Maharashtra-Board-Class-4-Environmental-Studies-Textbook-Part-2.pdf

Eng- pari. 4th, Eng- Khelu, Karu Std. 1st to 3rd Education Department’s Sanction Number : Pra Shi Sa / 2014 -15 / 2102 / Manjuri / D - 505 / 755 Dated 4.2.2014 SHIVACHHATRAPATI (ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - PART TWO) STANDARD FOUR Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Produ...

Eng- Education Department’s Pra Shi Sa / 2014 -15 / 2102 SHIVACHHATRAPATI (ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - PART TWO) STANDARD FOUR Maharashtra State Bureau of and Curriculum Research, Pune. First Edition : 2014 © Maharashtra Revised Edition : The reserves September 2016 reproduced Reprint : September 2021 Bureau History Subject Committee : Dr A. H. Salunkhe, Chairman Dr Somnath Rode, Member Dr Neeraj Salunkhe, Member Shri Bapusaheb Shinde, Member Shri Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Co-ordination : Shri. Mogal Jadhav Special Officer, History and Civics Illustrations : Prof. Dilip Kadam, Shri. Devdatta Balkawade, Shri. Sanjay Shelar Photographs : Shri. Pravin Bhonsale Cartographers : Shri Ravikiran Jadhav Dr Neeraj Salunkhe Translation : Prof. Pratap P. Shirole Scrutiny : Dr Ganesh Raut Co-ordination : Dhanavanti Hardikar Academic Secretary for Languages Santosh Pawar Assistant Special Officer, English Production : Sachchitanand Aphale, Chief Production Officer Prabhakar Parab, Production Officer Shashank Kanikdale, Assistant Production Officer Typesetting : DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune Paper : 70 GSM Creamwove Print Order No. : Printer : Publisher : Shri. Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Sayani Road, Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 25. English Environmental Suggested Pedagogical Processes The learner may be provided opportunities in pairs / groups / individually ask questions and discuss with elders as to why some family together and others are away, relatives, friends etc. and at far off places, about the life in their place of residence. frame the questions on the basis of experience and reflect it without any fear or hesitation. discuss with the grandparents/elders in the neighbourhood and compare the life style of past daily used items e.g. (clothes, work, skills, games); inclusion of children with special skills, needs. role play based on events in Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's life. find how to overcome problems with the help of courage, hard work and presence of mind through group discussion. develop an awareness regarding the conservation of environment, equality and justice with the in the life of Chhatrapati participate in different cultural/national/ environmental festivals/occasions organised in/at home/school/community, for example, morning or special assembly/ Diwali, Onam, Earth Day, Eid writing in events of celebrations, dance, drama, theatre, etc. (for example, diya/rangoli/kite making/ models of buildings/bridges etc. and sharing experiences through stories, poems, slogans, reports the events narration/creative writing (poem/story) or any explore/read books, newspaper audio, stories / poems / pictures /raised material/web resources/ library and any other resources besides textbooks. understanding the difference traditional and modern costumes. collecting information reagarding dialects, festivals and celebrations CONTENTS Sr.No. Name of the Lesson 1. Maharashtra before Shivaji 2. Work of the Saints 3. Maratha Sardars - The Famous House of the Bhonsales 4. Shivaji’s Childhood 5. Shivaji’s Education 6. The Oath of Swaraj 7. Swaraj : First Conquest 8. Defeat of Internal Enemies 9. Pratapgad makes History. 10. Baji Prabhu and the Memorable 11. The Discomfiture of Shaistakhan 12. The Siege of Purandar and the Treaty with the Moghul Emperor 13. Shivaji gives the slip to the Emperor. 14. The Fort is captured but the Lion is dead. 15. A Memorable Ceremony 16. Campaign in the South 17. Management of Forts and the Navy 18. Management of the Welfare State of Swaraj “Shivaji did not belong alone; he belonged to the whole Shivaji was not an ambitious anxious to establish a kingdom but a patriot inspired by a vision and political ideas derived from the of the ancient philosophers. He studied the merits and faults of the systems of administration in kingdoms existing time and determined his own policies administration in the light of A devout Hindu, he was tolerant other religions and established of endowments for maintaining sacred places belonging to them. As a general he was undoubtedly one of the Indian history ; he saw the need raised a navy to guard his coastline to fight against the British and Pratapgad Fort built in 1656 stands as a monument to his military genius. Shri Shivaji is a symbol of many virtues, more especially of love - JAWAHARLAL NEHRU A Painting of Shivaji Maharaj (From the 1. Maharashtra Shivaji Maharaj was a great man. We celebrate his birth anniversary with great pomp and reverence. It is a happy day for you children. You sing songs and ‘powadas’ in his honour. You garland his picture and say ‘Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai’. Who was this Shivaji Maharaj ? What was the great work he did that we celebrate his birthday every year ? The time in which Shivaji Maharaj lived was that of the medieval period. In those days, monarchy or the rule of kings prevailed everywhere. Many of the kings pursued their own pleasures and enjoyments instead of the welfare of their subjects. But even in those days, there were some kings who looked after the welfare of their subjects. The Moghul Emperor Akbar in the North and Emperor Krishnadevraya of Vijaynagar in the South are famous in history for their benevolent rule. Likewise, Shivaji Maharaj also commands great respect even today. Shivaji Maharaj established Swaraj in Maharashtra. Swaraj means self- government, our own rule. For about four hundred years before Shivaji Maharaj, Maharashtra was not free. A large portion of it was under the rule of the Nizamshah of Ahmadnagar and the Adilshah of Bijapur. These two Sultans had divided Maharashtra among themselves. They were not liberal in their outlook. They oppressed the people over whom they ruled. They were also sworn enemies of each other. They constantly fought against each other with the result that 1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option. (a) The time in which Shivaji Maharaj lived was that of the.......... period. (ancient, medieval, modern) (b) Shivaji Maharaj established Swaraj in (Maharashtra, Madhya Uttar Pradesh) 2. Match the pairs. ‘A’ ‘B’ (a) Emperor of (1) Vijaynagar (b) Sultan of (2) Adilshah Ahmadnagar (c) Sultan of Bijapur (3) (4) 2. The tradition of Sants that began in Maharashtra with Shri Chakradhar, Sant Namdeo, Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sant Chokha Mela was continued by Sants coming from various strata of society. In this group of Sants are included Sant Goroba, Sant Sawata, Sant Narhari, Sant Eknath, Sant Shaikh Mahammed, Sant Tukaram, Sant Niloba etc. Similarly, Sant Janabai, Sant Soyarabai, Sant Nirmalabai, Sant Muktabai, Sant Kanhopatra and Sant Bahinabai Shiurkar are also included. They taught people various virtues like compassion, non-violence, charity, service, equality and brotherhood. No one is inferior, no one is superior. All are equal. Such was the sentiment that was created by Sants in the minds Similarly, Samarth Ramdas also rendered his work in Maharashtra. Shri Chakradhar Swami ‘Keertans’ (songs and stories based on a religious theme) everywhere and brought about general awakening among the people. He moved all over Maharashtra to spread Bhagwat dharma and taught the people deep devotion to God. He instilled in them the desire to protect their religion. Sant Namdeo later travelled all over India spreading the message of humanity. He travelled to the Punjab and spread the message of equality among the people there. He composed songs in Hindi. Even today, some of his verses are included in ‘Guru Granth Sahib’, the holy book of the Sikhs. His songs are still sung all over Maharashtra with great love and devotion. Sant Dnyaneshwar : Sant Dnyaneshwar’s family belonged to Apegaon. Nivruttinath and Sopandeo were his brothers. Muktabai was his sister. Bigoted men of the time used to look down upon these children because they were the offspring of a ‘Sanyasi’. It happened like this. Their father took ‘Sanyas’ and retired from worldly life. As a Sanyasi, he left home. But later on, obeying the order of his guru, he returned home and started living with his wife. Their four children were born afterwards. The narrow-minded religious leaders did not think it right that a ‘Sanyasi’ should have children. People persecuted these children and banished them from their community. Once Dnyaneshwar went round the town begging for alms. But no one would give him any alms. He had to listen to abusive language instead. Young people the doors of knowledge, where he preached the ideal of brotherhood among all men. At a very early age, at Alandi near Pune, Dnyaneshwar took ‘Samadhi’, that is, put himself in a trance from which he never came out. Even today, on the eleventh day of Ashadh and Kartik, lakhs of pilgrims go to Alandi-Pandhari with devotion. Sant Eknath Sant Eknath : Sant Eknath carried on the work started by Sant Namdeo and Sant Dnyaneshwar. He lived in Paithan. He preached that the way to reach God was through devotion - ‘Bhaktimarg’. He wrote numerous religious songs - ‘Abhangs’, ‘Owees’ and ‘Bharuds’. His advice to the people was not to accept any distinction of high and low. He made friends with the poor and the downtrodden and taught them devotion to God. His love extended Tukaram drowned in the river all the record of loan papers giving relief to many. He would go to the neighbouring hill and sing songs in praise of God Vitthal. On the eleventh day, ‘ekadashi’ of the month of Ashadh and Kartik, he would go to Pandharpur. He wrote devotional songs - ‘Abhangs’ and performed ‘Keertans’. Thousands flocked to listen to him. Shivaji also attended his Keertans. Sant preached to the people about the pity, forgiveness and peace of mind. He also gave them the message of equality. ‘He alone is a saint, and God dwells with him who calls the weak and the downtrodden as his own’. He impressed this truth on the minds of the people. He made them think. People accepted him as a great religious leader and showered their praise on him. Even today, all over Maharashtra, we hear people proclaiming ‘Gyanba - Tukaram’ the names of the two great saints. Sant Dnyaneshwar is called ‘Gyanba’ also. Even today, ‘Tukaram Gatha’ is read in every household. Samarth Ramdas : At the same time, the hills and valleys of Maharashtra were filled with the echoes of ‘Jai, Jai Raghuveer Samarth’ (Glory be to the great Rama) an invocation constantly on the lips of the great saint Ramdas. Ramdas was born at Jamb on the banks of the Godavari in Marathwada. His birthday falls on Ram- Navami, the day on which the great Rama, was born. Narayan was his real name but he preferred to call himself Ramdas, the servant of Rama. Through his great book ‘Dasbodh’ he taught men the ways of good life. Through his ‘Manache Shlok’ (stanzas addressed to 1. Fill in the blanks : (a) Sant Namdeo was a great devotee of........... (b) At a very early age, at.......... near Pune, Dnyaneshwar took ‘Samadhi’. (c) Sant Tukaram drowned in the river had. (d) To popularise the worship of strength, Samarth Ramdas raised the temples of 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) What discrimination Chakradhar Swami 3. Maratha Sardars - The Famous Period of Unrest : As the saints preached devotion to God, the brave Maratha Sardars started a tradition of bravery. This was a period of great unrest. The two Sultans, the Adilshah and the Nizamshah of Ahmadnagar were constantly at war with each other. They made use of the armies of Maratha Sardars in these wars. The Brave Maratha Sardars : The Marathas were both brave and tough. They were also fearless and loyal to their masters. They were very proud of their achievements on the battlefield. The brave Maratha soldier with a spear in hand and a sword at the side would ride in his Sardar’s cavalry. All the Maratha Sardars had their own private armies. If such a Sardar went to the Sultan with his army, the Sultan gave him employment, made him a Sardar of his kingdom and sometimes conferred a Jagir upon him. The Sardar who received such a Jagir considered himself a Raja. There were many famous Maratha Sardars at the Courts of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur. The more famous among them were the Jadhavs of Sindkhed, Nimbalkars of Phaltan, Ghorpades of Mudhol, Moreys of Javali, Bhonsales of Verul. The Sindkhed Jadhavs were descendants of the Yadavs of Devgiri. Jijabai, the mother of Shivaji Maharaj was the daughter of Lakhujirao Jadhav of Sindkhed. Shahaji Raje 9 The Bhonsales of Verul : Maloji Raje Bhonsale, the Patil of Verul, was a great devotee of Shiva. Babaji Raje had two sons. Maloji Raje was the elder, and Vithoji Raje the younger. Babaji Raje Bhonsale had the rights of a Patil in the Verul village. Maloji Raje and Vithoji Raje were both brave and enterprising. They had in their service many armed Maratha troops. It was a period of great unrest. The Moghul Emperor from Delhi had attacked the Kingdom of Nizamshah. Daulatabad was then the capital of Nizamshah. Malik Amber was his Vazir or Chief Minister. Malik Amber was able and wise. The two capable and brave brothers from Verul soon caught his attention. On his recommendation, the Shah conferred on Maloji Raje the Jagir of Pune and Supe Parganas. So the Bhonsales became rich and powerful. Maloji Raje’s wife was Umabai. She came from the House of the Nimbalkars of Phaltan. They had two sons, Shahaji and Sharifji. Maloji Raje was killed in a battle at Indapur. At that time Shahaji was only five years old. Then Vithoji Raje looked after the children and the Jagir. Later, he asked in marriage for Shahaji, the daughter of Lakhujirao Jadhav. Jijabai, the daughter of Lakhujirao, was well favoured by the gods. Lakhujirao accepted Vithoji Raje’s proposal. Lakhujirao was a brave and valiant Sardar in the court of Nizamshah. He kept a large army of his own. He commanded great respect and honour at the court of Nizamshah. He celebrated wedding of Shahaji Raje and Jijabai 1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option. (a) Among the famous families, the.......... of Verul showed great bravery and enterprise. (Moreys, Ghorpades, Bhonsales) (b) Babaji Raje Bhonsale had two sons, Maloji and.......... (Vithoji, Shahaji, Sharifji) (c).......... was a capable Vazir of Nizamshah. (Malik Amber, Fattekhan, 2. Write the relation between : (a) Maloji Raje - Vithoji Raje...... (b) Shahaji Raje - Lakhujirao (c) Shahaji Raje - Sharifji......... (d) Babaji Raje - Vithoji Raje...... 3. Match the pairs. ‘A’ (a) Sindkhed (1) (b) Phaltan (2) (c) Javali (3) (d) Mudhol (4) Morey (5) Jadhav 4. Shivaji’s The Birthplace Birth of Shivaji : Those were very unsettled days. Shahjahan from the North had despatched a big army to conquer the Deccan. Pune, the principal town of Shahaji Raje’s Jagir was burned to the ground by Adilshah of Bijapur. Shahaji Raje was in real trouble. He found himself between the devil and the deep sea, and was constantly on the run. Jijabai was pregnant and the great question which worried Shahaji Raje was And then the golden day dawned. On the auspicious day of Phalgun Vadya Tritiya, in the year 1551 of the Shaka era, that is, on 19 February 1630, to the sound of pipes and drums playing in the ‘Nagar Khana’, Jijabai gave birth to a son. All the residents of the fort were overjoyed. On the twelfth day, with appropriate ceremony, the child was named ‘Shivaji’ as the child was born on Fort Shivneri. Shivaji’s Childhood : Shivaji passed the first six years of his life in highly unsettled conditions. Even so, Jijabai did not neglect his education. Every evening she would light the household lamps and then call Shivaji to her. She would shower all her affection on him and tell him stories of Rama and Krishna, of Bhim and Abhimanyu. On other occasions she would recite to him the devotional songs of Namdeo, Dnyaneshwar or Veermata Jijabai Shahaji Raje towards the Moghuls : Shahaji Raje returned to Nizamshahi all right, but he did not get any peace of mind there. Nizamshah himself was a fickle- minded person who readily believed all gossip. Hence, many conspiracies and petty rivalries infested the court. This led to the killing of Lakhujirao Jadhav openly in the court at the instigation of Nizamshah himself. Shahaji Raje could not withstand this. Infuriated, he left Nizamshahi and joined the Moghuls. Shahjahan, the Moghul Emperor, made him a Sardar at his court. In the meantime, secretly joining hands with the Moghuls, Fattekhan killed Nizamshah. There was complete anarchy in the state. It became evident that Fattekhan was treacherously planning the Moghul Emperor Shahjahan himself marched South upon Shahaji Raje and threatened Adilshah. Adilshah then signed a treaty of friendship with him against Shahaji Raje. Shahaji Raje now began to fight the joint forces of the Moghuls and Adilshah using guerrilla tactics. But he could not sustain the war all by himself. In 1636, unwillingly, he signed a treaty of peace with Moghuls. He could not create his own kingdom as the times were not favourable for him. But his daring spirit kindled a confidence among the Marathi people. This proved useful for Shivaji in establishing Swaraj a few years later. Jijabai and Shivaji in Karnatak : After the downfall of the Nizamshahi established by Shahaji Raje, its territory was divided by the Moghuls and Adilshah amongst themselves. Shahaji Raje’s Jagir of Pune and Supe lay within 1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option. (a) Shivaji was born on the.......... fort. (Purandar, Shivneri, Panhala) (b) Adilshah assigned the task the territories in.......... to Shahaji Raje. (Karnatak, Khandesh, Konkan) 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) What did Shivaji feel due to Jijabai’s teaching ? Activity (a) Make a trip to Fort Shivneri and collect information about the birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj. 5. Beginning of Shivaji’s Education : Shahaji Raje himself was a scholar of Sanskrit. In the Bangalore court, he had under his patronage, artists and scholars of various languages. He appointed intelligent teachers for Shivaji. Shivaji’s education began when he became seven years old. Soon, Shivaji became skilled in the art of reading and writing. He began to read the stories from ‘Ramayan’, ‘Mahabharat’ and ‘Bhagwat’, on his own. To teach him warfare, Shahaji Raje had appointed some teachers. They began to teach Shivaji to ride a horse, to wrestle, to use swords and Dandpatta. Thus, at the age of twelve, Shivaji became acquainted with different branches of learning and arts. Shivaji’s Education Properties were damaged. Houses were demolished. Temples had collapsed. The frightened people had fled from their villages. Fields had become barren. Thick forests had grown. Wolves roamed in the countryside. Pune, thus, was totally in shambles and ruins. When the people living around came to know that Jijabai has returned to Pune with Shivaji, they took heart. Jijabai called all of them and reassured them that they would be safe in Pune. People started settling in Pune, cultivating their lands. Jijabai had the dilapidated repaired. In the temples, worship began morning and evening. The town was again throbbing with people. Thus, Pune was totally transformed. The Achievements of Dadaji Konddev : When Jijabai and Shivaji were in Karnatak, Dadaji Konddev looked after the Pune Jagir. He was the ‘Subhedar’ of Kondana also. He was very faithful. He was strict, efficient and honest in his work. He was also just, and a strict disciplinarian. He served with devotion. At about this time, a big wada or residence was built in Pune by the orders of Shahaji Raje. It known as ‘Lal Mahal’. To encourage the peasants to till their lands, them concessions in the land tax years. He offered prizes for destroying the wolves which infested the countryside and harassed the peasants. Many wolves were killed. He raised peasant patrols to protect life and property from gangs of thieves who roamed the countryside. He fixed land revenue according to the quality of the soil. He thus made the people resolved that her son Shivaji be engaged in the services of would establish the rule of his - Swaraj. She was bringing up Shivaji with that ideal. The people living in the were called Mavlas. They were loyal, hardworking and quick-footed. No one could surpass them in hardiness. were harassed by the Sultans’ rule. The armies of the Sultans used to villages, forcing the people to abandon their places. Nobody cared for them. Shivaji yearned to do something poor, miserable people. On returning home, Shivaji would talk about this to his mother. say, “Shivba, Shri Ramchandra is the ancestor of the Bhonsales. Rama killed Ravan and made his people happy. The ancestor of the Jadhavs is Shri He killed Kans and brought relief people. You are a descendant of both Shri Rama and Shri Krishna. You can also destroy the wicked and make your subjects happy.” These words of Jijabai were of inspiration to young Shivaji. He would remember the brave deeds of heroes of the past like Rama, Krishna, Bhim, Arjun. He thought of them all the time, whether asleep or awake. He felt that he, too, must fight against injustice as they did, and like them, destroy the wicked and bring happiness to his subjects. He thought that he should become courageous and brave like these heroes of old. Shivaji govern his Jagir efficiently. With their help, Shivaji began to administer his Jagir, to attend the people’s grievances. Those who inflicted injustice upon the ryot were punished. In a way, Shahaji Raje’s Jagir was undergoing a transformation. The Mavlas got a glimpse of the future ‘Swaraj’. It was, as it were, the dawn of Swaraj. 1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option. (a) Shahaji Raje was a scholar of........... (Sanskrit, Kannad, Tamil) (b) People living in the Maval called........... (peasants, soldiers, Mavlas) 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) Who appointed teachers for Shivaji and where ? (b) What did the teachers begin to teach Shivaji ? 6. The Temple at Raireshwar : To the south-west of Pune, there is a beauty spot called Raireshwar famous for its temple. In the year 1645, an extraordinary event took place there. Shivaji and a few Mavlas from the neighbouring valley had gathered there. Why had they come to this lovely spot hidden in deep forest ? What did they discuss and what favour did they ask of Lord Shiva ? The Fiery Eloquence of Young Shivaji : Shivaji was still quite young but his mind was already busy planning big things. He opened his mind to his playmates and said, “My dear friends, today I am going to talk to you about something which is in my mind for a long time. My father Shahaji Raje is a Sardar at the court of Bijapur. It is he who has given me the charge of this Jagir. Everything is going on well and peacefully. But, friends, I am not happy. Must we always remain satisfied as bondmen of the Sultan ? Must we always eat out of other people’s hand ? We are surrounded on all sides by foreign kingdoms which are constantly at war. Our people get killed for nothing during these wars and family after family gets uprooted. Our country suffers destruction. And what do we get out of all this ? Nothing but slavery. How long shall we continue to tolerate this ? How long shall we lay down our lives for others we allow this to continue just for the sake of a small Watan ? What have you to say about all this ?” 22 The Oath of Swaraj with great joy. As soon as he reached Pune he went straight to Lal Mahal to see his mother. He described to her all that took place at Raireshwar. Overjoyed, Jijabai thought with satisfaction that Shivaji would accomplish what was always in her mind. Preparations in the Maval Valley : Shivaji soon got busy with his new activities. Along with his comrades he started intensive training in swordsmanship, riding, exploring the secret paths in the hills and getting familiar with the general topography of the land, its valleys and ghats and possible communication routes. He won over the Mavlas who became his most devoted followers, willing to lay down their lives for him at any time. Shivaji’s enthusiasm increased a thousandfold. Shivaji detailed survey of all the forts establishments in the area. In followers were of great help to him. In the course of time, he came to know the smallest detail of every establishment; secret pathways, underground routes, ammunition dumps and cellars. Friends in Maval : All over the twelve Mavals there were Deshmukhs, guarding their individual ‘Watans’ land in lieu of service) to which they were more attached than anything else. There were constant quarrels between them leading to useless waste of money and manpower. Shivaji saw this waste and decided to put an end to it. He would visit the Deshmukhs in the area, talk persuade them to desist from their folly and raise before them a very attractive picture Sanskrit. This was a significant change. There could be no Swaraj without your own language and your own religion. But at the same time, there should not be a hatred for other religions. The 1. Fill in the blanks : (a) To the south-west of Pune, the........... temple was a beautiful spot. (b) All over Maval there were....... guarding their individual Watans. (c) Shahaji Raje had cast a special........... for Shivaji. 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) What words of Shivaji echoed in the temple ? (b) What did Jijabai think with joy and satisfaction ? 7. Swaraj It is no doubt true that Shivaji and his comrades took the oath of Swaraj in the temple of Raireshwar. But it was a very difficult task. In those days, Maharashtra was governed by four different powers, the Moghul Emperor of Delhi, Sultan Adilshah of Bijapur, the Portuguese of Goa and the Siddi of Janjira. They were powerful opponents, firm in their authority. No one would dare utter a word against them. Under these difficult conditions Shivaji had taken the oath of Swaraj. There was no comparison between the vast forces of the enemy and a handful of Shivaji’s Mavlas. But Shivaji’s mind was made up and his firm resolve was his greatest source of strength. Torana Fort : Shivaji controlled the Jagir of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur. against the enemy. The only access to the fort was across the ‘Zunjar Machi’. It is a very difficult passage with high hills on one side and deep valleys on the other. A careless person may easily lose his balance and end his life in the deep valley. Torana was considered one of the strong forts of Maharashtra. In the fort there is a temple of the goddess Toranjai. That is why the fort is called Torana. Strangely enough, this powerful fort was neglected by Adilshah. There were neither enough troops for its defence nor enough ammunition. Shivaji knew this and this was exactly what he wanted. He decided to capture the fort and thus lay the foundation of Hindavi Swaraj. The drums of Swaraj begin to sound : With a few select bands of Mavlas, Shivaji descended into the Kanad Valley. Swift-footed like the deer and lion- hearted in courage, they raced to the top and captured the strategic positions in the fort. Tanaji Malusare hoisted the Maratha flag at the main entrance. Yesaji Kank, a trustworthy and loyal companion of Shivaji, posted his guards at important points; the fort was captured almost without any resistance and the sky was filled with shouts of “Shivaji Maharaj ki Jai”. The first battle drums and pipes of Hindavi Swaraj had sounded and their echo reverberated throughout the valley. Shivaji named this fort ‘Prachandgad.’ Blessings of Goddess Bhavani : Fort Torana then came under Shivaji’s administration. He made a very careful survey of it and appointed officers such band of his followers and took possession of the partially completed fort. The money found on Torana was used to complete the fortifications of Murumbdeo. Shivaji named this fort Rajgad. Stone masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, water carriers, other workers - all the people got busy. They built the Rajmahal, Bara Mahal and eighteen workshops. Rajgad became the first capital of Swaraj. Shivaji’s Rapid Progress : From then onwards, Shivaji moved swiftly and captured one fort after another in Maval. The whole country known as Bara Maval - the twelve Mavals - was overflowing with joy and excitement. The Patils and Deshmukhs from many villages came and swore allegiance to Shivaji. But Maval had its own share of black-legs who were ever ready to put a spoke in the fast moving wheel of Swaraj. Jealous of Shivaji’s success, they complained to the Adilshahi Collector at Shirval. 1. Fill in the blanks : (a) Shivaji controlled the Supe, Chakan and......... (Indapur, Saswad, Welhe) (b) Shivaji decided to capture the fort of Swaraj. (Sinhagad, Shivneri, Torana) (c)........ became the first capital of Swaraj. (Rajgad, Raigad, Pratapgad) 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) Which four different powers governed Maharashtra in those days ? 8. Defeat of By Use of Force : The Mavlas of the twelve Mavals gathered round Shivaji, ready to do his bidding. They lived for Swaraj and were willing to die for it. They were simple Maratha folk. They loved Shivaji more than their life. But some people were jealous of Shivaji’s achievements. He had to bring such people to book. Khandoji and Baji Ghorpade were two Sardars in the service of Adilshah. The Shah incited them against Shivaji. They created a lot of trouble in the Kondana district but Shivaji was more than a match for them. He defeated and drove them out. Bajaji Naik Nimbalkar of Phaltan was Shivaji’s own brother-in-law. But Shivaji Maharaj had to fight many battles against him. However, later on, members of this family stood by Shivaji Maharaj. Sambhaji Mohite of Supe, a near relative of Shivaji, also started against Shivaji. Shivaji arrested Supe and banished him to Karnatak. With Shivaji, duty came first and relatives afterwards. Chandrarao Morey of Javali : The greatness of Shivaji’s achievements was recognised and applauded everywhere. He captivated the heart of his people. Some people did not like this. They looked upon Shivaji as a mole in the eye. The Morey In a very rude reply Yeshwantrao said, “You are a Raja of only yesterday. Who gave you this Kingdom ? If you come to Javali, you will be trapped. By the grace of God, I have received from Adilshah the title of ‘Raja’. He has also in his graciousness given me a throne and the panoply of a Raja. If you start any trouble here, you will be badly hurt.” Shivaji replied, “Give up Javali and your pretensions to Kingship. Come before your master with folded hands and accept his service. You will refuse to do so at the risk of your life.” The conquest of Javali was a difficult operation. It was covered with thick forest and protected by the impregnable Rairi fort. Morey also 1. Find out the wrong pair. (a) Phaltan - Nimbalkar (b) Javali - Morey (c) Supe - Jadhav 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) What title was conferred by Adilshah upon the Moreys of Javali ? (b) Why was the conquest of Javali a very important landmark ? 9. Pratapgad Adilshah Perturbed : The Court of Adilshah at Bijapur was passing anxious days, due to the growing exploits of Shivaji. The Sultan summoned all his Sardars to court to take stock of the situation. All the Sardars including those known for their exploits and those comparatively unknown attended. Badi Saheba, the Dowager Queen, who personally looked after the Adilshahi administration from Bijapur was also present. The one question before the assembly was “How to bring Shivaji to book and break his revolt.” Badi Saheba asked a straight question to her Sardars, “Tell me, who is willing to march against Shivaji and put an end to his rebellion?” The court became silent. Everybody sat quietly in his place and started looking at the next person, for who would dare accept the challenge of fighting Shivaji ? Just then a giant of a man came forward and bowed respectfully before the throne. His name was Afzalkhan. The Khan accepts the Challenge : The Khan accepted the challenge and picked up the betel leaf from the salver as a mark of acceptance. “Shivaji. Who is Shivaji ?” he said, “ I shall arrest him and bring him here or if that is not possible, I shall bring his dead body.” Afzalkhan was one of the mighty Sardars at the court of Bijapur. His physical prowess and strength were Pratapgad, he became very angry. He was aware of the difficulties in conquering Pratapgad. It was surrounded by thick forest and high hills. There was no proper approach road to the fort and it was very difficult to move his artillery. Besides, the jungle was full of wild life. The Khan initiated many moves in the hope of bringing Shivaji down to the plains. He attacked the holy Pandharpur and Tuljapur. He harassed the people. He was hopeful that these tactics would bring Shivaji down to the plains. But Shivaji proved too clever for him. He refused to leave Pratapgad. Then the Khan changed his tactics. In a spirit of apparent friendliness he sent a message to Shivaji. “You are like a son to me. Come and see me. Return our forts and see that Adilshah makes you a Sardar at his court.” Coat of mail place. A date and time was fixed. It was agreed that each one would be accompanied by a servant and followed by ten bodyguards at a distance. A special road was constructed for the convenience of the Khan and a big shamiana put up for the meeting. Every move of Shivaji was marked by great caution. He divided his army into small units. Each unit was told where to hide and when and how to act. He took every measure for safety and left nothing to chance. Many of his advisers tried to dissuade him from meeting the Khan. The Khan’s word could not be trusted. But Shivaji brushed aside this advice and decided to meet the Khan as arranged. Before the Meeting : On the day of the meeting, Shivaji visited Bhavani’s temple in the morning and took ‘darshan’. Soon after, he started putting on his ceremonial clothes. He wore his Surwar and coat of mail. Over the coat of mail, he wore a kurta and a flowing robe. On his head he placed the Jiretope (helmet) and tied a Mandil around it. He fitted Waghnakh onto the fingers of his left hand. Hidden inside the left sleeve was a Bichwa and he The Vakil said, “He is afraid of Bada Sayyad. Please ask him to go away.” Bada Sayyad moved away and Shivaji stepped in. The Khan got up and said, “Come, Shivaji Raje, let us embrace each other as a mark of our friendship.” The Struggle with the Khan : Shivaji Maharaj cautiously took a step forward and the Khan took him in his embrace. Compared to the giant Khan, Shivaji was short. He reached only as far as the Khan’s chest. At the same moment, the Khan held Shivaji’s neck in his iron grip and stabbed him on the side with his dagger. It tore apart Shivaji’s robe but the coat of mail underneath saved him. Shivaji, knowing that the Khan was trying to kill him, quickly thrust the Waghnakh in the Khan’s stomach. Drawing out the Bichwa with his right hand, he drove it completely unprepared for the attack and was caught in a difficult terrain. They could not even run away to save their lives. The Maratha troops chased them in hot pursuit and destroyed the whole of the Khan’s powerful army. Fazalkhan, Afzalkhan’s son who escaped with great difficulty, reached Bijapur. His 1. Form a correct word from the given letters. (a) r t P a p a g d a (b) j a i i S v h (c) n h l z A a f k a 2. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) What challenge did Afzalkhan accept ? (b) What message did send Shivaji in a spirit of apparent friendliness ? 3. Give the answer in two or three sentences. (a) Why did Shivaji have to use some strategic move to fight 10. Baji Prabhu and the Memorable Shivaji Conquers Panhala - Adilshah Gets Angry : While Bijapur was still mourning the death of Afzalkhan and the complete rout of his army, Shivaji captured the Panhala fort from the Bijapur garrison. This threw Adilshah into a fit of wild rage. He could neither eat nor sleep. He despatched another Sardar, Siddi Jauhar, against Shivaji. Siddi Jauhar had a huge army with him. Fazalkhan who wanted to avenge his father’s death, also accompanied him. The Siege of Panhalgad : Siddi Jauhar was brave but ruthless. He was a strict disciplinarian. He laid siege to Panhalgad and confined Shivaji within the fort. The rainy season was approaching and Shivaji thought that once the rains came, Siddi Jauhar would lift the siege. But Siddi Jauhar did nothing of the kind. On the contrary, with the arrival of the monsoon, he further tightened the siege. Supplies in the fort were running out. Shivaji was in a fix. Since he could not force Siddi Jauhar to lift the siege by an open battle, he decided to deceive Siddi Jauhar by a clever ruse. He sent a message to Siddi Jauhar to the effect that he would shortly surrender the fort. Siddi was happy. Siddi’s troops were already tired of the long siege. They were very pleased to hear that Shivaji agreed to surrender. soldiers. The Bandal Deshmukh army accompanied them. After some time, the plot of Shiva Kashid was exposed. The furious Siddi killed him then and there. Shiva Kashid sacrificed his own life in the cause of Shivaji and Swaraj. Thus, he became immortal. When the Siddi learnt that Shivaji had given him the slip, he was rage. Immediately, he despatched his Sardar Siddi Masaud, accompanied by a big army, in hot pursuit of daybreak, the pursuing horsemen caught up with Shivaji at the Pandharpani stream. Shivaji was now in real trouble. With the greatest difficulty he and his men crossed the Ghodkhind. Baji Prabhu, the Brave : The angry troops of Siddi were fast galloping towards the Ghodkhind pass. Shivaji saw that it was impossible to reach Vishalgad before the enemy overtook them. He said to Baji Prabhu, “Baji, this is a very critical situation. The road ahead is steep and the enemy is right on our heels. It is now impossible to reach Vishalgad. So let us turn back and face the enemy.” Baji Prabhu understood the great agitation going on in Shivaji’s mind. The enemy was fast approaching the pass. The life of Shivaji and, therefore, Swaraj, was in danger. He said, “Maharaj, you must proceed to Vishalgad. Take a handful of soldiers with you. I shall defend this pass and will not let the enemy cross it. I shall lay down my life in defence of this pass if need be. If I die, there will be many Shivaji and Baji Prabhu Deshpande 39 addressed his troops and said, “My brave soldiers and comrades, be prepared. You may die fighting but do not desert your post. Do not allow the enemy to conquer the pass, no matter what price paid.” So Baji Prabhu and his Mavlas stood at the mouth of the pass, fearless, awaiting the enemy. The pass was difficult to cross, there narrow and a zigzag passage across it. At the other end, Shivaji was speeding pari. 4th, Eng- Khelu, Karu Std. 1st to 3rd Sanction Number : / Manjuri / D - 505 / 755 Dated 4.2.2014 Textbook Production State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004. Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research all the rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. Preface The ‘Primary Education Curriculum - 2012’ was prepared in the State of Maharashtra following the ‘Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009’ and the ‘National Curriculum Framework 2005’. The syllabus is being implemented serially from the academic year 2013-2014. The syllabus includes the subjects General Science, Civics and Geography under ‘Environmental Studies-Part 1’ from Standard III to Standard V. It specifies that the subject History will be independent under ‘Environmental Studies-Part 2’. The Textbook Bureau has prepared this textbook for Std IV according to the syllabus approved by the State Government. Our approach while designing this textbook was that the entire teaching-learning process should be child-centred, the method of self-study should receive more emphasis, at the end of Primary Education the students should have attained the desired competencies and the process of education in general should become enjoyable and interesting. This textbook attempts to present the inspiring history of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in an easy and effective manner. The life and work of Shivaji Maharaj is a source of inspiration for the entire State of Maharashtra and the country. Many inspiring episodes related to his personality have been included here. This book was rewritten after properly screening the complaints and suggestions received from various social organizations, institutes and individuals. Also, some suitable changes were made where necessary. The book scrutinized by many educationists and subject experts from all parts of the State to make it as flawless and standard as possible. The comments and suggestions received have been duly considered while finalizing the book. The History Subject Committee, the artist, and the photographer have taken great pains to prepare this book.The Bureau is thankful to all of them. We hope that this textbook will receive a warm welcome from students, parents and teachers. (C.R.Borkar) Pune Director Date : February 19, 2014 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. Studies - Part 2 - Standard IV Learning Outcomes The learner- and encouraged to : 04.95B.01 identifies relationship with and family members/ among family members in extended members stay family. interact with understand who stay houses/ transport and 04.95B.02 voices opinion on issues observed/ experienced in family/ school/ neighbourhood for example, parents/guardians/ on stereotypes, discriminatory practices, child rights. and present and vessels, nature of 04.95B.03 participates actively and undertakes initiatives of care, share empathy, leadership by working together in groups for example, in different indoor/ outdoor/ local/ contemporary activities and games, carries out projects/ role play for taking care of a plant/s, feed birds/ animals, things/ elderly/ handicap. water literacy, help of examples Shivaji Maharaj. 04.95B.04 tells the thrilling incidences of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s life/ personality. exhibition/ etc. Do creative 04.95B.05 assimilates the teachings from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s biography that one can overcome the problems with wits, courage and conscience. other creative tasks. clippings, / videos/tactile 04.95B.06 tells the variety of clothings based on geographical and cultural parameters. between the languages in the State. Page No. 1 3 8 12 17 21 25 29 32 Battle of Ghodkhind 37 42 45 50 53 57 60 65 70 to Maharashtra Indian nation. ruler for himself teachings at the and that knowledge. of a number greatest in for and and the Dutch. today of country.” by Mir Mohammad, a Painter of Shivaji’s Time original in Paris Museum) before Shivaji the people suffered and were harassed. The people could not get enough to eat, nor could they celebrate their festivals or worship their gods openly and freely. They were not sure of safety even in their own homes. There was injustice everywhere. In Maharashtra, there were many Watandars like Deshmukhs and Deshpandes who owned Jagirs. They loved only their Jagirs and not their country. The constant fighting among them brought great misery to the people. There was misrule everywhere. People were tired of this oppression and were very unhappy. Shivaji Maharaj saw all this. He undertook the noble task of establishing Swaraj in Maharashtra which would bring happiness to the people. He first brought to book the Watandars who fought among themselves. He then used them in his plan to establish Swaraj. He fought against the Powers that oppressed the people, and defeated them. He established ‘Hindavi Swaraj’ based on justice, fair play and equal treatment to people of all castes and religions. Shivaji Maharaj made no distinction between Hindus and Muslims. He honoured the saints of all religions. We draw inspiration from these noble deeds of Maharaj. During a period of about three to four hundred years before Shivaji Maharaj, many saints were born in Maharashtra. Their work helped Shivaji Maharaj in his successful effort of establishing Swaraj. We shall see in the next chapter, what these saints did. 1 EXERCISES 3. Write the answer in one sentence. (a) Name the kings who looked after the welfare of their subjects. (b) What noble task did Shivaji Maharaj undertake ? (c) Who did Shivaji Maharaj fight against ?........... Pradesh, 4. Find the odd-man-out. (a) Swaraj, slavery, freedom (b) People, subjects, king Activity Nizamshah (a) Celebrate Shivajayanti in your class. (b) Present historical songs and ‘Powadas’ in the cultural programmes held in your school. Krishnadevraya Emperor Akbar 2 Work of the Saints Shri Chakradhar Swami : Shri Chakradhar Swami was originally a prince from Gujarat. He became an ascetic, and came over to Maharashtra. He moved all over Maharashtra preaching equality. He did not believe in any discrimination based on gender or caste. So, several men and women became his followers. The sect he established is known as ‘Mahanubhav’ sect. Memorable incidents from his life have been compiled in a book titled ‘Leelacharitra’. Sant Namdeo : Sant Namdeo was a great devotee of Vitthal. He lived in the village Narasi. He composed numerous songs in praise of god, performed of people. Sant Namdeo 3 Dnyaneshwar was deeply pained by this incident. He entered his hut and locked the door from inside to grieve over his lot. Muktabai came and knocked at the door. She said, “Open the door, Dnyaneshwar. How can we remain drowned in our own sorrow ? Who will then look to the welfare of the world ?” These words of his sister gave new hope to Dnyaneshwar. He forgot his personal sorrow and started his work. Everywhere, the poor and backward people were being oppressed in the name of the religion. Dnyaneshwar went among the people and taught them to have faith in God. ‘Give equal treatment to all. Help those in trouble and allay their misery.’ This was the gist of his advice to the people. Dnyaneshwar’s words are heard in every nook and corner of Maharashtra for the last seven hundred years. In those days, all religious teaching was confined to Sanskrit books. The language of ordinary people in everyday use was Marathi. Dnyaneshwar wrote his outstanding book ‘Dnyaneshwari’ in Marathi. He thus opened wide for his Sant Dnyaneshwar 4 even to the dumb animals. He exhorted the people to love all living beings and practised what he preached. One day he was going to the river Godavari for a bath. It was noon and very hot. The sand bed along the riverside was very hot too. He heard the crying of a poor child sitting on the hot sand. Eknath looked around and saw the child. He rushed to him and looked around for the child’s parents. He picked up the child in his arms, wiped his tears and reached him home. In this way, by his personal example, Eknath impressed the message of love and equality on the minds of the people. Sant Tukaram : Two great saints, Tukaram and Ramdas lived in Shivaji’s time. Tukaram came from Dehu, near Pune. He owned a farm and also a grocery shop. His forefathers used to lend money to the needy people. But Sant Tukaram 5 Indrayani, he had, thus Maharaj Tukaram virtues of Samarth Ramdas the mind) he gave people lessons in good thoughts and good conduct. To popularise the worship of strength, he raised the temples of Hanuman, the god of strength. He exhorted people to be strong and told them of the power that resides in a united people. He taught them to organize themselves and fight against injustice. This gave courage to the people. The work of the saints brought about a great awakening among the people. Religion once again became a thing to be respected and a spirit of self-reliance was born. People regained their lost confidence. This great awakening among the people brought about by the saints helped Shivaji in his fight for Swaraj. lll hero, 6 EXERCISES (b) What desire did Sant Namdeo instil among the people ? (c) What advice was rendered by Sant Eknath ? (d) What message was propagated by Samarth Ramdas ?.........., all the record of loan papers he 3. Give answers in three or four sentences. (a) Why did Sant Dnyaneshwar lock himself in his hut ? (b) What message did Sant Tukaram give ?........... Activity did Shri Collect the pictures of Sants other than those not believe ? included in this lesson and below the pictures, write their thoughts. 7 House of the Bhonsales Tradition of Valour : All these Sardars were brave but many of them were sworn enemies of one another. They never thought that they should unite and do something for their own people. So all their valour and bravery served the of Bijapur interests of others. Even so, they kept alive the warlike spirit, especially among the young. Many famous soldiers were born in their families who kept alive the tradition of valour. Among the famous families, the Bhonsales of Verul showed great bravery and enterprise. The Temple of Ghrushneshwar : It was about four hundred years ago. The temple of Ghrushneshwar near the Verul caves was falling to pieces. The walls had developed cracks. The priest also had deserted the temple. Thus the temple which was built in honour of a great god was totally neglected. All the devotees who came there mourned over the sorry state of the temple, but no one thought of repairing it. A great devotee of Shiva visited the temple regularly. He would put flowers and ‘bel’ on the ‘lingam’ and express his innermost thoughts to the God. He carried out extensive repairs to the temple and restored it to its original condition. He also made arrangements for the proper maintenance of the temple. Now there were lights both inside and outside the temple and the lost grandeur of Ghrushneshwar was restored. Who was this devotee who did all this ? He was Maloji Raje Bhonsale. 8 great pomp. Jijabai became the Fortune of the Bhonsale family. Shahaji Raje : Nizamshah transferred to Shahaji Raje the Jagir he had conferred on Maloji Raje. Shahaji Raje was a brave and capable man held in great respect at the court of Nizamshah. The Moghul Emperor decided to conquer the Kingdom of Nizamshah. For this, he made an alliance with the Adilshah of Bijapur. Malik Amber and Shahaji Raje fought bravely to save Nizamshahi. They defeated both the armies. This battle took place at Bhatawadi near Ahmadnagar. Sharifji was killed in the battle. Shahaji Raje displayed great valour. He was praised everywhere as a brave General. His reputation in the court was so enhanced that even Malik Amber began to feel jealous of him. This gradually led to antagonism between them. As a result, Shahaji Raje left Nizamshahi and joined the court of Adilshah at Bijapur. Adilshah honoured him with the title of ‘Sar Lashkar’ (Chief of Army). Later, there were many developments in Nizamshahi. The Vazir Malik Amber died. His scheming son Fattekhan became the Vazir of Nizamshahi. During his period, the Nizamshahi began to decline. At about the same time, there was a threat of Moghul aggression. So, Nizamshah’s mother appealed to Shahaji Raje to return to Nizamshahi and save it. Therefore, Shahaji Raje left Adilshahi and returned to Nizamshahi. lll the with 10 EXERCISES 4. Give the answer in one sentence. (a) Who restored the temple of Ghrushneshwar to its original condition ? (b) Which Jagir was bestowed upon Maloji Raje by Nizamshah ? (c) Who fought bravely to save Nizamshahi ? (d) With what title did the Adilshah honour Shahaji Raje ? (e) Why did Shahaji Raje leave Adilshahi and return to Nizamshahi ? Sharifji) Activity Locate places like Ahmadnagar, Phaltan, Verul, Supe, Pune in the map of Maharashtra. ................. Jadhav........ Note : The word ‘Maratha’ here does not mean .................. the ‘specific caste of an individual’. ................. It means ‘Marathi Speaking People’ or ‘Maharashtrians’. ‘B’ Nimbalkar Ghorpade Bhonsale 11 Childhood of Shivaji Maharaj at Fort Shivneri some place where she could remain in safety and peace. Then he remembered the Shivneri fort and decided to send Jijabai there. Shivneri was a strong fort near Junnar in Pune district. It had steep cliffs on four sides, strong fortifications and massive doors. This strong fort was then in charge of Vijayraj, a relative of the Bhonsales. He agreed to give protection to Jijabai. So Shahaji Raje left her there and marched against the Moghuls. 12 Eknath. Shivaji liked to listen to the exploits of brave men. Shivaji felt that on growing up, he should also display valour like them. Jijabai used to tell him stories of many pious persons and saints. That instilled in him, a respect and honour for all saints and great men. Children from poor families came to play with Shivaji. Sometimes he visited them in their huts and shared their simple meal of onion and bhakri with great relish. They invented interesting games to pass the time. The children of the Mavlas were like birds in the forest. They would imitate the sound of the cuckoo or parrot or tiger to perfection. Their pastime was building small forts of earth and making earthern elephants and horses. They played hide and seek, or played with a ball or top. Shivaji joined them in all these games and became popular with them. tells Shivaji stories of brave men. 13 Shivaji with his Friends to enable the Moghuls to swallow Nizamshahi. In return, the Moghuls rewarded him with the territory under the control of Shahaji Raje. Shahaji Raje was enraged and so he left the services of the Moghuls. He decided to teach them a lesson using all his might. Founding of a New Nizamshahi : In order to forestall the Moghul Emperor and Vazir Fattekhan, Shahaji Raje found out a child heir from the Nizam’s family and on the fort of Pemgiri near Junnar, declared him as the new Nizamshah. Thus, he established an altogether new kingdom which included the territory between the rivers Godavari and Nira. Shahaji Raje fought vigorously to protect this new state. Initially, Adilshah was with him in these efforts. But later, 14 Adilshah’s share. He gave it to Shahaji Raje on his behalf. Now Shahaji Raje joined the Adilshahi services. Adilshah assigned to him, the task of conquering the territories in distant Karnatak, far away from Pune. Some time after the departure of Shahaji Raje to Karnatak, Jijabai and Shivaji also joined him there. Shivaji’s childhood in Maharashtra had been very hectic. He and Jijabai had to rush continuously from one fort to another. At that time, young Shivaji used to hear the stories of the brave deeds of his father. Jijabai and Shivaji got some peace when they arrived in Karnatak. Shahaji Raje defeated many kings in Karnatak. Adilshah awarded him with the Jagir of Bangalore. Shahaji Raje then made the city of Bangalore his headquarters. He lived there with all the trappings of a king and began to summon the court. EXERCISES (b) What games did Shivaji and the children of the Mavlas play ? (c) Why did Shahaji Raje leave Nizamshahi ? of conquering 3. Write the answers in two or three sentences. (a) Whose stories did Jijabai tell Shivaji ? (b) Why did Shahaji Raje declare the child heir from the Nizamshah’s family as the new Nizamshah ? 15 (b) Make a list of traditional sports and write a note on any one of them in 10 lines. Fort Shivneri - Maha Darwaja 16 Shivaji’s Education Soon, Adilshah sent Shahaji Raje on an expedition to conquer the States of the Nayakas (local chiefs) in Karnatak. Before setting out upon the expedition, Shahaji Raje sent Shivaji and Jijabai to Pune. With them, he sent elephants, horses, an infantry, a treasury, a flag, as also trusted ministers, brave generals and renowned teachers. Rejuvenation of Pune : Jijabai and Shivaji returned to Pune. Shivaji remembered his childhood days which he had spent on Shivneri. He could see the lofty peaks of the Sahyadri again and he became very happy. Pune at that time was not such a big city. It was totally devastated by Shahaji Raje’s enemies. under the Supervision of Shahaji Raje 17 happy. In the fields of agricultural reform and revenue collection, the work done by Dadaji Konddev and the Nizamshahi Vazir Malik Amber is considered to be very important. Shivaji’s Education : When Shivaji returned to Pune, his education continued under the supervision of Jijabai. While returning from Bangalore, Jijabai and Shivaji were accompanied by eminent teachers sent by Shahaji Raje. They taught him many sciences, branches of learning and languages. temples Shivaji acquired the knowledge of excellent administration, war tactics, fort architecture, selection of horses and elephants, ways of escaping from difficult enemy territories and many other things. Shivaji’s progress in education pleased Jijabai very much. What Veermata Jijabai Taught Shivaji : Jijabai was no ordinary woman. She was the daughter of the mighty Sardar Lakhujirao Jadhav and the wife of the brave and valiant Shahaji Raje. She had inherited the knowledge of politics and warfare from her infancy. In came to be her was witnessed the confluence of the martial traditions of the famous Houses Dadaji gave of the Jadhavs and Bhonsales. She was a for a few freedom loving person with a great sense of pride. She had learnt through bitter experience that however much a Maratha Sardar displayed valour, it was not appreciated in the courts of the Sultans. She had valiantly faced the shock of her father’s murder in the open court at the instigation of Nizamshah. She had 18 would never others. He own people Maval region But they plunder their for these Jijabai would Krishna. to his Veermata Jijabai The New Regime of Shivaji : In Pune Jagir, the new regime of Shivaji began under the guidance of Jijabai. Shahaji a source Raje had already made the preparations for this. When Shahaji Raje sent Shivaji from Bangalore to Pune, he sent some very powerful and prestigious people with him. They were Samraj Neelkanth Peshwe, Balkrishna Hanamante Muzumdar, Mankoji Dahatonde Sarnobat, Raghunath Ballal Sabnis, Sonopant Dabir. These were all able men fit to administer an independent kingdom. Shahaji Raje had specially deputed them to Pune to help 19 Shivaji’s Marriage : In those days, people married at a very early age. So, Jijamata said, “We should now get Shivba married.” Then a search for a suitable bride for Shivba began. Soon she found the girl she wanted. Her name was Saibai. Saibai came from the Nimbalkar family of Phaltan. The marriage was celebrated with great splendour. EXERCISES (c) Why did Dadaji Konddev give concession in land tax to peasants ? 3. Give the answer in two or three sentences. (a) How was Pune rejuvenated ? region were (b) What knowledge did Shivaji acquire ? (c) What had Jijabai resolved ? Activity (a) Write and enact a dialogue between Shivaji and Jijabai. (b) Read the biography of Veermata Jijabai. 20 The Oath of Swaraj Shivaji was speaking with great emotion and his face was red with anger. In the middle of his speech he stopped and looked at his companions. The young Mavlas gathered there in the inner sanctum of Raireshwar were greatly thrilled by Shivaji’s speech. They had seen a new vision. One of them said, “Our young prince, tell us clearly whatever is in your mind. We are prepared, we are anxious to do your bidding.” “ Yes Raje,” they all said with one voice, “We are with you, we shall do whatever you say at the cost of our lives if need be !” The Oath of Swaraj : Shivaji got fresh inspiration from their words. Looking at each one of them he said, “Friends, our path is clear. We shall all strive to attain our ideal, work for it till it is achieved. All should be ready even to sacrifice their lives for this ideal which is ‘Hindavi Swaraj’. We will have our own Raj, yours and mine and everybody’s. We refuse to live as slaves any more. Let us take this oath with Lord Raireshwar as witness ; we give ourselves completely to the great task of establishing our own Raj, Swaraj.” The temple echoed the words of Shivaji. “God thinks that this Kingdom should take shape as Hindavi Swaraj. We shall see that God’s wish is fulfilled.” ? Shall So the Mavlas left the temple, committed to the oath of freedom, of Swaraj. The mind of Shivaji was filled 21 of the Swaraj of his dreams. He thus won many of them over to his side. He used force against those who were adamant. In this way he stopped the mutual warfare. Everybody was pleased with this happy result and all started singing the praises of Shivaji. Zunjarrao Maral, Haibatrao Shilamkar, Baji Pasalkar, Vithoji Shitole, Jedhe, Paygude, Bandal were some of the Deshmukhs in the Maval valley who began to look upon Shivaji as their leader. The dream of Swaraj was fast approaching the day of fulfilment. Shivaji’s Royal Seal : The Jagir was already being administered in the name of Shivaji. Shahaji Raje had cast a special royal seal for Shivaji. It read : à{VnÀM§ÐboIod d{Y©îUw{d©ídd§{XVm Ÿ&& emhgyZmo… {edñ`¡fm _wÐm ^Ðm` amOVo Ÿ&& made a and military this, his The Royal Seal (gifted ‘This seal will grow in splendour like the new moon. This seal of Shivaji, the son of Shahaji, receiving homage from the whole world denotes the welfare of the people.’ This Royal seal in a way, foretold the foundation of Swaraj. to them, In those days most of the royal seals were carved in Persian. Shivaji’s was in 23 guarantee to all the Mavlas that Shivaji’s Government was for the welfare of the people. They were quick to grasp this point. seal was a EXERCISES (c) What did Shivaji come to know in his detailed survey ? (d) What did Shivaji decide to put an end to ? .... 3. Write the answers in two or three sentences. (a) What was the ideal of Shivaji ? (b) What did Shivaji start doing with his comrades ? Activity Design and display a picture of the Oath of Swaraj. 24 : First Conquest All the forts in the Jagir were, however, in the charge of officers from the court of Bijapur. He who controlled the forts also controlled the surrounding territory and, therefore, all talk of Swaraj without the control of the forts was meaningless. A hill fort gave strategic support to the ruler and Shivaji decided to capture one at a suitable time. For this purpose he had selected the fort of Torana. It stands to the south-west of Pune in the Kanad Valley. It was a renowned fort, well-suited for defence. There were two strong ‘Machis’ on the way to the fort. A ‘Machi’ is a fortification of a natural plateau formed on the slope of a hill. One of these ‘Machis’ was the ‘Zunjar Machi’ and the other, the ‘Budhla Machi’. ‘Zunjar Machi’, like its name, could offer powerful defence Fort Torana (Zunjar Machi) 25 as a Maratha Killedar, a Brahmin Sabnis and a Prabhu Karkhanis. The garrison included Mavlas, Kolis, Ramoshis, Mahars and such brave men from many other castes and communities. In Swaraj all castes and communities were to be treated alike and no distinctions made on the basis of caste. As repairs to the fort started, a surprise awaited the people. They discovered four metal pots filled to the brim with mohurs. The workers were overjoyed. They said that this was a gift to Shivaji from the Goddess Bhavani who had blessed his efforts. All the money discovered was brought to Shivaji. No one thought of taking anything from it for himself. After all it was the wealth of Swaraj. Shivaji felt greatly elated at this unexpected gift which would enable him to pursue his ideal of Swaraj with added vigour. He felt that he was working under the benevolent eye of the goddess Bhavani. Shivaji utilised part of the treasure found in the fort to purchase arms and ammunition. The rest he decided to use for another project which was already in his mind. About fifteen kilometres to the east of Torana is the hill of Murumbdeo. Shivaji had his eye on it for a long time. This hill was steep and difficult of access and, therefore, of great strategic importance. Adilshah had actually started constructing a fort on this hill but had left it unfinished. This hill also was not well- guarded and Shivaji decided to capture it. The First Capital of Swaraj : One day Shivaji climbed up the hill with a select 26 Fort Rajgad - Pali Darwaja The Collector despatched messengers to Bijapur and informed Adilshah of Shivaji’s rapid progress. Shivaji the Shrewd Politician : Adilshah was most surprised to get the news. He asked Shahaji Raje for an explanation. Shahaji Raje got himself out of this difficult situation by telling the Sultan that Shivaji Raje had probably taken over the fort for better administration of the Jagir. Shivaji also sent this message to the Sultan. “I have taken possession of the fort for better administration of the countryside. We did this only in the interest of the Sultan. There was no evil design at the back of this action.” The two forts of Kondana and Purandar too had strategic locations. Shivaji used his political skill and took control of both the forts. The next fort to come under his sway was Rohida. This was fast work indeed and there was nothing to stop Shivaji now. 27 EXERCISES (b) What officers were appointed by Shivaji on the fort of Torana ? Jagir of Pune, (c) What message did Shivaji send to Adilshah ? 3. Give reasons......... and lay the foundation of Hindavi (a) Shivaji selected the fort of Torana to lay the foundation of Swaraj. (b) The workers brought the pots of mohurs discovered on the fort of Torana to Shivaji. Activity Arrange a trip to the nearest fort with the help of your teachers. 28 Internal Enemies of Javali was one such person. Morey was the Jagirdar of Javali. This Jagir which extended from Raigad to Koyna Valley, along with the title ‘Chandrarao’, was conferred upon him by Adilshah. Javali was covered with such a thick forest that even during broad daylight, the sun’s rays hardly penetrated it. It was full of wild life. Tigers, wolves and bears roamed freely in the Javali forest. Morey’s Javali was thus like a tiger’s hideout. No one, therefore, crossed Morey’s path. Only Shivaji had the courage to do so. Daulatrao Morey died in 1645. There was fight for the succession among his descendants. Shivaji backed Yeshwantrao Morey who, with Shivaji’s help, ascended the ‘gadi’ as ‘Chandrarao’. In return for Shivaji’s help, Yeshwantrao promised to help Shivaji in his struggle and also pay him an annual tribute. But he forgot all this once he succeeded to the ‘gadi’. He became impertinent and troublesome. He plotting started attacking Shivaji’s territory and him at harassing the people. Shivaji realised that unless Morey was punished, he would remain a constant danger to Swaraj. ‘Rebel and you will die’ : Shivaji first sent a stiff note to Yeshwantrao Morey, “You call yourself the Raja. But I am the Raja of this territory. This Kingdom is Lord Shiva’s gift to me. So do not call yourself the Raja.” 29 had numerous followers. Shivaji after making thorough preparations, attacked Javali. Yeshwantrao held out for about a month but suffered very heavy losses. He then escaped to Rairi along with his family. Shivaji conquered Javali and then marched on Rairi. He laid siege to Fort Rairi. Yeshwantrao fought desperately for three months but he had to give up. Fort Raigad : The conquest of Javali was a very important landmark. This doubled the boundaries of Swaraj under Shivaji. Yeshwantrao’s army, too, joined the forces of Shivaji. The strong Rairi fort became a part of Swaraj. Shivaji was highly pleased to have this fort under his control. He changed its name to ‘Raigad’. Later on, he built a new fort on the Bhorpya hill nearby. It was named ‘Pratapgad’. Fort Raigad 30 EXERCISES 3. Write the answers in two or three sentences. (a) Why did no one cross Morey’s path ? (b) What note did Shivaji send to Yeshwantrao Morey ? Activity 1. Collect pictures of Raigad. 2. Prepare a model of Raigad with the help of your friends, in your Diwali vacation. 31 makes History. unbelievable. He could bend a crowbar with his bare hands. He was a past master in achieving his end by any available means. This Afzalkhan had accepted the challenge of bringing Shivaji to court, dead or alive. The court was highly pleased. Everybody thought that it was the end of Shivaji and that he would be brought to Bijapur either alive or dead. Afzalkhan left Bijapur in great pomp. He was accompanied by a huge army fully equipped for battle. He was previously the Subhedar of Wai for twelve years and knew the country well. He marched on Maharashtra full of pride and confident of success. Swaraj in Danger : At this time Shivaji was at Rajgad. He got the news of Afzalkhan’s movements. He immediately saw that his Swaraj was in great danger. But he did not lose courage. He knew that the Khan was full of stratagem and had a huge army with him. Shivaji’s kingdom was very small in comparison and so was his army. He could see that he could never hold his own in open battle against the Khan. His only hope was in some strategic move that would take the Khan by surprise. In consultation with Jijabai and with her blessings, Shivaji Maharaj shifted his headquarters from Rajgad to Pratapgad. Afzalkhan’s Counter-move : When the Khan learnt that Shivaji had moved to 32 Tit for Tat : Shivaji quickly saw through the Khan’s offer. He was taking no chances. He decided somehow to persuade the Khan to come up to the fort. In reply to the Khan’s message he said, “Khansaheb, I am guilty of having captured your forts. I must have your promise of pardon for this. Please come and meet me at the foothills of Pratapgad. I am really afraid of coming down to the cities of plains to meet you.” This reply of Shivaji pleased Afzalkhan. Passing his fingers through his beard he smiled and said, “This is good news. What can Shivaji do against the mighty Afzalkhan? He has no guts to fight me. I shall myself go to Pratapgad and put an end to his life when we meet.” So he agreed to Shivaji’s proposal. I shall The Meeting Place : The ‘Machi’ on Pratapgad was chosen as the meeting Fort Pratapgad 33 Waghnakh Jiretope Bichwa (Helmet) Dandpatta (Patta) carried the Dandpatta in his hand. He was now ready to face the Khan. All the Sardars were waiting outside. Shivaji turned to them and said, “Friends, each one of you must carry out the duties assigned to you. I am sure the goddess Bhavani will see that we succeed. But if things go wrong and I am killed, do not lose heart. Install Sambhaji on the ‘gadi’, follow the commands of Maasaheb. Fight for Swaraj and extend its boundaries. Make the subjects happy. I shall go now to meet the Khan.” He was accompanied by his Vakil Pantaji Gopinath and ten bodyguards including Jivaji Mahala, Sambhaji Kavji, Yesaji Kank, Krishnaji Gaikwad, Siddi Ibrahim and others. When Shivaji reached the shamiana he saw that the Khan had already arrived. He was busy planning his future moves. Standing by his side was an armed soldier, Bada Sayyad by name. He was highly skilled in the use of Dandpatta. Shivaji came to the entrance of the shamiana, but on seeing Bada Sayyad, he stopped and would not proceed further. The Khan asked Shivaji’s Vakil why Shivaji stood at the entrance instead of coming in. 34 Shivaji meets Afzalkhan. into the Khan’s stomach and tore apart his guts. The wounded Khan fell down. Khan’s Vakil, Krishnaji Bhaskar, came forward and attacked Shivaji with his sword. But Shivaji killed him with one stroke of the Patta. When Bada Sayyad heard the shouts and noise he rushed into the shamiana. As he was about to strike Shivaji, Jivaji Mahala came between them and killed Bada Sayyad with one stroke. ‘Because of Jiva, Shiva was saved’ became a common saying afterwards. Sambhaji Kavji displayed great bravery in this conflict. The Rout of the Afzalkhan’s Army : Thus with triumph Shivaji went up to the fort. The gun boomed and gave the signal. On the instant, Shivaji’s troops came out of their hiding and attacked the Khan’s army. The Khan’s army was 35 of the disastrous campaign spread gloom over the whole of Bijapur. Shivaji thus humbled the most powerful Sardar of the Bijapur Court. His fame spread everywhere. The songs of his exploits were heard in the hills and valleys of Sahyadri. account EXERCISES (b) What did Shivaji say to his Sardars before going to Afzalkhan ? 4. Give reasons. (a) Afzalkhan became very angry when he learnt that Shivaji had moved to Pratapgad. (b) Gloom spread over the whole of Bijapur. Afzalkhan Activity Collect a few Marathi proverbs or sayings that are related to historical events. Afzalkhan ? 36 Battle of Ghodkhind They relaxed the watch and indulged in food, drink and music. Shivaji Escapes from the Siege : A plan was hit upon to escape from the siege. Two palanquins were kept ready. One was meant for Shivaji in which he would proceed using a difficult route. The other would be occupied by another person disguised as Shivaji. This palanquin was to leave by the ‘Raj-dindi’. This other palanquin would be easily spotted by the enemy forces, and it would be captured by them. While the enemy celebrated the capture of Shivaji, the real Shivaji would escape by the difficult route. This was the plan. For this a brave youth undertook this task. He resembled Shivaji in looks. His name was Shiva Kashid. He was a hairdresser in Shivaji’s service. He was courageous and shrewd. As planned, the palanquin carrying Shiva Kashid came out of Raj-dindi. It was a dark night and it was raining heavily. Still, some enemy soldiers were keeping watch. They captured the palanquin. They thought that they had caught Shivaji himself and took the palanquin to Siddi’s camp. Jubilations began in the camp. In the meanwhile, Shivaji escaped from the fort by the difficult route. He was accompanied by Baji Prabhu Deshpande and some select 37 other Bajis to take my place. But no one can replace you. Our Swaraj needs you. The enemy will attack in large numbers. We cannot hold out against them with our limited force. Please do not wait. Go ahead. We shall stop the enemy at the entrance to the pass. We shall not let him advance till we know that you have reached Vishalgad safely.” Baji livid with Prabhu’s brave words and his sense of loyalty brought tears to Shivaji’s eyes. He was most unwilling to sacrifice this Shivaji. At gem of a man for his personal safety. But he had no time to think of these things. He wanted to achieve his ideal of Swaraj. He fondly embraced Baji and said, “We shall move ahead towards Vishalgad. As soon as we gain the fort, guns will be fired. That will be the signal of our safe arrival. As soon as you hear the gun-fire, abandon the pass and follow us to the fort.” Baji’s Defence of the Ghodkhind Pass : So Shivaji left for Vishalgad leaving Baji Prabhu to defend the pass. Baji made a low bow to the receding figure of Shivaji and then prepared himself for battle. He took a sword in his hand and stood at the entrance of the pass. He divided his company of soldiers into small groups and posted them at suitable points. The Mavlas took their positions and collected huge boulders and stones to be used as weapons. The Mavlas across the pass were now a strong barrier in the path of the enemy. By this time the enemy had reached the mouth of the pass and one could hear their war cries. Baji 38 in Ghodkhind through the ranks of the besieging troops and was on the last lap of his ride to safety. Baji the Brave : In the meantime, the battle at the pass continued unabated. has to be Enraged at the defeat of his first two attacks, Siddi Masaud organized and firm and despatched a third batch of troops against Baji Prabhu and his brave men. They being only a surrounded Baji Prabhu who fought with great courage. Though wounded

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