Main Group Lecture Notes (CSIR NET/GATE, Chemical Sciences) PDF
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CSIR NET/GATE
Hitesh Chugh Sir
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Summary
These lecture notes cover inorganic chemistry, specifically main group elements, for the CSIR NET/GATE exam. The lecture provides an overview of topics such as the inert pair effect, different types of oxoacids, their naming, and relevant chemical reactions. These notes present lecture materials useful for chemical sciences postgraduate learners.
Full Transcript
# FOR CSIR NET/GATE EXAM ## SHODH 2.0 ### CHEMICAL SCIENCES - Subject Name-Inorganic Chemistry - Chapter Name-Main Group - Lecture No.-01 By- Hitesh Chugh Sir ## Recap of Previous Lecture Topic: No Recap ## Topics to be Covered Topic: Introduction Topic: Inert Pair Effect ## Topic: Introduction #...
# FOR CSIR NET/GATE EXAM ## SHODH 2.0 ### CHEMICAL SCIENCES - Subject Name-Inorganic Chemistry - Chapter Name-Main Group - Lecture No.-01 By- Hitesh Chugh Sir ## Recap of Previous Lecture Topic: No Recap ## Topics to be Covered Topic: Introduction Topic: Inert Pair Effect ## Topic: Introduction ### Main Group (s-p block) - Concept - Inert Pair Effect - Oxoacide - Back Bonding & Bridge Bonding - Hydrolysis ### Group wise - B family - Boranes - Barazing - BN comp - etc - C family - Silicates - etc - etc., etc., etc. ## Inert Pair Effect ### 13th hr +3 - B (+4) - C - N Al - Si - P (+5) Ga - Ge - As In - Sn - Sb (+5) ### Max 0.5-2 +1 - Tl - +2 - Pb (+3) - BI ### Bu<sub>3</sub>, CCl<sub>4</sub>, NCl<sub>5</sub> - BiCl<sub>5</sub>, BiBr<sub>5</sub>, BiI<sub>5</sub> - Don't have vacant d orbital - Bi is notatable due to inert pair effect ### 4f, 5d, 6s, 6p - Tl - 4f<sup>14</sup>, 5d<sup>10</sup>, 6s<sup>2</sup>, 6p<sup>1</sup> - Pb - 4f<sup>14</sup>, 5d<sup>10</sup>, 6s<sup>2</sup>, 6p<sup>2</sup> - Bi - 4f<sup>14</sup>, 5d<sup>10</sup>, 6s<sup>2</sup>, 6p<sup>3</sup> - 6s<sup>2</sup> electrons are strongly attracted by the nucleus, so it will not participate in bonding ## Stability: - Tl<sup>+3</sup> < Tl<sup>+1</sup> - Pb<sup>+4</sup> < Pb<sup>+2</sup> - Bi<sup>+5</sup> < Bi<sup>+3</sup> ## Maximum 2 (OS) = Stable - B - C - N - - Al - Si - P - Ga - Ge - As - In - Sn - Sb - Tl - Pb - Bi ## Stability 1&2 (OS) - CO - SiO - GeO - SnO - PbO - Pb<sup>+</sup> - +4 : PbO<sub>2</sub> > PbO - PbF<sub>2</sub> > PbF<sub>4</sub> ## Stability: - As<sup>+5</sup> > Sb<sup>+5</sup> > Bi<sup>+5</sup> - As<sup>+3</sup> < Sb<sup>+3</sup> < Bi<sup>+3</sup> - Ga<sup>+4</sup> < In<sup>+4</sup> < Tl<sup>+1</sup> ## Stability: - CF<sub>2</sub> > SiF<sub>2</sub> > GeF<sub>2</sub> - l.p - Vacant porbitals - 2nd period - 2nd-2nd B.B (backbonding present) - Uper-2nd - Less B.B ## Reducing agent / Oxidizing agent: - Pb<sup>+4</sup> - Pb<sup>+2</sup> - It's undergoing reduction - It will oxidize others, therefore it is an oxidizing agent ## Better Reducing agent: - In<sup>+1</sup> - In<sup>+3</sup> - It will reduce others - Tl<sup>+1</sup> - Tl<sup>+3</sup> (X) ## Oxoacide: - -OH attached to oxygen and oxygen attached to a metal of less EN - P-O-H | S-O-H - X-O-H - X = P, S, N, U etc. ### Naming - Maximum OS - B - +3 - C - +4 - N - +5 - O - +6 - F - +7 - Ne - +8 - Valency ed ### If in oxoacid CA is present in Maximum OS - Then we "ic acid" - H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> : x - 8 + 2 = (+6) - S is in Max OS -> Sulphuric acid - H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> : x - 8 + 3 = +5 - P is in Max OS -> Phosphoric acid - HNO<sub>3</sub> : x - 6 + 1 = +5 - N is in Max OS -> Nitric acid - H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> : x - 6 + 2 = +4 - C is in Max OS -> Carbonic acid - H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub> : x + 3 - B is in Max OS -> Boric acid ## Imp - H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> - Sulphuric acid - Max OS - ic acid - (Max 0.5 - 2) - ous acid - (Max 0.5 - 4) - hypo - ous acid - +O - per -ic acid - H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> - Sulphurous acid - H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>2</sub> - Hyposulphurous acid - H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> - Pyro-ic acid - H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> - Meta-ic acid - H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> - Persulphuric acid ## Removal of H<sub>2</sub>O ### Direct method: - +6 : H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> - H<sub>2</sub>O - SO<sub>3</sub> - Anhydride - +5 : H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> - H<sub>2</sub>O - HPO<sub>3</sub> - Mita phosphoric acid - If Hlyt - Mita -ic acid - If no Hlyt - Anhydride ### Pyrolycic: - H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> - H<sub>2</sub>O - It will be in ic acid/ous acid - Here 2 molecules of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> combine and then H<sub>2</sub>O remove. - H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> - H<sub>2</sub>O - H<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> - Pyro phosphoric acid ## ic + ic - H<sub>2</sub>O - If Hlyt - Pyro -ic acid - If no Hlyt - Anhydride ## ous + ous - H<sub>2</sub>O - If Hlyt - Pyro-ous acid - If no Hlyt - Anhydride ## Pyrolycic: - H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> - H<sub>2</sub>O - H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> - ic - ic - Pyro sulphuric acid (Oleum) - +H<sub>2</sub>O - H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> - Per-opo sulphuric acid (Marshall acid) ## 2 mins Summary - Inert Pair Effect - Oko-acid ## Thank You!
