M5 Floor Coverings - Carpet and Rug Guide PDF

MATERIALS & RESOURCES 1 e. Cotton — softer than wool but is less durable. M5 FLOOR COVERINGS f. Jute — the softest of all natural fibers. It may fade FLOOR COVERINGS...

MATERIALS & RESOURCES 1 e. Cotton — softer than wool but is less durable. M5 FLOOR COVERINGS f. Jute — the softest of all natural fibers. It may fade FLOOR COVERINGS or darken in color when exposed to sunlight, and its 5.1. CARPET fiber disintegrates with prolonged exposure to 5.1.1. DEFINITION moisture. The general designation for fabric used as floor covering. It provides floors with both visual and textural 2. Synthetics or Man-made Fibers softness, warmth In a wide range of colors and a. Nylon - is the most popular carpet fiber used patterns. These qualities, in turn, enable carpeting to today. Many types of nylon are available, each with absorb sound, reduce impact noise, and provide a its own performance attributes. It is versatile, and comfortable and safe surface to walk on. As a group, easy to maintain and clean, and withstands heavy carpets are fairly easy to maintain. foot traffic. Because of nylon's excellent durability, The term carpet comes from Old Italian carpita, appearance "carpire" meaning to pluck.“ The term "carpet" is often retention is a concern. Long before a nylon carpet used interchangeably with the term “rug”, Historically wears out, its appearance can be permanently the word was also used for table and wall covering, as ruined. It is the most widely used man-made fiber. It carpets were not commonly used on the floor in is often combined with wool for durability. European interiors until the 18th century, with Ine opening of trade routes between Persia and Western b. Acrylic - it is one of the first synthetic fibers to be Europe used successfully in the production of carpet, acrylic. was once very popular for such use. Acrylic is 5.1.2. TYPES OF FIBERS USED always used as a staple fiber and has many of the The pile fiber type plays an important part in the carpet characteristics of wool and has the lowest static selection process. A successful carpet installation build- up factor. It is highly resistant to sunlight, Is heavily dependent on matching the application to the stains and mildew. You will most likely find this used appropriate fiber. Fibers are discussed in greater in bath mats and rugs. detail in the Fabrics part of this lecture. c. Modacrylic: also known as modified acrylic. It has 1. Natural Fibers better heat retention and is flame retardant as a. Wool - used ‘for centuries in the manufacturing of compared to acrylic. carpet, wool is still the standard against which other carpet fibers are judged. It is generally the most d. Polyester - Soft & luxurious. It is strong, durable expensive carpet fiber and is commonly used in with high abrasion resistance. Dyes weil, producing woven carpets. The outer layer of wool fiber is scaly, clear colors which resist fading. It has low static which diffuses light, thus hiding soil. When exposed build-up factor. It is more popularly used for to flame, wool chars, rather than melting like most residential carpet applications than for commercial synthetic fibers, making it naturally flame resistant. ones. Mainly used as shags and random sheared Carpet wool comes from countries where climactic carpet. conditions produce wool with coarseness & thickness suitable as carpet fiber. e. Polypropylene Olefins - newest and one of the most economical. It is comparable to Nylon in Characteristics of Wool from different countries. durability, strength, and wear resistance. a. 1. New Zealand Wool - wool absorbs dye easily, Polypropylene is the lightest commercial carpet fiber. colors with great clarity and uniformity, staple are Fibers are solution dyed. Absorbs little moisture, lustrous and tough, and color is almost white. resists stains, cleans well, and almost completely a. 2. Argentinean Wool - noted for its gloss and free of static build-up. Polypropylene is commonly sheen with natural resistance to soiling. Not as white used in as New Zealand Wool. outdoor carpeting. It is the most resistant synthetic a. 3. Indian Wool - crush resistant wool. fiber in the market today. It repels water and a. 4. Iraqi Wool - among the most luxurious and impervious to most stains, and is usually less costly of wool, high abrasion resistance and expensive than other fibers.s durability. a. 5. Scottish Wool - Scottish black face sheep bear f. Acetates - brand names like Avisco, Celaire, finest of all carpet wool with staples as long as 15 Cromspun, Estron. inches. g. Azlons - brand name like Vicara. b. Sisal(Scratch rush) - natural product that grows like grass, it is light cream or oatmeal in color, Sisal h. Rayons - Avicolor, Avicron, Avsio, Corval, Fibro, is a strong, woody fiber produced from the leaves of Kolorbon, Skybloom, Skyloft, Soluran, Spunvis, the agave plant, which is found in Central America, Staylux, Tufton. the West Indies, and Africa. It has a rough texture. Stiff and inflexible, sisal is a leaf fiber. Named after i. Sarans - Brand names like Rovana, Saran Sisal, a Mexican town in the Yucatan peninsula where it is grown. It tends to stain and crush easily, j. Triacetate - brand names like Amel. but is still stronger and more durable than any natural fiber. And since it is colorfast and static-free, 3. Blends - combinations of two or more fibers Into a it is perfect as a carpet or rug for just about any single carpet yarn, with each yarn lending to the area. Used mostly in twine, rugs, floor mats and other its dominant characteristic. |.e. a blend of 70% rope, it has become a popular contemporary flooring wool and 30% nylon will give the yarn the abrasion fiber. resistance of nylon and the warmth, softness, and luxury of wool. Objectives of blends: c. Maize - made from corn husks. performance standards, a more appealing aesthetic quality, and improved economics. d. Coir ( coconut Plush) — a strong and flexible hair like fiber from coconut shells. Its pale yellow fibers How carpets are made: are spun into a yarn which is finally woven into either https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkC_y8F8Mto&a flat weave carpeting or cut pile rugs and mats. It is b_channel=Howitsmade tough, can withstand a great deal of abrasion, is highly resistant and is proven to be unfriendly to insects. 5.1.3. PARTS OFA CARPET Weaving is a slower, more labor-intensive process than tufting and consequently is more expensive. Installation costs for woven carpet are also typically higher. There is usually an intricate pattern that must be matched, and proper installation generally requires power stretching and hand-sewn seams. 1. Face - composed of the Pile, which is the upright ends of yarn whether cut or looped. This forms the wearing surface of carpet or rugs. There are three basic types of weaving processes: Velvet, Wilton, and Axminster. 2. Primary Backing. the yarns need a “ground” on which to “hook’ themselves. That foundation is the ° a. Velvet - the least complex weaving method and canvas on which the yarns are woven (handtufted) the most inexpensive. It is used primarily to produce solid color carpets, but variations in color and 3. Latex - to glue on the “roots” of the yarns onto the pattern are possible. Velvet carpets are made on cotton canvas backing on which they are woven, a looms similar to Wilton looms, but without the mixed synthetic natural rubber latex. Compound is used Jacquard mechanism. All the yarn in this type for the carpets. The composition is formulated to appears on the back of the carpet. provide superior tuft lock and resilience in stretching, especially for wall-to-wall installations. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jt2XsTeaUyM&a b_channel=RcptradeTextile 4. Secondary Backing -.also known as a carpet pad, quality carpets use cotton mesh cloth as secondary b. Wilton - carpet weaving process named ‘after a backing. It is bonded to the primary backing in the latex town in England. This is constructed on a modified stage. Secondary backing is designed for-the following Jacquard loom. Perforated cards control the creation purposes: of the pattern. The Wilton weaving method is usually a. to add dimensional stability to the carpet used to produce carpet of more than one color, with b. to provide added protection to the yarn at the as many as five colors possible. Floral-patterned back of the carpet, and hotel lobby carpet is a common example of a c. to ensure that the latex adhesive which is applied Wilton. A Wilton carpet is thick and heavy because to the back of the carpet gives the proper binding yarn of every color used is carried beneath the pile characteristics required. surface. Secondary backing materials are usually woven jute https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZsLsIg5nkg&ab or polypropylene. Jute is dimensionally stable and _channel=brintonscarpets heat resistant, however, when wet, it tends to shrink https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZvbaGGz6- and can stain the carpet face fibers. Polypropylene E&ab_channel=LSIFlooring is more popular as a backing material because it is moisture resistant. Alternatives to secondary c. Axminster The Axminster loom, named after backings are attached carpet cushions, solid vinyl Axminster, England, where it was first made, but composites, and coatings referred to as unitary actually invented and developed in the United States backings. in the eighteenth century. The designs are often inspired by European and Oriental patterns. 5.1.4. METHODS OF MANUFACTURING CARPETS Combinations of patterns and colors are virtually 1. Tufting - It is far less expensive and faster to produce limitless, because the colored yarns are inserted than woven carpet. This process has enabled the mass individually as they are required by the design. production of an affordably priced textile floor covering. Because each tuft is inserted separately, the Axminster loom emulates the hand-weaving Tufted carpet is constructed by punching tufts of yarn process. The distinguishing characteristics of this into a backing. Yarns are threaded through hundreds of weave fype are intricate, multi-colored patterns and individual needles on a device that extends the entire a backing so heavily ribbed, because of stiff and width of the finished carpet. Much as in a sewing heavy crosswise yarns, that the carpet can be rolled process, the needles are forced through a loosely only lengthwise. This is considered to be the closest woven or non-woven primary backing material, which in versatility to a hand woven carpet. Axminsters then forms loops, or tufts. To hold these loops in place, tend to stretch quite a bit in length and very little in adhesive is added then a secondary backing. width. Originally constructed as knotted pile, now they are cut pile carpets. To hold the tufted loops in place, the underside of the primary backing is coated with latex adhesive, a https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmHPTd4qXUM rubbery substance that dries hard but remains &ab_channel=NationalWoolMuseum bendable. A secondary backing is added for strength and stability. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPDvNX91TzA& ab_channel=AxminsterCarpets Tufted carpet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BLqMyxBFtk&ab 3. Knitting - similar to woven carpet because pile and backing are made in a single operation. A knitting _channel=ShawLearningAcademy machine uses three sets of needles to loop the pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns together. A coating 2. Weaving - traditional way of making carpet on a of latex is given to the back for additional strength & loom. This is produced by intertwining the surface pile body. Knitted carpets are known for their plush piles, and the backing simultaneously into an integrated because there is more yarn in the wear surface whole. Most woven carpet is heavy, dimensionally than tufted carpets.Knitted stable, and strong as a result of the weaving process carpet has a tendency to and does not require a secondary backing as tufted stretch, especially on the carpet does. diagonal and is difficult to seam during installation. 4. Needlepunched Carpet - fibers, usually acrylic or b. The terms rows in Axminster, and wires in Wilton polypropylene are punched into a web of synthetic fiber and velvet carpets, refer to the number or ends per to form a homogenized layer of fiber. Hundreds of inch lengthwise. barbed needles punch through the support fabric, compressing and entangling the fibers. It is then put c. Pile height (height) - is the length (expressed in under a heavy compression to form the characteristic of decimal parts of one inch) of the tuft from the fabric. primary backing to the tip. All other factors being equal, a carpet with a higher pile height will possess more yarn on the wearing surface and will essentially be more durable. In woven carpet, the pile height is referred to as the wire height, referring to the height of the steel blades in the 100m on which the tufts are formed. Wire height is stated in decimals of an inch. 5. Flocked carpet - uses an electrostatic method. Dyed short ends of fiber are electro Statically treated and 2. Face weight - also referred to as pile weight or yarn sprayed onto an electrically charged backing sheet weight, is the weight of the pile yarn (above and below which has been treated with adhesive. Fibers are held the backing), stated in ounces per square yard of by the adhesive in an upright position with approx. carpet. It does not include the weight of the backings or 17,000 ends of fiber to a square inch. After the backing coating. The face weight describes the amount of yarn has cured in an oven, a secondary backing is applied in the wear surface of the carpet. that helps give stability to the carpet. Designs are usually print-dyed. 3. The total weight - or finished weight, Includes the face welght and the weight of backing materials,. finishes, and coatings. It ls expressed In ounces per square yard of carpet. Total weight is less of an indication of quality than face weight. 4. Yarn weight - expressed as count, which indicates the fineness or coarseness of the finished yarn. In the 5.1.5. FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN CARPET U.S. there are 2 systems used to define the yarn count. CONSTRUCTION 5. Woolen Count - number of running yards In one 1. Pile Density - or simply, density, is one of the most ounce of finished yarn. Refers to any yarn, whether important, and often most misunderstood, factors of woolen or not. Example is “2-ply 60" or “2/50" count carpet construction. It is simply the weight of the pile Indicates 50 yards of 2-ply yarn per ounce. yarn in a given volume of carpet face. The larger the density value, the more compact the pile, the less 6. Denier - measurement of weight in grams of a weight each individual tuft has to support, which yields standard 9000 meter length of yarn. Example is a 2,500 a firm walking surface. denier yarn which means that yarn of 9000 meters weighs 2,500 grams. Density can be an important determinant of carpet performance-especially for high-traffic environments. It 7. Ply -this affects color, surface texture and feel is influenced by many factors, such as stitch rate, yarn underfoot. It is the number of strands of a single yarn thickness, gauge and pile or tuft height. twisted together to form one pile yarn (i.e. two-ply, three-ply, four-ply, etc.) Widthwise Density Measurement 8. Twist level, - rarely examined by consumers or a. Gauge - for tufted carpets, is the distance salespeople with regard to performance, but can have between the needles. It is measured in fractions of an enormous impact on performance. Products with an inch. For example 1/8 gauge simply means there higher twist levels have the tendency to hold their is 1/8” between each needle, or there are 8 needles original appearance longer than lower twist products, per inch, producing 8 yarn ends per inch. because they tend to untwist or “blossom” at the yarn tips creating a trafficked appearance. This leads to the b. Pitch - for woven carpets, is the number of ends in “wet poodie” appearance associated with many a 27 in (685-mm) width of carpet. A yam a loop in residential constructions. As the yarn tips untwist, they the surface of a carpet is referred to as an end. The beginto Intermingle with other yarn tips and a matted pitch can be divided by 27 to compare widthwise appearance is displayed. density with that-of a tufted carpet. For example, if the pitch is 216, it 5.1.6. TEXTURES OF CARPETS is divided by 27, which equals 8 ends per inch, or Texture is the prime visual characteristic of a carpet 1/8 gauge in a tufted carpet. after color. The various carpet textures available are produced as a resiilt.of the pile construction, pile height, and the manner in which the carpet is cut. The three Lengthwise Density Measurement major.catégories: are cut pile, loop pile, and combination of cut and loop pile. a. Stitch rate - for tufted carpets, also referred to as stitches per inch, defines the number of times per 1. Cut pile - created.by cutting each loop of pile. It inch a stitch occurs, just as gauge expresses the produces a wide range of textures. frequency of tufts across the width. Stitch rate is the number of times an individual needle inserts a tuft a. Cut Pile Plush - it is a smooth cut pile. into the primary backing as the primary backing Sometimes, the cut ends of the yarn blend with moves one inch through the tufting machine. This is each other for a consistent surface appearance. sometimes abbreviated SPI. Therefore 8 stitches When dense pile is cut closely, per inch means that as the primary it is called velvet plush. It has backing moved through the tufting machine, a a luxurious look and feel. Cut single needle form 8 tufts or stitches. pile plush is subject to shading and shows footmarks.  b. Saxony plush - it is the texture between cut pile plush and cut pile shag. It also makes use of thicker 3. Embossing - is the process of weaving a design in a yarns. It has twisted yarn, which higher level. gives definition to each tuft. Saxonies are made with heat- 4. Beveling - rounding off those parts of a carpet that set yarn, usually in a dense, have already been carved, recessed or embossed. low-pile construction. c. Twist/Frieze - an all cut pile surface made from 5.1.8. METHODS OF COLORING , yarns that have been tightly twisted and the twist 1. Dyeing set by a special heating treatment that imparts a Carpet coloring is accomplished by predyeing the grainy appearance. It has a carpet fibers before the carpet is manufactured, or heavier,rougher texture postdyeing the finished piece of carpet. Most carpet is than cut pile plush. It is postdyed, because this process allows manufacturers made In solid color multi- to respond quickly to the needs of the market. tone effects. This pile type Predyeing methods are basically Stock, Skein or hides dirt well. Solution Dyeing. The most common Postdyeing Method used is Piece Dyeing but there are other methods that d. Shag - a multi-directional, are also used as stated accordingly. high pile twist, giving an a. Stock Dyeing attractive informal look. b. Skein or Yarn Dyeing It has a heavily textured c. Solution Dyeing surface created by the d. Piece dyeing long, twisting yarns. d. 1. Jig Dyeing d. 2. Winch, Reel, or Beck Dyeing 2. Loop pile - created by weaving, tufting, or knitting the pile yarn into loops. It is left uncut, sometimes referred Open Beck Dyeing - produces about 1,000 yards to as “round wire" in woven carpets. It is tougher and of dyed carpet. The carpet ends are attached to more easily maintained than cut pile, but is less form a large loop, which is submerged in a dye versatile in color and pattern. vat. a. Level Loop Pile - entire surface is made of Jet Beck Dyeing - achieves a very consistent uniform uncut loops, which are of the same height. level of color. Carpet is sewn together end to end, It is very sturdy and offers little textural variation. It forming a continuous loop placed in large circular has a pebbled surface texture that conceals tubes called jet becks. The carpet loop is soilage and hides footprints and other circulated under a jet of dye indentations such as chair caster and furniture marks. The d. 3. Pad Dyeing denser the surface, the better It will wear, particularly e. Differential/Cross-Dyeing recommended for heavy f. Space Dyeing - process whereby different colors traffic areas and commercial are printed along the length of the yarn before it is installations. manufactured into carpet, with different color baths for each of the yarns. b. Multilevel loop - surface Is made of different pile heights, all uncut loops, g. Resist Dyeing – opposite of differential dyeing. which tend to give a Yarn is treated to resist additional dyes. It produces dimensional character no discernible pattern and used for shading only. to the carpet. This loop is capable of producing h. Continuous Dyeing - process of dyeing carpet in a sculptured patterns. continuous production line, rather than piece-dyeing. Kusters continuous dyeing equipment which flows 3. Combination Loop and Cut pile - adds a degree of on dyestuff as distinguished from submerging carpet warmth to an all loop pile. in separate dye becks. It can be produced In tufted and woven constructions i. Package Dyeing - spun yams are wound. on large perforated forms. Under heat or pressure, dyes are forced through the perforation and onto the yarn. a, Level Type Shear - in the loop surface, some of the loops are a cut and some remain. uncut. Adds interest j. Random Multicolor Dyeing - achieved with a- to colors and gives a desirable pattern effect. random dye application or a random pattern b. Random Shear - loops are sheared, to different machine, which disperses regulated amounts of dye heights, forming a pattern that can be definite or on carpet that is already dyed a single ground color irregular. This produces tonal contrast between the cut or even on undyed goods. Several dyers can apply and uncut several colors at intervals to achieve unusual pattern effects. 5.1.7. SCULPTURED TEXTURES Postdyeing methods: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wpc2C6qf3Q8& 1. Carving - process of incising a design into a carpet or ab_channel=ShawLearningAcademy rug which has already been woven Hairline Carving — used between colors in a multicolor design rug in order to accentuate and give a 5.1.9. PRINTING design some dimension. In some cases, patterns are applied to carpet (printed) after it is manufactured. Printed carpet simulates *videos in neo resources –video # 10 the intricate patterns of woven carpet at a much lower cost. Printing methods include screen printing 2. Recessing - is the process of actually weaving a similar to that used for textiles, roller printing and jet design into a low level rather than shearing down or printing. carving it into the carpet. 1. Screen printing - employs flat templates, or screens, or ramp applications even if different installation through which dyes are forced to form the finished methods are specified for other areas of the project. pattern on the carpet pile. b. Double Give-down - this installation method 2. Deep-dye Printing - similar to screening. An combines the underfoot comfort of stretch-in installation electrostatic charge forces the pre-metallized dyes used with the stability of the direct glue-down method. The in this process deep into the pile. It puts down all the carpet cushion is adhered to the floor and the carpet is colors in the design at the same time. then glued to the cushion. 3. Roller Printing - employs embossed cylinders to 3. Self-stick - the latest development in carpet deposit the design on the face of the carpet. Each installation techniques, A flexible adhesive layer is cylinder paints a different color. applied to the carpel backing and covered with a protective plastic film. The labor involved in adhesive 4. Jet printing - utilizes rows of very closely spaced jets application and the time required to ensure the proper which spray the carpet with color as it passes by the tackness are eliminated. texture of jet printed carpet is often preferred because, unlike screen printing, this process *videos in neo resources –videos # 5,6,7 does not crush the carpet pile. 5. 2. RUGS 5.1.10. CARPET CUSHION OR UNDERLAY 5.2.1. DEFINITION Traditional method of installation requires the use of a A single piece of compact , woven, knitted, or tufted separated foundation. It is otherwise referred to as fabric, has borders, and intended as a floor covering. It “lining” or ‘cushioning’. It increases wearability, gives is manufactured of natural or man-made fibers and is added insulation, helps deaden sound, and provides produced in various lengths and widths as well as comfort underfoot. It also number of shapes - round, square. oval. or rectangular. improves cushioning, Each rug is a separate unit and is meant to cover of the helps maintain carpet floor area. and not the whole floor. appearance and prolongs life ofcarpet to as much The knotted pile carpet probably originated in the 3rd or as 70%. 2nd millennium BC in West Asia, although there is evidence of goats and sheep being sheared for wool 1. Fiber cushions are made by needle punching natural and hair which was spun and woven as far back at the , synthetic fiber, or combination of the two into a feltlike 7th millennium. pad. Antimicrobial treatments are recommended for natural fiber pads because they are susceptible to mold The earliest surviving pile carpet is the "Pazyryk and mildew Fiber cushions tend to have a firm feel Carpet", which dates from the 5th-4th century BC. It underfoot. was excavated by Sergei Voinovich Rudenko in 1949 from a Pazyryk burial mound in the Altai Mountains in 2. Sponge rubber cushions are flat sponge. ripple Siberia. This richly colored carpet is 200 x 183 cm (6'6" (waffle) sponge, or reinforced foam rubber. Flat sponge x 6'0") and framed by a border of griffins. Many experts rubber cushions provide a firm feel: ripple sponge in oriental carpets hypothesize that it is of Armenian rubber a softer feel. Unlike felted fiber cushions, rubber workmanship. cushions are highly compressible. Reinforced foam rubber has a smaller cell structure than sponge rubber, *videos in neo resources –videos # 2,3,4 thus providing more uniform support. 3. Polyurethane foam cushion types include bonded, 5.2.2. CLASSIFICATION modified prime and densified urethane foam. The chemical compositions of these 3 types are similar, but 1. “Antique” - 100 years or more. Purists believe that different cellular structures affect their performance. Oriental rugs are antique only if it dates prior to 1856 Bonded polyurethane foam or rebonded is before synthetic dyes where in use. manufactured from scraps of foam bonded together 2. “Semi-Antique” or Old, between 50 and 100 years through adhesive and heat fusion process. Modified old. prime polyurethane is manufactured in a continuous sheet and unlike densified foam. Maya contain fillers. 4.2.3. POSSIBLE VALUES IN ORIENTAL RUGS Densified foam is denser than modified prime foam and 1. Utility Value - depends entirely on the durability of the is highly resistant to bottoming out. fabric as a floor 2. Art Value - depends upon the color and design rather 5.1.11 INSTALLATION METHODS than upon the texture 3. Collector's Value - depends upon the rarity of the art 1.Tackless stripping – also known as stretch-in value installation. It is a traditional installation whereby pre- tacked thin strips of plywood are fastened all around the 5.2.4. PARTS OF A RUG (ORIENTAL perimeter of the space to be carpeted, then.carpet is stretcher up to these strips and then edge attached to the stripping This is the most famous installation method for residential applications and is used commercially for woven wool carpets and in areas where underfoot comfort and luxury are required like hotel lobbies and boardrooms. 2. Glue-down Method - usually employed with a bonded carpet. High density foam rubber is used as the secondary backing and is cemented directly to the floor. a. Direct Give-down - the most common method of commercial installation, direct glue-down is economical 1. Warps - the parallel strings stretched from loom and practical. The carpet is glued directly to the floor beam to loom beam upon which rows of knots are tied. without a cushion. This is the most dimensionally They are the stationary threads on the loom. These stable installation method and is often required for stair fibers are the strongest part of the rug. They are intersected with wefts. Most weavers use cotton for warp material if it is available because it is easier to into strips to make the filling for the second Loom. It is weave a flat, straight rug on cotton warps than on wool a dense pile with a wide range of designs, colors, warps (wool yarn is more elastic than cotton string, and widths and depths. is more affected by changes in humidity). 2. Hand Woven 2. Wefts - the filling yarn that are woven though the a. Braided warps, they run across the width of the rug, over and b. Crocheted under the warp strings and between rows of knots. c. Embroidered Most often wefts are made of cotton, wool, or silk. d. Hand hooked Wefts help hold rows of knots in place and strengthen e. Hand tufted the structure of the rug. f. Hand knotted g. Flat weave 3. Pile - the surface yarn that makes up the face of the rug. Restoring rugs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oywmXa3bgio&list= 4. Knots - are tied by looping yarn around pairs of PL5E658H1k6Zhl3vtIKkb8Z55G7NG4D1Db&index=2& warps and cutting off the standing end. The ends of the ab_channel=TheRugColorist "knot” become the pile or nap of the rug. 5. Edge bindings - made by wrapping several warps at the edge of the rug with yarn to reinforce this part of the rug. COMPUTATION OF CARPET: 6. End finishes - hold knots and wefts from working off Get floor area Ex. 8.50 x 12m= 102sqm the rug's warp strings. Many rug types have a flat- woven kilim selvedge at both ends. Multiply area x cost of 102sqm x carpet per sq.mt Ex. P1,800/sqm= 7. Fringes – are formed by gathering and knotting P 183600 together bundles of warp strings at both ends of the rug Add cost of installation 102sqm x 700 = P71400 has been cut from the loom. The knots in these bundles Ex. 700/sqm of warp strings keep pile knots and end finishes tight at Add cost of carpet + = P 183600 + P71400 the rug’s ends. installation 8. Design Parts COMPUTATION OF CARPET TILE: Get floor area Ex. 8.50 x 12m= 102sqm Divide floor area by area of carpet tile to get Ex. 102 /.2025 = 503.70 number of pcs. Ex..45m or 504 pcs of.45 x 45 x.45 =.2025 Multiply no. of pcs. x cost 504 x P 200= of tile per piece = Cost of carpet tile Ex. P200 a. Field - is the background of the rug inside the borders. It may be a solid color or patterned. b. Border - is composed of decorative repeated in one direction around corner the outside of the rug. b.1. Main Border - is the widest decorative design outside of the rug. b. 2. Guard borders - are the narrow decorative designs flanking the main border. c. The Medallion - is the round, oval or polygonal design element that sometimes occupies the center of the field. d. Corner Brackets or spandrels - are designs which sometimes fill the comers of the field. 5.2.5. WEAVING METHODS Methods. of weaving rugs are the same as that of carpets 1: Machine Wovén a. Axminster b. Velvet c. Wilton loom - These rugs bear a close resemblance to hand-knotted rugs, but are machine made. The pile is woven between two backings and then split down the middle, so you get two separate rugs. d. Chenille - originated in Glasgow, Scotland and patented in 1839. It is known to be the most expensive rug-weaving method as 2 loom operations are required. Chenille fur or blanket is woven and then cut