Male and Female Reproductive System PDF

MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Andrology is the study of male reproductive organ External Structure 1.Penis \- lies in front of the scrotum, elongated clylindrical organ consist of a shaft and a glan \- forekin- movable fold of skin or retract...

MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Andrology is the study of male reproductive organ External Structure 1.Penis \- lies in front of the scrotum, elongated clylindrical organ consist of a shaft and a glan \- forekin- movable fold of skin or retractable casing of skin that protects the nerve glands at birth Consists of erectile tissues Corposa cavernosa Corpus spongisum  Per ejaculation -2-4ml of semen -About 100million sperm/ml -Sperm moves at the speed of 2-3mm per minute -The male deposits approximately 200-400 million of spermatozoa to the vagina. -About 5 to 30mins after ejaculation, a sperm can fertilized an ovum. **2. Scrotum** - Rugated , skin covered, muscular pouch suspended from the perineum. FUNCTIONS 1. Support of the testes 2. Help regulate the temp. of the sperm. - In very cold weather- the scrotal muscle contracts tp bring the testes closer to the body - In very hot weather or in the presence of fever- the scrotal muscle relaxes, allowing the testes to fall away from the body 3. Testes - Are 2 ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm wide that rest in the scrotum - Each testis is encased by a protective white fibrous capsule and is composed of a number of lobules. - Each lobule contains interstitial cells (Leydig's cell) --testosterone and seminiferous tubules -spermatozoa - One testis is slightly lower than the other and is suspended slightly lower in the scrotum than the other( left side) because of this, testes tend to slide past each other more readily on sitting or muscular activity and there is less possibility of trauma to them. CIRCUMCISION\ - is made after birth or alter - Decisions should be made in consultation with parents with consideration of their cultural or religious beliefs ADVANTAGES\ - lower rates of UTI, HIV , STI's and Penile cancer DISADVANTAGE - Surgical complications: pain and bleeding -The seminiferous tubule of each testis leads to a tightly coiled tube, at the backside of the each testicles. -Conducts sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens. \- 20 feet long -The alkaline fluid that surrounds the sperm at maturity -Sperms are immobile and incapable of fertilization -12 to 20 days travel -Total of 65 to 75 day(full maturity) **FUNCTIONS**\ - to carry and store sperm cells that are produced in the testes. \- To bring the sperm to maturity.  **2. Vas deferens** - Hollow tube, surrounded by arteries and veins and protected by a thick fibrous coating and altogether these structures are called spermatic cord. - Sperm complete maturation as they pass through the vas deferens. - Vasectomy - They are still not immobile at this point however, probably because the fairly acidic medium or semen - Two convoluted pouches that lies along the lower portion of the bladder and empty into the urethra by ejaculatory ducts. - Empty into the urethra **5. Prostate glands** - A chestnut sized gland that lies just below the bladder and allows the urethra to pass through the center of it. - Secrete a thin, alkaline fluid - Plays a major role in the activation of sperm. - Its milky, slightly acid fluid,which contains citrate, and an enzyme called the prostate-specific antigen(PSA) CITRATE -- is the buffering agent( cushion or protects from harmful substances) and nutrition for the sperm PSA- acts as an anticoagulant for sperm and also aids in the success of sperm liquefying semen that has thickened after ejaculation. This allows sperm to swim freely. Normal PSA -- 0 to 2.5ng/ml If the result is 2.6 to 4ng/ml- sometimes it is safe from other men but consultation is very important If the result is 4 to 10ng/ml- is suspicious But sometimes high PSA may be sign of non cancerous prostate or infection or benign prostatic hyperplasia. **6. Bulbourethral or Cowper's glands** -beside the prostate gland and empty by short ducts into the urethra. - They supply one more source of alkaline fluid. 7\. Urethra -is a hollow tube leading from the base of the bladder.  FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM GYNECOLOGY- study of the female reproductive organ EXTERNAL STRUCTURES VULVA- refers to the female external genitalia **External** - **Mons pubis** - Pad of adipose tissue located over the symphysis pubis - Covered by a triangular course curly hair - Purpose: to protect the junction of the pubic bone from trauma - Male( diamond shape) - **Labia minora** **Other external:** - **Clitoris** - **Is a small rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora** - **- covered by a fold of skin called the prepuce** - **Sensitive to touch and temperature and is the center of sexual arousal and orgasm.** - **Vestibule** - B. vaginal opening - C. urethral opening - **Fourchette** - **Tissue formed by the posterior joining of the labia minora and the labia majora.** - **Structures that sometimes lacerates or is cut (episiotomy) during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening.** - **Perineum- muscular area, it stretches during childbirth to allow enlargement of the vaginal and passage of the fetal head** - **Kegel's exercise aimed at making the perineal muscle as flexible.** - **Hymen** - Is a tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that covers the opening to the vagina during childhood. - It is often torn during the time of first sexual intercourse, use of tampons, active sports or at the time of first pelvic examination. - Imperforated hymen- hymen so complete that is does not allow for the passage of menstrual blood from the vagina and sexual relations- until it is surgical incised. VULVAR BLOOD supply - Supplied by the pudendal artery - Portion of the inferior rectus artery and pudendal vein - Because of rich blood supply this contributes to the rapid healing of any tears in the area after childbirth or other injury The VULVAR NERV SUPPLY  **-supplied by ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves, pudendal nerve** **- due to rich nerve supply, it makes the area extremely sensitive to touch, pressure , pain and temperature** **DURING childbirth -- normal stretching of the perineum causes a temporary loss of sensation to the area, limiting the amount of local pain felt during childbirth.** **INTERNAL STRUCTURES\ ** - Non pregnant uterus : weight is 60 grams - After pregnancy- weight is 80g, 9 cm long 6cm wide - Organ of menstruation - Pregnancy or gestation - Labor and delivery 1. **Body- forms the bulk of the organ** - **Internal os- it opens into the body** - **Endocervical canal- central cavity** - **External os- opens into the vagina** - **the external os is at the level of the ischial spines** - **if the head at the level of ischial spines- station 0- engagement** - **if the head is above the ischial spines- station -1, station -2 and so forth- the head is still floating** - **if the head is below the ischialspines- station +1, station +2, if at station +3 or +4- crowning**  **Endocervical canal- there is presence of the mucus what we call mucus plug or operculum and its purpose is to protect them from ascending infection.** **2 important events happening in the cervix** 1. **effacement- thinning of the cervical canal in percentage** - **a fully efface cervix is 100%** 2. **dilatation- is the widening of the cervical canal measured in cm** - **a fully dilated cervix is 10 cm**  **In terms of prioritization** **Primi and Multigravid patient** - **Primi- effacement then dilatation** - **Multi -- dilatation then effacement** **LAYERS OF THE UTERUS**  1. **Endometrium** - **Inner layer** - **Basal- not influenced by hormone Estrogen and Prosgesterone** - **Glandular layer- influenced by hormone Estrogen and Progesterone** 2. **Myometrium** - **Muscular layer** - **Muscles are arranged in longitudinal, mesh like and circular or in figure of 8** - End of pregnancy- contracts -- to expel the products of conception - Menstruation- it constrict the FT -- to prevent backflow of the blood in the fallopian tubes - After birth- it constrict the blood vessels -- to prevent bleeding 3. Perimetrium - It add further strength and supports to the organ. **Uterine nerve supply** - supplied by both efferent(motor) and afferent(sensory nerves. - Efferent- T5 to T10 spinal ganglia - Affarent- join the hypogastric plexus and enter the spinal column at T11 & t12. **Blood Supply to the uterus**  large ascending abdominal aorta ↓ 2 iliac arteries ↓ form the hypogastric arteries and the uterine arteries **Uterine supports/ligaments** - The uterus is suspended in the pelvic cavity by the number of ligaments that also help support the bladder, it is further supported by a combination of fascia and muscle. - The uterus is free to enlarge without discomfort during pregnancy 1. Cardinal or mackenrodt ligament- main support to the uterus - Damage can lead to uterine prolapse 2. Anterior ligament- uterus is connected to the bladder - Damage can lead to cystocele- prone to UTI 3. Posterior ligament- uterus is connected to the rectum - Damage can lead to rectocele- patient is prone to constipation 4. Broad -- supports the uterus in front, back, and sides to help steady the uterus. 5. Round -- additional stays to the uterus  UTERINE DEVIATIONS - Uterine deviations can interfere with fertility or pregnancy. - anteversion- the entire uterus tips far forward - Retroversion- the entire uterus tips far backward - Anteflexion- the body of the uterus is bent sharply forward at the junction with the cervix - Retroversion- the body of the uterus is bent sharply backward just above the cervix 3.FALLOPIAN TUBES\ - long tubes on each side of the uterine body \- approximately 10 cm long **Functions** - Convey the ovum from ovaries to the uterus - Place of fertilization 1. Interstitial- lies with in the uterine wall 2. Isthmus- extremely narrow - The portion tha tis sealed or cut in a tubal ligation or tubal sterilization procedure. - Fertilization occurs 4.OVARY/OVARIES\ -are located close to and on both sides of the uterus in the lower abdomen -FUNCTIONS\ \* produce, mature and discharge ova \* produces Estrogen and Progesterone and initiate and regulate the menstrual cycle. 3 principal division 1. Tunica albuginea- protective layer of the surface epithelium 2. Cortex- immature or primordial follicle or oocyte 3. Central medulla- contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic tissue and some smooth muscle tissue EGG cell - Is released every month - 2 Protective layers a. Zona pellucida b. Corona radiata Sperm cell - Million of sperms are produced in one ejaculation. PARTS\ 1. Head \* acrosome- release and enzyme called HYALURONIDASE to dissolve the protective layers of the ovum 2.Midpiece- powerhouse of the sperm 3.tail- for movement