MAIN-TOPIC-2-RIZALS-CULTURAL-ROOTS.pdf

Rizal's Cultural Roots  AGENDA The Ascendance Chinese History in Rizal's Family, History of Friar of the Chinese the Philippines Childhood, Lands Mestizos Education and Influences ...

Rizal's Cultural Roots  AGENDA The Ascendance Chinese History in Rizal's Family, History of Friar of the Chinese the Philippines Childhood, Lands Mestizos Education and Influences  The Ascendance of the Chinese Mestizos - Rizal's Cultural Roots - Ascendance of Chinese Mestizo Binondo (1594) Established by Luis Perez Dasmarinas. It is a permanent residence for Chinese Mestizos. Trades flows freely Intermarriages between chinese immigrants and Filipino natives  Chinese Mestizo - Individuals in Ascendance of the Philippines who have mixed Chinese and Filipino Ancestry. Chinese Mestizo Chinese Mestizos experienced changes in Social and Political A person born of a Chinese father status. and an Indio Mother Discrimination and A Spanish Mestiza and a Chinese restrictions Mestizo The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 A Chinese Mestiza and an Indio were Limitation in immigration and listed as Indio. economic activities.  Chinese mestizos held economic Ascendance of power and in trade and commerce. Chinese Mestizo Influenced retail industry, agriculture, and finance industry. Carried trade by collecting Principalia - The distinct social group goods from the north and selling of Chinese Mestizos consisting of the them in Manila local elite, including both Spanish Monopolized local trading in the and Chinese Mestizos. Philippines. The entrepreneurial power of During 1800s, Chinese Mestizos Chinese Mestizos gave way to the began forming opinions about emergence of the Philippine middle Spanish colonization.Chinesse class as “more active and Mestizos and Indios identify enterprising, more prudent and themselves with each other in social pioneering, more oriented to trade and cultural aspects. The writings of and commerce than the Indios” Pedro Paterno and Gregorio (Bowring, 1963) Sanciano in the late 1870s were nurtured by Jose Rizal. Chinese Mestizos played a significant role in Philippine society in terms of Rizal is a 5th Generation Chinese the formation of the filipino identity Mestizo. He and His father Francisco of Filipinos. Mercado were considered Indio.  Chinese History in the Philippines - Rizal's Cultural Roots - During the Spanish Colonial period in the Philippines, Chinese immigrants became prominent in society. They settled in Binondo, Manila, engaged in business, and intermarried with Filipinos, creating Chinese mestizos. Despite fears of their loyalty, the Spanish recognized their economic importance. The population was categorized into Spaniards, Indios, and Chinese until 1740 when Chinese mestizos were officially recognized. Taxes were imposed on all but Spaniards and Spanish mestizos. Restrictions were placed on Chinese settlement, but their population grew, reaching around 500,000 by the late 19th century. A Chinese mestizo THEN was: Any person born of a Chinese father and Indio mother A Spanish mestiza who married a Chinese mestizo A child of a Spanish mestiza and Chinese mestizo However, A Chinese mestiza and an Indio were lister as Indios. Significance of the Chinese Mestizo Chinese mestizos in the Philippines rose to prominence during the Spanish colonial period. Expelled Chinese immigrants allowed them to monopolize internal trading, becoming influential figures in industry and commerce. They also played a significant role in shaping Filipino identity, which concerned the Spanish rulers. The Chinese mestizos' middle-class status fueled opposition to colonial abuses and demand for social reforms. They actively participated in the armed revolt against Spanish colonizers during the Philippine Revolution, aligning with the Indios to establish a sovereign nation. Chinese History in the Philippines Rizal and the Chinese Mestizos Rizal, a fifth-generation Chinese mestizo, was considered an Indio and disliked any association with his Chinese heritage. In his novels, he exposed Spanish abuses, criticized the friars, and depicted a revolution. Interestingly, his writings also showed disdain for Chinese immigrants. Rizal's nationalism and dedication to the Filipino, regardless of his lineage, didn’t make him less of a hero. Rizal's Family, Childhood, Education and Influences - Rizal's Cultural Roots - Father of Rizal Mother of Rizal Ancestry Clan Jose Rizal had Chinese ancestors from his father’s side, Domingo Lam-Co who married a Chinese mestiza, Ines de la Rosa. He also had Japanese, Spanish, and Malay blood. Don Francisco Mercado Y Chinco (1818-1898) was the son of Captain Juan Mercado and Cirila Alejandra. Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest of 13 offspring. On April 18, 1818, he was born in Bian, Laguna; he attended San Jose College in Manila; and he died in Manila. Mrs. Teodora Alonso (1827-1913) Jose Rizal's mother, who was the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos. She attended Colegio de Santa Rosa. She was a businesswoman who was kind, devout, hardworking, and well-read. She was born on November 14, 1827 in Santa Cruz, Manila, and died in Manila in 1913. Saturnina Mercado Rizal (1850-1913) The Rizal-Alonzo marriage's eldest child. Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of. Tanauan, Batangas. Paciano Mercado Rizal (1851-1930) Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child. Studied at San Jose College in Manila; became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine Revolution. Narcisa Mercado Rizal (1852-1939) The third child, married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician. Olympia Mercado Rizal (1855-1887) The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo; died in 1887 from childbirth Lucia Mercado Rizal (1857-1919) The fifth child. Married Matriano Herbosa. Maria Mercado Rizal (1859-1945) The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan, Laguna. Jose Rizal (1861-1896) The second son and the seventh child. He was executed by the Spaniards on December 30, 1896. Concepcion Mercado Rizal (1862-1865) The eight child. Died at the age of three. Josefa Mercado Rizal (1865-1945) The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster. Trinidad Mercado Rizal (1868-1951) The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the family to die. Soledad Mercado Rizal (1870-1929) The youngest child married Pantaleon Quintero. Childhood Jose Rizal was not a physically blessed or strong boy. He was a religious boy. He loved to go to church to pray, take part in novenas, and join religious processions. Father Leoncio Lopez, the town priest, inspires him and one of the men he respected in Calamba during his boyhood. Three brothers of his mother had much influence on Rizal’s childhood. His regular lessons of education were taken care of by the youngest uncle, Jose. Despite being a weakling, he developed his physique until he had a body of silk and steel with the help of his huge uncle Manuel. Uncle Gregorio introduced in his mind that it was not easy to get something until you put effort into it. There was also a time when Rizal was able to draw a bird flying nearby without lifting the pencil he was using from the paper till the picture he drew was finished. He can also draw a running horse and a chasing dog. Clay and wax were the favorite play materials of Rizal. He used these materials in forming modeled birds and butterflies. This animal molding activity also started his study of nature. Jose Rizal also owned a pony and used it to have long rides into the surrounding country which was rich in scenery. He also took long walks together with his big black dog named Usman. Rizal and his father left for Calamba to go on a pilgrimage in Antipolo, then went to Manila after. Even in his childhood, Rizal already knew how to respect the rights of others and requested his elders to reason with him rather than get mad at him for small offenses. He became a welcome companion for adults even at his young age since he respected their moods and was never a hindrance to their activities. Education Then his parents decided to send their son to a private school in Binan. His first teacher was his mother, When he was 11, Rizal entered the Teodora Alonso Ateneo Municipal de Manila. His mother seen that he has a talent for He opted to study ophthalmology at poetry the UST Faculty of Medicine and He also spent much of this time in a Surgery as his mother was going blind. church nearby his house just watching Rizal traveled to Europe to earn a or observing the people coming in Licentiate in Medicine at the and out. Universidad Central de Madrid. He Years later, he was taught Spanish and also took courses in philosophy and Latin by private tutors. literature. Influences He grew up surrounded by influences that have contributed to the development of his nationalist sensibilities. His greatest influence was his mother, Teodora. He adapted such teachings from his mother, being religious, high sense of self-sacrifice, and love for the arts. His love for freedom and justice was influenced by his older brother Paciano while his sisters taught him to be respectful and kind to women. Part of his extended family played a great role in his character development where his uncles taught him about valuable lessons in life. He got his love for books and his being hardworking from his uncle Gregorio. His Uncle Jose encouraged him to develop his skills in painting, sketching, and sculpting. An equally important influence on the character of Rizal was the environment he grew up in. As mentioned, he spent his childhood in Calamba, in a family that nurtured his mind and soul. History of Friar Lands - Rizal's Cultural Roots -  History of Friar Lands The existence of the friar lands started when the Spaniards set foot in the Philippines or what we call the Spanish Conquistadors. The Spanish Conquistadors were awarded lands for their loyalty to the Spanish crown called Hacienda. Approximately 120 Spaniards were granted either large tracts of land called sitio de ganado mayor or smaller tracts called caballerias  History of Friar Lands Spanish Hacienderos did not succeed Reasons: 1. When the Spanish population grew and penetrated the Philippines 2. because the sale of the product in this hacienda has remained low since the Spanish colonial period 3. Galleon Trade which it offers in Manila and the Spaniards are obsessed to go to Manila to take product and sell  History of Friar Lands When the export of agricultural crops started to blossom in the 18th century, the inquilinato system was put into place. In this system, one who rented land for a fixed annual amount, an inquilino was expected to give personal services to the landlords. If he or she failed to do so, he or she would be expelled from the land The inquilinato system functioned as a three-layered system Hacienda De Calamba Dispute Originally owned by a Spaniard who donated the land to Jesuit friars Went to possession of the Spanish colonial government In 1803, It was sold to Don Clemente de Azande Eventually sold to Dominicans The lands of Hacienda de Calamba were classified into three for the purpose of determining rents and each land has it's own products being produced Hacienda De Calamba Dispute These land were further classified into first class, second class and third class or based on the productivity of the land, the third class being least productive land. However the commodities planted in Hacienda de Calamba are rice and sugar Hacienda De Calamba Dispute Rizal's family became one of the principal inquilinos of the hacienda. They rented one of the largest leased parcel of land measuring approximately 380 hectares. The main crop was sugarcane. The Rizal family got their income mainly from the land they rented. The beginning of the sufferings in the family of Rizal Salamat! Thank you for listening