Remedial Biology 1450099 Spring 2023-2024 PDF

Remedial Biology 1450099 Course Instructor: Spring 23-24 Mrs. Islam Mohamed Eltayeb Office location: W8-120 © McGraw Hill LLC...

Remedial Biology 1450099 Course Instructor: Spring 23-24 Mrs. Islam Mohamed Eltayeb Office location: W8-120 © McGraw Hill LLC 1  Grading Quizzes: 15% Assignment 10% Midterm exam: 30% Final term exam: 45% © McGraw Hill LLC 2  Because learning changes everything. ® Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Life Lecture Outline See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Outline 1.1 The Characteristics of Life 1.2 Evolution and the Classification of Life 1.3 The Process of Science © McGraw Hill LLC 4  1.1 The Characteristics of Life Biology is the study of life. There is great diversity among living things. Living things are composed of the same chemical elements as nonliving things. obey the same physical and chemical laws that govern everything in the universe. © McGraw Hill LLC 5  Diversity of Life Figure 1.1 Biology is the scientific study of life. The photos shown are a sample of the many diverse forms of life found on planet Earth. Despite diversity, all living things share the same basic characteristics. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC Earth. (bacteria): Eye of Science/Science Source; (Paramecium): Michael Abbey/Science Source; (morel): Carol Wolfe; (sunflower): Medioimages/PunchStock; (whale in Alaska): Image Source/Getty Images 6  What is life? To differentiate between non-living and living things will help us understand what life is. 1-Living Things Are Organized 2-Living Things Acquire Materials and Energy 3-Living Things Maintain Homeostasis 4-Living Things Respond 5-Living Things Reproduce and Develop 6-Living Things Have Adaptations © McGraw Hill LLC 7  Life Is Organized The levels of biological organization range from atoms to the biosphere. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Unicellular or multicellular Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it. As biological complexity increases, each level acquires new, emergent properties. © McGraw Hill LLC 8  Levels of Biological Organization 1 1- Are Organized as: Atoms -Molecules -Cells -Tissues -Organs –Organism Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill LLC 9  Levels of Biological Organization 2 Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill LLC 10  Levels of Biological Organization 3 Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill LLC 11  Levels of Biological Organization 4 Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill LLC 12  Levels of Biological Organization 5 Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill LLC 13  Levels of Biological Organization 6 © McGraw Hill LLC Figure 1.2 14  Levels of Biological Organization 7 © McGraw Hill LLC Figure 1.2 15  Levels of Biological Organization 8 © McGraw Hill LLC Figure 1.2 16  Levels of Biological Organization 9 © McGraw Hill LLC Figure 1.2 17  Levels of Biological Organization 10 © McGraw Hill LLC Figure 1.2 18  Levels of Biological Organization 11 © McGraw Hill LLC Figure 1.2 19  Levels of Biological Organization 12 Figure 1.2 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 20  How the Biosphere Is Organized 1 The biosphere is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist. An ecosystem is a community plus its physical environment. A community is a collection of interacting populations within the same environment. A population is all the members of a species within an area. A species is a group of similar, interbreeding organisms. © McGraw Hill LLC 21  How the Biosphere Is Organized 2 An organism is formed when organ systems are joined together. Organs work together to form organ systems. Tissues make up organs. Similar cells combine together to form tissues. Molecules join to form larger molecules within a cell. Atoms combine to form molecules. The organization of life begins with atoms. © McGraw Hill LLC 22  Life Requires Materials and Energy Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy is required to maintain organization and conduct life-sustaining processes such as chemical reactions. Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. The sun is the ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth. Energy from the sun flows through plants and other members of the food chain as one population feeds on another. Therefore, there must be a constant input of solar energy. Plants, algae, and some other organisms capture solar energy and perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process that converts solar energy into the chemical energy of carbohydrates. © McGraw Hill LLC 23  Ecosystems 2 Figure 1.4 The illustration shows solar energy being consumed by the producers, giving out heat; while producers are consumed by consumers, giving out heat. The chemicals in the producers and consumers are consumed by decomposers, giving out heat, while the same chemicals that are consumed by decomposers are returned to the producers during their growth © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 24  Living Organisms Maintain Homeostasis and Respond to Their Environment Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries. It is imperative that an organism maintain a state of biological balance. Feedback systems monitor internal conditions and make adjustments. Living organisms interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment. The ability to respond often produces movement. 1.Temperature, moisture level, pH, etc., must be maintained within the tolerance range of the organism. 2. In order to maintain homeostasis, body systems monitor internal conditions and make adjustments when needed. 3. Organisms have intricate feedback and control mechanisms to maintain homeostatically. © McGraw Hill LLC 25  Living Organisms Reproduce and Develop All living organisms must reproduce to maintain a population. The manner of reproduction varies among different organisms. When organisms reproduce, they pass on copies of their genetic information (genes) to the next generation. Genes determine the characteristics of an organism. Genes are composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). © McGraw Hill LLC 26 Living Organisms Have Adaptations An adaptation is any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment. The diversity of life exists because over long periods of time, organisms respond to changing environments by developing new adaptations. Evolution is the change in a population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment. © McGraw Hill LLC 27  Penguin Adaptations Living organisms have adaptations. Penguins have evolved complex behaviors,. such as sliding across ice to conserve energy, to adapt to their environment Figure 1.5 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC Photodisc/Getty Images 28  Biodiversity and Habitat Loss Biodiversity is the total number and relative abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the different ecosystems in which they live. Estimated to be as high as 8.7 million species Approximately 2.3 million of which named and identified Extinction is the death of the last member of a species or larger classification category. Estimated to be losing hundreds of species every year due to human activities © McGraw Hill LLC 29 © McGraw Hill LLC 30  1.2 Evolution and the Classification of Life The theory of evolution explains the diversity and unity of life. The theory of evolution suggests that all living things descended from a common ancestor. Common descent with modification © McGraw Hill LLC 31  Natural Selection Natural selection is the evolutionary mechanism proposed by Charles Darwin. Some aspect of the environment selects which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation. Individuals with the favorable traits produce the greater number of offspring that survive and reproduce. This increases the frequency of those favorable traits in population. Mutations fuel natural selection. It introduces variations among members of a population. © McGraw Hill LLC 32  Selecting for or Against New Traits Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure, which lead to deer preferring a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves; plants with hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population, which generations later leads to most plants within the population having hairy leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against. Figure 1.6 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 33  Evolutionary Tree of Life 2 An evolutionary tree is like a family tree. An evolutionary tree traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor. Figure 1.7 © McGraw Hill LLC 34  Evolutionary Tree of Life 3 Figure 1.7 © McGraw Hill LLC 35  Evolutionary Tree of Life 4 Prokaryotes Biochemical evidence suggests that there are three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, (Prokaryotes) and Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Figure 1.7 © McGraw Hill LLC 36  Evolutionary Tree of Life 7 Prokaryotes Figure 1.7 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 37  Organizing Diversity Taxonomy is the discipline of biology that identifies, names, and classifies organisms according to certain rules. Systematics is the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms. Classification categories: From least inclusive category (species) to most inclusive category (domain): Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, supergroup, and domain Each successive category above species includes more types of organisms than the preceding one. © McGraw Hill LLC 38  Levels of Classification Table 1.1 Levels of Classification Category Human Corn Domain Eukarya Eukarya Supergroup* Opisthokonta Archaeplastids Kingdom Animalia Plantae Phylum Chordata Anthophyta Class Mammalia Monocotyledones Order Primates Commelinales Family Hominidae Poaceae Genus Homo Zea Species** H. sapiens Z. mays *Supergroups are only present in Domain Eukarya **To specify an organism, you must use the full binomial name, such as Homo sapiens. © McGraw Hill LLC 39  Domains Domain Archaea Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments probably similar to the primitive Earth Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Domain Bacteria Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all environments including on our skin and in our mouth and large intestine Domain Eukarya Contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes Eukaryotes contain a membrane-bound nucleus. © McGraw Hill LLC 40  Domain Archaea Prokaryotic cells of various shapes Adaptations to extreme environments Absorb or chemosynthesize food Unique chemical Sulfolobus, an archaean characteristics Figure 1.8 © McGraw Hill LLC ©Eye of Science/Science Source 41  Domain Bacteria Prokaryotic cells of various shapes Adaptations to all environments Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food Unique chemical characteristics Escherichia coli, a bacterium Figure 1.9 © McGraw Hill LLC ©A. Barry Dowsett/Science Source 42  Kingdoms Domain Archaea – kingdom designations are being determined Domain Bacteria – kingdom designations are being determined Domain Eukarya – kingdoms are designated, but new taxonomic supergroups are being determined Kingdom Protista: range from unicellular to multicellular forms. Kingdom Fungi: are the molds and mushrooms. Kingdom Plantae: are multicellular photosynthetic organisms Kingdom Animalia: are multicellular organisms that ingest and process their food. © McGraw Hill LLC 43  Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi Algae, protozoans, slime Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, molds, and water molds and ringworms Complex single cell Mostly multicellular filaments (sometimes filaments, with specialized, complex cells colonies, or even multicellular) Absorb food Absorb, photosynthesize, Paramecium, a single-celled protozoan or ingest food Amanita, a mushroom Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia Certain algae, mosses, ferns, Sponges, worms, insects, conifers, and flowering plants fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, Multicellular with containing complex cells specialized tissues containing complex cells Photosynthesize food lngest food Phalaenopsis, orchid, a flowering plant Vulpes, a red fox Figure 1.10 © McGraw Hill LLC (Paramecium): M. I. Walker/Science Source; (mushroom): Ingram Publishing/Getty Images; (orchid): Emilio Ereza/Pixtal/age fotostock; (fox): Fuse/Getty Images 44  Scientific Names Universal Latin-based Binomial nomenclature Two-part name The first word is the genus. Always capitalized The second word is the species designation (or specific epithet). Written in lowercase Both words are italicized. Examples: Homo sapiens (humans), Zea mays (corn) If handwritten; the name should be underlined instead of italic Example: Escherichia coli can be written as: Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, E. coli and E. coli © McGraw Hill LLC 45  Testing yourself 1) Which of these is not a property of all living organisms? a. Organization b. Acquisition of materials and energy c. Care for their offspring d. Reproduction e. Responding to the Environment 2) The level of Organization that includes organisms of the same species in a given area is called a. A population b. An ecosystem c. A species d. The Biosphere 3) The process that involves passing on genetic information between generations is called a. Natural selection b. Reproduction c. Development d. Metabolism 4) The least inclusive level of classification in the following list is a. A species b. A kingdom c. A domain d. A phylum 5) The process by which evolution occurs is called a. Natural selection b. Development c. Reproduction d. Taxonomy © McGraw Hill LLC 46  Testing yourself 6) Which of the following includes prokaryotic organisms? a. Protists b. Fungi c. Archaea d. Plants 7) Which of the following is not correctly linked? a. Standard deviation: a form of statistical analysis b. Law: a theory that is not supported by experimental evidence c. Data: the results of an experiment or observation 8) Which of the following represents the permanent loss of a species? a. Natural selection b. Greenhouse effect c. Extinction d. Climate change © McGraw Hill LLC 47  Answers 1) Which of these is not a property of all Care for their offspring 2) The level of Organization that includes An ecosystem 3) The process that involves passing on genetic information between generations is called Reproduction 4) The least inclusive level of classification in the following list is A species 5) The process by which evolution occurs is called Natural selection 6) Which of the following includes prokaryotic organisms? Archaea 7) Which of the following is not correctly linked? Law: a theory that is not supported by experimental evidence 8) Which of the following represents the permanent loss of a species? Extinction © McGraw Hill LLC 48  Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  END © McGraw Hill LLC 50  Appendix: Image Description for Unsighted Students © McGraw Hill LLC 51  Diversity of Life - Text Alternative Return to parent-slide containing images. Biology is the scientific study of life. The photos shown are a sample of the many diverse forms of life found on planet Earth. Fig. 1: illustrates the major groups of living organisms. Bacteria are widely distributed, microscopic organisms with a very simple structure. A Paramecium is an example of a microscopic protist, which are larger in size and more complex than bacteria. The other organisms in Figure 1.1 are easily seen with the naked eye. They can be distinguished by how they get their food. A morel is a fungus that digests its food externally. A sunflower is a photosynthetic plant that makes its own food, and a humpback whale is an aquatic animal that ingests its food. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 52  Levels of Biological Organization - Text 12 Alternative Return to parent-slide containing images. The levels of biological organization leading to one another are as follows: Atom: Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons Molecule: Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Cell: The structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Tissue: A group of cells with a common structure and function. Organ System: Composed of several organs working together. Organism: An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems. Species: A group of similar, interbreeding organisms. Population: Organisms of the same species in a particular area.. Community: Interacting populations in a particular area. Ecosystem: A community plus the physical environment. Biosphere: Regions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living organisms. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 53  Ecosystems - Text Alternative 2 Return to parent-slide containing images. The illustration shows solar energy being consumed by the producers, giving out heat; while producers are consumed by consumers, giving out heat. The chemicals in the producers and consumers are consumed by decomposers, giving out heat, while the same chemicals that are consumed by decomposers are returned to the producers during their growth. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 54  Penguin Adaptations - Text Alternative Return to parent-slide containing images. Living organisms have adaptations. Penguins have evolved complex behaviors, such as sliding across ice to conserve energy, to adapt to their environment. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 55  Selecting for or Against New Traits - Text Alternative Return to parent-slide containing images. Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure, which lead to deer preferring a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves; plants with hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population, which generations later leads to most plants within the population having hairy leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 56 Evolutionary Tree of Life - Text Alternative 7 Return to parent-slide containing images. As existing organisms change over time, they give rise to new species. Evolutionary studies show that all living organisms arose from a common ancestor about 4 billion years ago. Domain Archaea and domain Bacteria include the prokaryotes. Domain Eukarya includes both single- celled and multicellular organisms that possess a membrane-bound nucleus. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 57  Flow Diagram for Scientific Method - Text Alternative Return to parent-slide containing images. The flowchart shows the following data: Observation leads to potential hypotheses (which includes hypothesis 1, 2 and 3) leading to prediction which gives rise to experiment leading to rejection of hypothesis 1. Experiment leads to remaining possible hypotheses (which includes hypothesis 2 and 3) leading to prediction which gives rise to experiment leading to rejection of hypothesis 2. Experiment leads to last remaining possible hypotheses (hypothesis 3) leading to prediction which gives rise to experiments (which includes experiment 1 through 4) where predictions are confirmed from experiment 2 and 3, finally leading to a conclusion, while experiment 4 is used to modify the hypothesis. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 58  Presentation of Scientific Data - Text Alternative Return to parent-slide containing images. The horizontal axis represents weeks ranging from week 1 through week 4, while the vertical axis represents blood cholesterol (milligrams per deciliter) ranging from 150 to 225 in increments of 25. The data is as follows: The curve begins at week 1 with blood cholesterol of 187.5 and ends at week 4 with blood cholesterol of 175, passing through week 2 with blood cholesterol of 212.5 and week 3 with blood cholesterol of 200. A vertical bar for 25 milligrams per deciliter at each point represents standard error. Note: All data is approximate. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 59  Scientific Publications - Text Alternative Return to parent-slide containing images. Scientific publications. Scientific journals, such as Evolution, are scholarly journals in which researchers share their findings with other scientists. Scientific magazines, such as Audobon (shown here) and Scientific American, contain articles that are usually written by reporters for a broader audience. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 60  Example of a Controlled Study - Text Alternative Return to parent-slide containing images. The illustration shows the following data: Collect Data: Each subject was examined for the presence of ulcers (Exemplified by an image of State Hypothesis: laboratory technician observing the data) Antibiotic B is a better treatment for ulcers than The plot of control and test groups against antibiotic A (Exemplified by a group of people percentage of people treated (ranging from 0 to (including males and females)). 100 in increments of 20) shows the following data: Perform Experiment: Control Group: 10 Groups were treated the same except as noted Test Group 1: 60; and (Exemplified by a group of people divided further into three sub-groups). Test Group 2: 80. Control group: received placebo. Test group 1: received antibiotic A Test group 2: received antibiotic B (Exemplified by a set of three illustrations representing lateral close-up of a human taking a medicinal capsule) Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill LLC 61