Principles of Industrial Maintenance PDF

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Course materials provided for personal study only and subject to the disclaimer on the ECU website http://www.ecu.edu.au/supplemental/disclaimer Principles of Industrial Maintenance Lecturer: Dr Ana Vafadar [email protected]  This lecture ⚫Coverage in this lecture will be largely derived from … Wiremann, T. (2008). Maintenance work management processes. New-York: Industrial Press, Inc. (ISBN 978-0-8311-3330-6). Ward, J. (1993). Report writing. In Australian community development: ideas, skills and values for the 90’s. Windsor, Victoria: Community Quarterly Content from other sources will be indicated where applicable.  This lecture – the plan ⚫This lecture material is largely based on … The Business of Maintenance (CHP 1) (Wiremann, 2008) Goals and Objectives of Maintenance Organisations Roles and Responsibilities Report Writing (Ward, 1993)  This lecture in a nutshell ⚫This lecture will basically … Introduce the concept of treating the maintenance organisation (department) as a business Highlight the need to develop the maintenance organisation using clear and well thought goals and objectives Give details of the organisational structures within maintenance: The Geographical aspects related to where maintenance can be based in a wider plant or facility Reporting structures that will highlight the relationship between maintenance and other plant departments The roles and responsibilities for maintenance personnel Highlight some ways in which maintenances organisation are staffed Identify the main aspects to be considered in report writing  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 5 ⚫The Business Concept in Maintenance Some of the ways in which the maintenance business influences ROA (=profit / asset valuation) can be appreciated by looking at various components that are linked to profitability but also strongly dependant on maintenance. Increased Profitability Increased Capacity while asset cost is fixed Decreased Expense Energy costs An increase An increase Maintenance Maintenance associated Maintenance in asset in asset materials contracting with labour cost availability efficiency cost costs maintenance approaches Adapted / Modified from Figure 1-3. Wiremann, T. (2008). Maintenance work management processes. New-York: Industrial Press, Inc. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 6 ⚫The Business Concept in Maintenance In developing the concept of treating the maintenance and reliability organisation as a business, a number of major steps (phases) exist. These are summarised below and some of them will be explored in more detail. Developing an Evaluating the Developing the business organisation to execute performance the business plan Mission or vision statements Geographical as well as Identifying how the An example of a poor (reactive) reporting structure maintenance and reliability mission statement: “Fix it fast business is linked to the when it breaks” (pg 5) Responsibilities and roles wider corporate objectives An example of a deeper mission (for example, through statement: “Maintain the profitability) Staffing levels capabilities of the company’s assets to perform their designed function so the company maximises its return on investment in the assets” (pg 5) Return on Assets (ROA)=(profit / asset valuation) Adapted / Modified from Figure 1-2. Wiremann, T. (2008). Maintenance work management processes. New-York: Industrial Press, Inc. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 Quiz Slide 7 ⚫ In your opinion, the following statement is reasonable for a maintenance department? o Yes o No “ Over the next 12 months, I’d like a 30% reduction in equipment failures to support the company’s mission of increasing throughput without increasing cost. Each piece of equipment will receive appropriate preventive maintenance as outlined in the operations manual. Each maintenance technician will be assigned 11 pieces of equipment to inspect and maintain. We will track the number and duration of failures over the next 12 months to understand the effects of our work. ” Source: www.gofmx.com/blog/maintenance-goals/ Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 Developing the business  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 9 ⚫The Business Concept: Goals & Objectives of the Organisation In developing the business concept of maintenance organisations, its goals and objectives ultimately influence (i) how it will look, (ii) the way in which it will operate and (iii) what form its structure will take. These together help reinforce the stated mission or vision statement. Typical goals and objectives of a maintenance organisation include: Developing the business 1. Maximising production capability and operational throughput This involves operating production capacity (systems) at … Lowest cost Highest quality of production Best safety standards To attain this, a number of factors need to be considered: The need to adequately maintain current infrastructure (equipment, facilities) The necessity of performing inspections and servicing as part of PM or PDM maintenance programs. These affect availability of equipment through reductions in unexpected downtime (machine shut-downs). Following up equipment installations or alterations where maintenance responsibilities will follow once equipment returns to its operational state. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 10 ⚫TheBusiness Concept: Goals & Objectives of the Organisation Continued … goals and objectives of a maintenance organisation include: 2. Identifying and implementing cost reductions Achieving cost reductions is one of the basic goals of a maintenance Developing the business organisation. This can be done through Maximising time for production runs before a maintenance action is needed. Downtime can be more costly compared to the maintenance operations needed to actually bring a machine/system back into operation. Changes in tooling, repair and servicing methods and other planning aspects. These affect not only tooling costs but also labour and material costs. The steps for achieving such cost reductions should be well studied before implementation. This will also facilitate gaining management support for these actions. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 11 ⚫TheBusiness Concept: Goals & Objectives of the Organisation Continued … goals and objectives of a maintenance organisation include: 3. Obtaining accurate records for equipment maintenance This facilitates being able to accurately track equipment failure data (e.g., obtaining Mean Time Between Failure, Mean Time To Repair). Collecting information such as repair durations, the time between two successive Developing the business maintenance operations becomes more complicated in larges organisations. The use of Computerised Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS) becomes more necessary in this case. Bigger organisations The significant role of work orders in the process becomes apparent here. Data extracted from these work orders can then be collated into reports. Data collection is important even in corrective maintenance operations. This can help identify emerging failure trends which can be linked to either changes in operational conditions or maybe machine/equipment quality. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 12 ⚫TheBusiness Concept: Goals & Objectives of the Organisation Continued … goals and objectives of a maintenance organisation include: 4. Collecting information on maintenance costs (and their breakdown) Identifying the cost associated with the entire life cycle of a product is facilitated through tracking of maintenance costs. Some equipment is cheaper to buy initially but then requires more costly Developing the business maintenance operations and causes more lengthy downtime whenever it is maintained. Compare this to other (like) equipment that may cost a little more to but be cheaper to maintain. Without the provision of accurate maintenance (cost) information, the comparison would not be possible. Can also helps in the decision making process for the purchase of new infrastructure. Availability of accurate maintenance costs helps in the process of setting next years maintenance department budget. To allow better interpretation of cost information, the data should not only show overall costs but also the broken down analyses. This helps also identify future labour needs based on high demand skill-sets. Data needed includes: Hours spent on job Hourly rate applied for job Crafts (technical skills) used for job Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 13 ⚫TheBusiness Concept: Goals & Objectives of the Organisation Continued … goals and objectives of a maintenance organisation include: 5. Optimising the use of maintenance resources Effectively planning and scheduling maintenance operations helps reduce wastage of resources (physical, human, or time resources). Reduction of waste can imply less need for out-sourcing (contracting) of Developing the business maintenance work through better utilized internal resources. Lower spare parts inventory levels as a consequence of efficiently executed maintenance processes. Less wastage through items reaching the end of their shelf-life (parts, consumables). 6. Optimising the lifetime of equipment (capital) Well maintained equipment can outlive other poorly maintained equipment. This allows the lifetime for this capital to be maximised. Suitably sized preventive maintenance activities (without being excessive) can contribute here. Review of maintenance activities with the aim of prolonging the equipment lifetime. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 14 ⚫TheBusiness Concept: Goals & Objectives of the Organisation Continued … goals and objectives of a maintenance organisation include: 7. Lowering energy usage Continued monitoring of energy usage levels in a plant may help guide maintenance programmes. Many items of plant equipment will require more power to operate if poorly Developing the business maintained. Examples include heat exchangers (that develop blockages or fouling in tubes), air conditioning or heating systems (that require changes to filters) and bearings (that experience high frictional losses due to poor lubrication or damage). Preventive and predictive maintenance operations may help keep machinery in better condition. This in turn can lower energy usage. 8. Complying with health, safety and environmental guidelines Maintenance departments have a responsibility with regard to compliance to environmental, health and safety aspects related to their work. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 Quiz Slide 15 ⚫ Which of the following item(s) is correct? o Goals and objectives of the maintenance department influence what form its structure will take. oGoals and objectives of the maintenance department influence how it will look. oGoals and objectives of the maintenance department influence the way in which it will operate. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 17 ⚫The Business Concept in Maintenance In developing the concept of treating the maintenance and reliability organisation as a business, a number of major steps (phases) exist. These are summarised below and some of them will be explored in more detail. Developing an Evaluating the Developing the business organisation to execute performance the business plan Mission or vision statements Geographical as well as Identifying how the An example of a poor (reactive) reporting structure maintenance and reliability mission statement: “Fix it fast business is linked to the when it breaks” (pg 5) Responsibilities and roles wider corporate objectives An example of a deeper mission (for example, through statement: “Maintain the profitability) Staffing levels capabilities of the company’s assets to perform their designed function so the company maximises its return on investment in the assets” (pg 5) Return on Assets (ROA)=(profit / asset valuation) Adapted / Modified from Figure 1-2. Wiremann, T. (2008). Maintenance work management processes. New-York: Industrial Press, Inc. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  Slide 18 Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 19 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Once goals and objectives of the maintenance organisation are identified, it is then necessary to design and build the geographical and reporting structures. Geographical structures express how the human and physical resources allocated to the maintenance organisation will be located … i.e., where? Geographical structures can be broken down into three basic types. Each of these will have different merits and weaknesses. The major types are: Centralised organisation Area based organisation Combination organisation Reporting structures describe how major channels of communication work within the maintenance organisation. Reporting structures affect how different members of the organisation relate to each other. The major types are: Production centred Engineering centred Maintenance centred Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 20 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Centralised geographical structures have the following attributes: Maintenance personnel are based at one central location Centralised despatching of maintenance crews to any plant location. More (time) utilisation of personnel through being ready for deployment to any plant location/area. In larger plants, arrival at plant locations to undertake maintenance work and the subsequent return to ‘base’ is more time consuming. More suited for smaller facilities. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 21 ⚫TheBusiness Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Area based geographical structures possess attributes such as: Personnel focus on a specific plant facility. More timely response to maintenance needs through proximity and task specialisation. When maintenance work is not needed, idle time can result in that plant area. This may happen at the same time as maintenance is required in other plant areas. May allow maintenance personnel to develop a culture of ownership for the operational readiness (in area). Continued availability of maintenance crews in a plant area (at the same time as equipment operators) may result in better communication between all. This leads to improved communication of equipment needs and operational characteristics. More suited for mid-seized facilities. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 22 ⚫TheBusiness Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Combination geographical structures have attributes which include: Essentially a combination of the previous two structures. Part of the maintenance personnel are attached to a specific plant area whereas others are retained in a centralised location. Area based maintenance personnel can perform tasks such as routine maintenance activities. This also allows them to form strong links with equipment operators and a sense of ownership for plant infrastructure. Centrally based maintenance personnel provide additional work support during plant shut-downs or where major maintenance work is needed. More suited for larger facilities. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 23 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Reporting structures may vary but for simplicity Plant Manager can been broken-down into three main types. It is important for the structure adopted to give maintenance operations a focus and strengthen the technical nature of its Production Engineering activities. This cannot be (best) served with it Manager Manager reporting to other plant departments (production or engineering). Production (or operations) centred reporting Maintenance Manager structures are designed by production (operations) managers. Attributes include: Where production managers lack sufficient Supervisors Planners knowledge of the technical aspects of maintenance skills deficiencies may arise leading to more downtime. Where the system is inefficient, the maintenance Technicians Clerks programmes move closer to corrective (break- down) operations. Adapted / Modified from Figure 1-6. Wiremann, T. (2008). Maintenance work management processes. New-York: Industrial Press, Inc. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 24 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Engineering centred reporting structures Plant Manager have the maintenance manager reporting directly to the engineering manager. Attributes include: Maintenance falls under one big plant Production Engineering engineering umbrella (with construction Manager Manager engineering and project engineering). Problems may arise because of the project type nature of engineering managers (projects need Maintenance to be started, executed and finished on time). Manager This may lead to occasions where maintenance personnel are diverted to completing other projects. Supervisors Planners Most projects by engineering involve new equipment (not used equipment to be maintained). This can lead to an inclination developing where maintenance crew replace Technicians Clerks (with new) rather than maintain /repair items (increased inventory and purchase). Adapted / Modified from Figure 1-7. Wiremann, T. (2008). Maintenance work management processes. New-York: Industrial Press, Inc. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 25 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Maintenance centred reporting Plant Manager structures have attributes which include: Maintenance managers having the same (reporting) level as other Maintenance Production Engineering managers (production / Manager Manager Manager operations, engineering). Maintenance being given the same voice as other departments in the plant with no resources being readily diverted to engineering or production operations. Supervisors Planners In bigger plants, supervisors may also be layered (have a hierarchy or reporting to the maintenance manager). Technicians Clerks Can facilitate maintenance organisations starting-up in plants. Adapted / Modified from Figure 1-7. Wiremann, T. (2008). Maintenance work management processes. New-York: Industrial Press, Inc. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 Quiz Slide 26 ⚫ Which of the following item(s) is correct? o In centralised geographical structure, arrival at large plant locations to undertake maintenance work is time consuming. o Area based geographical structure is recommended for the large plants. o In engineering centred reporting structure, the project may be led to increased inventory and purchase. o In operation centred reporting structure, more downtime may be experienced. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 Roles and Responsibilities in a Maintenance Organisation  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 28 ⚫TheBusiness Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Maintenance Personnel Roles and Responsibilities Defining roles and assigning responsibilities is another important element of the second step of building the business concept of a maintenance organisation. Roles and responsibilities can vary and change fundamentally (or in title only) as the maintenance organisation matures or develops. A general listing of role levels is given below. This will be followed with a listing of tasks that can fall under each of these. Additional explanations for each task are given by Wiremann (2008). Maintenance Manager Maintenance Engineers Maintenance Planners Maintenance Supervisors, Foreman or Coaches Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 29 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Maintenance supervisors, foremen or coaches primarily manage crew work (crafts). A listing of tasks commonly associated with these supervisors are (quoted from Wiremann, 2008, pg 22-25): 1. Directs the maintenance work force and provides on-site expertise 2. Ensures that work is accomplished in a safe and efficient manner 3. Reviews work planning and scheduling with the planner 4. Ensures quality of work 5. Ensure equipment availability is adequate to meet the profit plan 6. Works with plant or production supervision to ensure first-line maintenance is being performed by operators 7. Verifies the qualifications of hourly personnel and recommends training as needed 8. Enforces environmental regulations 9. Focuses downward and is highly visible in the field 10. Champions proactive maintenance vs. reactive maintenance 11. Administers the union collective bargaining agreement 12. Monitors the CMMS 13. Implements preventive and predictive maintenance programs Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 30 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Maintenance planners typically provide logistical support for the maintenance supervisors so as to allow their activities to be efficiently carried out and for the maintenance processes to be effective. Tasks associated with this role are (quoted from Wiremann, 2008, pg 25-27): 1. Plan, schedule, and coordinate corrective and preventive maintenance activities 2. Develop a weekly schedule and assist the maintenance first-line maintenance foremen or supervisors in determining job priorities 3. Ensure that the CMMS software data files are complete and current 4. May assist with stores and purchasing functions 5. Identifies, analyses, and reviews equipment maintenance problems with maintenance engineering 6. Assist in educating operations of facilities personnel in maintenance management Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 31 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan In addition to on-the-ground execution of maintenance activities (by supervisors) and the planning of these (by planners), these activities now need to be managed in a manner that maximises (existing) asset utilisation. This role is carried out by maintenance engineers. These personnel differ to project engineers who are more concerned with managing new purchases or constructions. A listing of tasks associated with maintenance engineers is give (quoted from Wiremann, 2008, pg 28-31): 1. Ensure that equipment is properly designed, selected, and installed based on a life-cycle philosophy 2. Ensure that equipment is performing effectively and efficiently 3. Establish and monitor programs for critical equipment analysis and condition monitoring techniques 4. Review deficiencies noted during corrective maintenance 5. Provides technical guidance for CMMS 6. Maintain and advise on the use and disposition of stock items, surplus items, and rental equipment 7. Promote equipment standardization … continued Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 32 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan Continued … the tasks associated with maintenance engineers (quoted from Wiremann, 2008, pg 28-31): 8. Consult with maintenance technicians on technical problems 9. Monitor new tools and technology 10. Monitor shop qualifications and quality standards for outside contractors 11. Develop standards for major maintenance overhauls and outages 12. Make cost-benefit reviews of maintenance programs 13. Provide technical guidance for the preventive and predictive maintenance programs 14. Monitor the competition’s activities in maintenance management 15. Serve as the focal point for monitoring performance indicators for maintenance management 16. Optimise maintenance strategies 17. Responsible for analysing equipment operating data Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 33 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan The last role to be described is that of maintenance managers. … (quoted from Wiremann, 2008, pg 28- 31): 1. Responsible for the entire maintenance function, including the planning, supervising, and engineering staffs 2. Coordinate closely with counterparts in other in-house organizations 3. Promote proper understanding of the maintenance function to other organizations 4. Insure that all supervisors, planners, technicians, and maintenance engineers are properly educated and trained 5. Take responsibility for planning, cost control, union activities, vacation planning etc 6. Has responsibility for delegating assignments to the appropriate personnel Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 Staffing the Maintenance Organisation  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 35 ⚫The Business Concept: Structures Developing an organisation to execute the business plan If roles, responsibilities and reporting structures are in place, it also becomes necessary to consider how the human resources for the maintenance organisation will be satisfied (sourced). Four approaches to staffing maintenance typically exist. Staff provided (completely) in-house Staff are employed by the same company operating the plant/facility. The same company handles staff benefits and salaries Staff provided (through a combination of) in-house and contracted Contracted staff perform some of the work associated with specific skill sets Where contracted staff operate only part-time, this can save money Contracted technical (maintenance) staff (outsourced) In-house supervisors oversee the work of externally (contracted) technical staff When contracted staff have the appropriate skills, this approach can reduce the need to develop in-house training for technical skills Completely contracted maintenance operations Includes all crafts, planning and supervision duties. These personnel are ultimately overseen by the plant manager. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 Documentation and Report Writing  Documentation and Report Writing Slide 37 ⚫Report Writing - Documentation Report writing is an intrinsic part of many technical and non-technical operations where information needs to be communicated. The form (e.g., draft or final, electronic or printed) and size of a report may vary but some basic guidelines to good report writing can be identified. Ward (1993) also describes report writing as an effective tool for self- assessment. This happens when pre-defined goals are compared to actual achievements during the reporting process. Five aspects that need to be considered in report writing are: The aims of the report The contents of the report Collation of the contents Structure Language Ward, J. (1993). Report writing. In Australian community development: ideas, skills and values for the 90’s. Windsor, Victoria: Community Quarterly Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 38 ⚫The Business Concept in Maintenance In developing the concept of treating the maintenance and reliability organisation as a business, a number of major steps (phases) exist. These are summarised below and some of them will be explored in more detail. Developing an Evaluating the Developing the business organisation to execute performance the business plan Mission or vision statements Geographical as well as Identifying how the An example of a poor (reactive) reporting structure maintenance and reliability mission statement: “Fix it fast business is linked to the when it breaks” (pg 5) Responsibilities and roles wider corporate objectives An example of a deeper mission (for example, through statement: “Maintain the profitability) Staffing levels capabilities of the company’s assets to perform their designed function so the company maximises its return on investment in the assets” (pg 5) Return on Assets (ROA)=(profit / asset valuation) Adapted / Modified from Figure 1-2. Wiremann, T. (2008). Maintenance work management processes. New-York: Industrial Press, Inc. Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  Slide 39 Evaluating the Performance Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 40 ⚫The Business Concept in Maintenance Maintenance can be thought of as a business. It can significantly influence the profit making ability of an entire company. As such, a business control system needs to exist. Evaluating the Performance The business control system allows the maintenance (and reliability) department to be managed in a cost-effective and profit making manner. So, how do we establish such a business control system. Wiremann (2008, pg2) highlights the components/steps needed: “Establish goals, objectives, policies and procedures” What is the vision or mission statement for the maintenance department? Why does this department need to exist? “Establish permissible variance from the guidelines” What are the Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) that will keep the maintenance department focussed on its goals? Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 The Maintenance Organisation Slide 41 Evaluating the Performance For measuring the effectiveness of the maintenance department performance, which maintenance KPIs are used? And how? Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 42 ⚫The Business Concept in Maintenance “Measure the performance and compare to the guidelines” How do the outcomes compare to the KPI’s which the maintenance department is trying to focus on? Has a performance management system been established? Evaluating the Performance “Compare the evaluation to the permissible variance” Is the (maintenance) business successful enough to have its KPI’s within acceptable limits? “Identify exceptions to tolerance” Which KPI’s are not within the target goals? “Determine the cause for the exception” What are the probable causes for not meeting any performance targets? Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018  The Maintenance Organisation Slide 43 ⚫The Business Concept in Maintenance “Determine the corrective action” How can the KPI’s be returned to acceptable levels (if they have not been met)? “Plan the implementation of the corrective action” Evaluating the Performance If we have identified the (corrective) actions needed to return performance to acceptable levels, are all other maintenance technicians, members of the maintenance department or others affected by this action aware of it? Have we identified how it will be implemented? “Schedule the implementation of the corrective action” Have timelines been identified for the corrective actions? “Implement the corrective action” Apply the actions needed “Evaluate the results of the corrective action and modify as required” Continually monitor KPI’s, periodically evaluate and adjust actions when needed Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018 Component Life Time Slide 44 Thank you Principles of Industrial Maintenance Edith Cowan University 2018