impact family communication in Chapter 11, ing arrangements to those about whether to engage in sex maintaining ties between college students and their par- only in marriage or committed relationships, to engage in ents (Chapter 9), sexting and cyberadultery (Chapter 4), sex for recreation, or to abstain from sex altogether. Many Internet matchmaking (Chapter 5), reproductive technol- unmarried individuals live as cohabiting couples (often ogy (Chapter 8), parental surveillance of children (Chap- with children), an increasingly common family form. ter 9), working at home versus the office (Chapter 10), Once individuals form couple relationships, they have and how noncustodial parents use technology to keep in to decide how they are going to structure their lives as com- touch with their children (Chapter 14). mitted partners. Will the partners be legally married? Will they become domestic partners? Will they plan periods in which one partner is employed interspersed with times ThE ThEmEs ThroughouT in which both are wage earners? Will they have children? ThE LiFE CoursE Will they use new reproductive technology to become par- ents? Will other family members live with them—siblings The book’s themes are introduced in Chapter 1, and or parents, for example, or adult children later? they reappear throughout the text. We developed these Couples will make these decisions not once, but over themes by looking at the interplay between findings in and over during their lifetimes. Within a committed the social sciences and the experiences of the people relationship, partners also choose how they will deal around us. Ideas for topics continue to emerge, not with conflict. Will they try to ignore conflicts? Will they only from current research and reliable journalism vent their anger in hostile, alienating, or physically vio- but also from the needs and concerns that we perceive lent ways? Or will they practice supportive ways of com- among our own family members and friends. The atti- municating, disagreeing, and negotiating—ways that tudes, behaviors, and relationships of real people have emphasize sharing and can deepen intimacy? a complexity that we have tried to portray. Interwoven How will the partners distribute power in the marriage? with these themes is the concept of the life course—the Will they work toward relationships in which each family idea that adults may change by means of reevaluating member is more concerned with helping and supporting Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  P r e fac e xxi others than with gaining a power advantage? How will today’s marriages, relationships, and families. Over the the partners allocate work responsibilities in the home? past twelve editions, we have had four goals in mind for What value will they place on their sexual lives together? student readers: first, to help them better understand Throughout their experience, family members continu- themselves and their family situations; second, to make ally face decisions about how to balance each one’s need students more conscious of the personal decisions that for individuality with the need for togetherness. they will make throughout their lives and of the societal Parents also have choices. In raising their children, they influences that affect those decisions; third, to help stu- can choose the authoritative parenting style, for example, dents better appreciate the variety and diversity among in which parents take an active role in responsibly guiding families today; and fourth, to encourage them to recog- and monitoring their children, while simultaneously striv- nize the need for structural, social policy support for fami- ing to develop supportive, mutually cooperative family lies. To these ends, this text has become recognized for its relationships. However, how much guidance is too much? accessible writing style, up-to-date research, well-written At what point do involved parents become overinvolved features, and useful chapter learning aids. parents—that is, “helicopter parents”? Many partners face decisions about whether to sepa- up-to-Date research and statistics rate or divorce. They weigh the pros and cons, asking As users have come to expect, we have thoroughly themselves which is the better alternative: living together updated the text’s research base and statistics, empha- as they are or separating? Even when a couple decides to sizing cutting-edge research that addresses the diversity separate or divorce, there are further decisions to make: of marriages and families, as well as all other topics. In Will they cooperate as much as possible or insist on blame accordance with this approach, users will notice several and revenge? What living and economic support arrange- new tables and figures. Revised tables and figures have ments will work best for themselves and their children? been updated with the latest available statistics—data How will they handle the legal process? The majority of from the U.S. Census Bureau and other governmental divorced individuals eventually face decisions about form- agencies, as well as survey and other research data. ing relationships with new partners. In the absence of firm cultural models, they choose how they will define remar- riage and stepfamily relationships. box Features When families encounter crises—and every family The several themes described earlier are reflected in will face some crises—members must make additional the special features. decisions. Will they view each crisis as a challenge to be Former users will recognize our box features. The fol- met, or will they blame one another? What resources lowing sections describe our four feature box categories: can they use to handle the crisis? Then, too, as more and more Americans live longer, families will “age.” As As We Make Choices We highlight the theme of mak- a result, more and more Americans will have not only ing choices with a group of boxes throughout the text— living grandparents but also great grandparents. And for example, “Ten Rules for a Successful Relationship,” increasingly, we will face issues concerning giving—and “Looking for Love on the Internet” “Disengaging from receiving—family elder care. Power Struggles,” “Selecting a Childcare Facility—Ten An emphasis on knowledgeable decision making does Considerations,” “Ten Keys to Successful Co-Parenting,” not mean that individuals can completely control their and “Tips for Step-Grandparents.” These feature boxes lives. People can influence but never directly determine emphasize human agency and are designed to help stu- how those around them behave or feel about them. Part- dents through crucial decisions. ners cannot control one another’s changes over time, and A Closer Look at Diversity In addition to integrating they cannot avoid all accidents, illnesses, unemployment, information on cultural and ethnic diversity through- separations, or deaths. Society-wide conditions may create out the text proper, we have a series of features that unavoidable crises for individual families. However, fam- give focused attention to instances of family diversity— ilies can control how they respond to such crises. Their for example, “African Americans and ‘Jumping the responses will meet their own needs better when they Broom,’” “Diversity and Childcare,” “Family Ties and refuse to react automatically and choose instead to act as a Immigration,” “Straight Parents and LGBT Children,” consequence of knowledgeable decision making. and “ Do You Speak Stepfamily?” among others. Issues for Thought These features are designed to spark kEy FEATurEs students’ critical thinking and discussion. As an exam- ple, the Issues for Thought box in Chapter 16 explores With its ongoing thorough updating and inclusion of cur- “Filial Responsibility Laws” and encourages students to rent research and its emphasis on students’ being able to consider what might be the benefits and drawbacks of make choices in an increasingly diverse society, this book legally mandating filial responsibility. Similarly, in the has become a principal resource for gaining insights into Issues for Thought box “Bisexual or Just ‘Bi-Curious’?” Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 xxii P r e fac e in Chapter 4, students are asked to think about whether Chapter 1, Making Family Choices in a Changing there are different standards of same-sex attraction and Society, continues to present the choices and life course behavior for women versus men. themes of the book, as well as points to the significance for the family of larger social forces. All research and Facts About Families This feature presents demo- statistics are updated. graphic and other factual information on focused top- Chapter 2, Exploring Relationships and Families, con- ics such as “How Family Researchers Study Religion tinues to portray the integral relationship between family from Various Theoretical Perspectives” (Chapter 2), theories and methods for researching families, with new on “Six Love Styles” (Chapter 5), on “Legal Same-Sex examples to drive home the theoretical perspectives. For Marriage as a Successful Social Movement” (Chapter 7), instance, we point to a study that combines family systems on transracial adoption (Chapter 8), and on “Foster theory with the ecological perspective. This study exam- Parenting” (Chapter 9), among others. ines how undocumented status for some, but not all, Chapter Learning Aids family members affects everyone in a mixed-status family system. Examples in the research section of this chapter A series of chapter learning aids help students compre- include more recognition that major surveys are con- hend and retain the material. ducted globally, not just in the United States. The Euro- Each chapter begins with a list of learning objectives pean Social Survey is one example. specifically formulated for that chapter. Chapter 3, Gender Identities and Families, has been significantly updated with information on gender identi- Chapter Summaries are presented in bulleted, point- ties and expectations, including a new section on “Race/ by-point lists of the key material in the chapter. Ethnic Diversity and Gender Expectations.” There is Key Terms alert students to the key concepts pre- extended discussion of the fact that gender is fluid, not sented in the chapter. A full glossary is provided at binary, as well as a more thorough discussion of the dis- the end of the text. tinction between gender identity and sexual orientation. Questions for Review and Reflection help students There is considerably more on transgender in this chapter review the material. Thought questions encourage and throughout the text. students to think critically and to integrate material Chapter 4, Our Sexual Selves, continues its explora- from other chapters with that presented in the cur- tion into the range of sexual attitudes and behavior that rent one. In every chapter, one of these questions exists in American society. The statistics on sexuality have is a policy question. This practice is in line with our been substantially revised to reflect new surveys on sexual goal of moving students toward structural analyses behavior, infidelity, HIV/AIDS, and pornography use, regarding marriages, families, and relationships. with special focus on gender differences in each. With changes in the political and social climate, discrimination kEy ChAngEs against the LGBT community has become less overt. New in this edition is a discussion of the microaggressions this in This EDiTion group encounters on a daily basis. The role of schools with respect to sex education has always been controversial In addition to incorporating the latest available research in the United States. There is a new table in this chapter and statistics—and in addition to carefully review- describing the Future of Sex Education Initiative’s recom- ing every word in the book—we note that this edition mended sexuality education standards by grade level. includes many key changes, some of which are outlined Chapter 5, Love and Choosing a Life Partner, con- here. We have worked to make chapter length more tinues to examine the changing nature of dating in uniform throughout the text. the United States, not only in terms of describing new As with previous revisions, we have given considerable dating patterns but also with respect to understanding attention not only to chapter-by-chapter organization, but the factors that underlie dating behavior. In addition, a also to within-chapter organization. Our ongoing intents greater effort was made in this edition to include more are to streamline the material presented whenever pos- information on cultural diversity with respect to dating sible and to ensure a good flow of ideas. In this edition, and union formation. For example, there is a discus- we continue to consolidate similar material that had pre- sion of how the skewed sex ratio in China has affected viously been addressed in separate chapters. Meanwhile, men’s ability to find a wife. There is also a discussion of we have substantially revised each and every chapter. the dynamics of interracial marriage in Brazil, among Every chapter is updated with the latest research through- Asian Americans, and between between Muslims and out. Now that same-sex marriage is legal throughout the non-Muslims in the United States. United States, we have conscientiously rewritten all our Chapter 6, Nonmarital Lifestyles: Living Alone, chapters—and in some cases reorganized them—to be in Cohabiting, and Other Options, discusses demographic, line with this major change. We mention some (but not economic, technological, and cultural reasons for the all!) specific and important changes here. increasing proportion of unmarrieds, with updated Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  P r e fac e xxiii statistics on unmarried men and women in America. New communication strategies among couples and families. to this edition is a discussion of generational differences The mechanisms through which people communicate in attitudes about the advantages and disadvantages of are rapidly changing. This chapter now includes the being single, with particular focus on how the Millennial Issues for Thought box “Digital Communication and Generation will choose from the wide array of lifestyles the Rise of Social Media,” which explores the impact now available to them. of new technologies on intimate relationships and Chapter 7, Marriage: From Social Institution to families. A traditional venue for family communication Private Relationship, has been thoroughly updated has always been the evening meal. New information is in accordance with the legalization of same-sex mar- presented regarding the percentage of modern fami- riage and also with new statistics and research findings. lies who are able to eat it together with any regularity. This chapter explores the changing picture regarding Maybe a family breakfast is the answer? marriage, noting the social science debate regarding Chapter 12, Power and Violence in Families, main- whether this changing picture represents family change tains its ongoing emphasis on power relations within or decline. We thoroughly explore the selection hypoth- the context of growing family race/ethnic diversity. esis versus the experience hypothesis with regard to This chapter now addresses power and decision-making the benefits of marriage known from research. The issues among same-sex married couples. Domestic vio- extended section about the status of legal same-sex mar- lence among same-sex couples is now explored in this riage previously found in this chapter has been consid- chapter rather than elsewhere in the text. A discussion erably shortened and reconceptualized. That material of equality and equity concludes the part of the chap- is now in a new box, “Facts About Families: Legal Same- ter on marital and partner power. In addition, analysis Sex Marriage as a Successful Social Movement.” of power differentials between citizens and their immi- Chapter 8, Deciding about Parenthood, continues its grant spouses is explored at greater depth. All research focus on the complex process through which couples and statistics have been thoroughly updated. have children. For example, nearly as many children in Chapter 13, Family Stress, Crisis, and Resilience, the U.S. are the product of indecision as of decision. On continues to emphasize and expand discussion of the the other hand, more men and women are consciously growing body of research on resilience in relation to not having any children at all. Becoming a parent is less family stress and crises and has been updated with many of a certainty than it’s ever been. new examples. As one instance, the chapter recognizes Chapter 9, Raising Children in a Diverse Society, like all family stress related to discrimination against race or the chapters in this edition, has been thoroughly updated ethnic groups such as African or Muslim Americans. with the most current research. As in recent prior editions, Chapter 14, Divorce and Relationship Dissolution, after describing the authoritative parenting style, we note includes updated statistics on divorce rates, which have its acceptance by mainstream experts in the parenting remained unchanged since the Great Recession. This field. We then present a critique that questions whether chapter continues to highlight the effects of divorce on this parenting style is universally appropriate or simply a children and factors that can lessen the negative effects, white, middle-class pattern that may not be so suitable to such as cooperative co-parenting, as well as race, class, other social contexts. We also discuss challenges faced by and gender differences in the consequences of divorce. parents who are raising religious- or ethnic-minority chil- The implications of different custody arrangements for dren in potentially discriminatory environments. children and families are also examined. We continue to emphasize the challenges that all par- Chapter 15, Remarriages and Stepfamilies, continues ents face in contemporary America. We have expanded to stress diversity within stepfamilies, reflecting continued sections on single mothers, single fathers, and nonresi- growth of nonmarital childbearing, cohabitation, father dent fathers. We have given more attention to relations custody, racial/ethnic diversity, and same sex couples with with young-adult children as more and more of them stepchildren. We continue to pay attention to microlevel have “boomeranged” home in this difficult economy. stepfamily dynamics such as dating with children, the pro- New to this chapter are recognition and discussions cess through which people become stepparents, and the of gender fluidity as related to parenting. For instance, challenges of day-to-day living in stepfamilies, including the section on “Gender and Parenting” now includes the complex legal and financial issues they face. We con- discussion of parenting as a lesbian, gay male, or trans- tinue to add new research findings to our discussion of the gender parent. short- and long-term financial, social, and emotional well- Chapter 10, Work and Family. All research and sta- being of stepfamily members, especially children. tistics are updated. An example of now incorporating Chapter 16, Aging and Multigenerational Families, con- same-sex families into discussions throughout the text tinues to place a thematic emphasis on multigenerational involves a study that examined work-home spillover spe- families, ties, and obligations in a cultural content of indi- cifically among dual-earner lesbian and gay parents. vidualism and includes a discussion of caregiver ambiva- Chapter 11, Communication in Relationships, lence coupled with multigenerational families as safety Marriages, and Families, continues its focus on positive nets for all generations. Like all the others, this chapter Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 xxiv P r e fac e benefits from the most current statistics and research. handouts, extensive lists of reading and online resources, Among others, new topics include the facts that more and suggested Internet sites and activities. The test bank people over age sixty-five are employed than in the past includes multiple-choice, true/false, short answer, and and that they are more likely than in past decades to be essay questions, all with answers and text references, for involved in nonmarital romantic relationships—dating, each chapter of the text. The PowerPoints include chap- cohabiting, or living alone together (LAT). ter-specific presentations, including images, figures, and tables, to help instructors build their lectures. Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero Cognero mindTap for Marriages, is a flexible, online system that allows instructors to Families, and Relationships, Thirteenth Edition Import, edit, and manipulate test bank content from the Marriages, Families, and Relationships test bank or MindTap engages and empowers students to produce elsewhere, including their own favorite test questions their best work—consistently. By seamlessly integrating course material with videos, activities, apps, and much Create multiple test versions in an instant more, MindTap creates a unique learning path that fos- Delivery tests from their LMS, classroom, or wher- ters increased comprehension and efficiency. ever they want MindTap delivers real-world relevance with activities and assignments that help students build critical ACknowLEDgmEnTs thinking and analytical skills that will transfer to other courses and their professional lives. This book is a result of a joint effort on our part; we MindTap helps students stay organized and efficient could not have conceptualized or written it alone. We with a single destination that reflects what’s impor- want to thank some of the many people who helped us. tant to the instructor, along with the tools students Looking back on the long life of this book, we acknowl- need to master the content. edge Steve Rutter for his original vision of the project MindTap empowers and motivates students with and his faith in us. We also want to thank Sheryl Fullerton information that shows where they stand at all and Serina Beauparlant, who saw us through early edi- times—both individually and compared with the tions as editors and friends and who had significant highest performers in class. importance in shaping the text that you see today. As has been true of our past editions, the people at Cen- In addition, MindTap allows instructors to: gage Learning have been professionally competent and a Control what content students see and when they pleasure to work with. Huge thanks go to Elesha Hyde, see it with a learning path that can be used as is or who provided the constant consultation, encouragement, matched to their syllabus exactly. and feedback to the authors that enabled this edition to come to completion on schedule. We are also grateful to Create a unique learning path of relevant readings Libby Beiting-Lipps, Product Manager, who guided this and multimedia and activities that move students up edition, and to Content Developer John Chell, who lent the learning taxonomy from basic knowledge and his hand to the development of the MindTap product comprehensions to analysis, application, and critical that accompanies this text. Deanna Ettinger, Intellectual thinking. Property Analyst, made sure we