M2 Exam Cognition PDF

1 Based on past research, short-term memory can only handle... pieces of information. 15 - 20 7 7±2 3 2 Procedural memory takes a lot of time to develop into long memory. Once fully formed, individuals may still struggle to remember them given the difficulty and amount of informa...

1 Based on past research, short-term memory can only handle... pieces of information. 15 - 20 7 7±2 3 2 Procedural memory takes a lot of time to develop into long memory. Once fully formed, individuals may still struggle to remember them given the difficulty and amount of information included in the procedure learned. True False 3 Memory of past events or experiences recalled without any conscious effort for recollection and without awareness that memory is involved. Unconscious memory Implicit memory Episodic buffer Long-term memory 4 General knowledge is equivalent to declarative knowledge while domain-specific knowledge is equivalent to procedural knowledge. True False 5 Mental framework that dictates perception using information already acquired in the past and expectations regarding events. Semantic memory Explicit memory Schema Priming effects Propositional networks Concepts Episodic memory 6 Learning that occurs without intention or conscious awareness of what has been learned. Unconscious learning Accidental learning Shallow learning  Implicit learning 7 Steffany is practicing how to play the ukelele in her room. She really wants to learn the instrument, and thus she is putting all her attention on her playing, being mindful of pressing the right chords and strumming the right strings. However, someone starts calling her phone and the ringtone sound is making it hard for her to determine whether she's playing the ukelele right. In this scenario, her focused attention and mindful retrieval of chord and strumming knowledge to play correctly refers to what kind of cognitive load? ECL ICL GCL AND ICL GCL 8 Steffany is practicing how to play the ukelele in her room. She really wants to learn the instrument, and thus she is putting all her attention on her playing, being mindful of pressing the right chords and strumming the right strings. However, someone starts calling her phone and the ringtone sound is making it hard for her to determine whether she's playing the ukelele right. In this scenario, the ringtone sound produces what kind of cognitive load? GCL ECL ECL AND ICL ICL 9 Peter is currently studying Nihongo. However, he is struggling with learning the language since the kanji reminds him of his past learning of the Mandarin language. This scenario shows what phenomenon linked to forgetting? Distinctiveness Proactive interference Retroactive interference Decay 10 Based on Chee and Goh's (2018) study, distinctiveness helps with information memorability through which way? All of the above Makes information more easily retrievable Attracts attention and more encoding to distinct information pieces Increases learner interest in the information being learned 11 Declarative knowledge exclusively encompass specifics facts about things in the world. True  False 12 Most common theories regarding memory belong to...? Information bottleneck theories None of the above Top-down processing theories Information processing theories , Not Selected 13 Sensory memory can briefly store... pieces of information. multiple Near infinite 7 15 to 20 14 A family is having their dinner when suddenly the father choked on the food and couldn't breathe. The mother, trying to think of a way to dislodge the stuck food from her husband's airway thought that if she wants to save her husband from choking, she need to press hard and repeatedly below the ribcage, so that he would be forced to exhale hard enough that he will spit out the food. In this scenario, the specific memory she used to save her husband belongs to what memory category/categories? Classical conditioning Procedural memory Script Priming Implicit memory All of the above Production Reflex 15 Hypothesis which argues that increased difficulty associated with attempting to recall learned information will make the learned information more memorable and easily retrievable in the future. Testing effect hypothesis Retrieval effort hypothesis Elaborative retrieval hypothesis Bifurcation model 16 Krista is preparing for her upcoming chemical engineering licensure exam. Currently, she is studying organic chemistry on her dorm. To help herself better remember information, she reviewed her notes on the subject during her college years. She also created mental maps to help her visualize the relations among the concepts in the subject. However, during her study, her dormmates start watching k-drama in their T.V.. Krista herself watches k-drama and becomes distracted from her study. In this scenario, her use of mental maps and reviewing notes refers to what kind of cognitive load? GCL ECL ICL AND GCL ICL 17 Deep processing works best with arithmetic and verbal memory tests. True False 18 Processing type that produces more elaborate, longer lasting memory traces. Perceptual processing Bottom-up processing Semantic processing Deep processing Testing 19 The limitations of short-term memory capacity can be exceeded through which technique? Retrieval practice Re-study Testing Grouping Multi-tasking 20 Limitations of the multi-store model? Over-emphasis on short-term memory and did not take into account complex long-term memory processes. All of the above Did not take into account that several cognitive processes can occur at the same time. Did not take into account the role of out-of-awareness memories Did not take into account that cognitive processes can interact with and influence each other 21 1 point earned Which among the following learning types uses less attention and working memory resources.  Explicit learning Retrieval practice Shallow learning Implicit learning 22 When creating his PPT lessons for class, Mr. Pierce uses a blank white slide and plain visible text. He does not add unnecessary pictures nor use unique and fancy fonts to artistically appeal to his students since he regards these elements as unnecessary for his students' learning. Mr. Pierce's practices are designed to affect cognitive load in which way(s)? Answer, Increase GCL Reduce ECL Increase ECL Reduce GCL Manage ICL Reduce ICL 23 Process that integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. Sensory buffer Top-down processing Central executive Episodic buffer 24 Sensory information in sensory memory can only last for a duration of...? 5 seconds 2.5 seconds 2 seconds 3 seconds 25 Phenomenon in which past memories are activated due to one's exposure to something related to those memories. Eureka moments Procedural memory Priming Production Flashbulb memories Script Classical conditioning 26 Research has shown that deep processing has reduced efficacy on which experimental memory tests?  Recognizing doors and clocks All of the above Word recognition tests Rhyming tests 27 Early research suggests that people generate concepts based on...? Distinctive features Both visual and verbal characteristics Based on available propositions regarding the object of the concept Schema Defining attributes Based mainly on image representations of the object of the concept 28 When creating his PPT lesson for a multi-faceted topic, Mr. Pierce uses oftentimes allots the facets/components into different slides. Specifically, he presents the facets/components one by one instead of presenting them all at once. Mr. Pierce's practices are designed to affect cognitive load in which way(s)? (check box) Reduce ECL Increase GCL Increase ICL Reduce GCL Manage ICL Reduce ICL 29 Guinevere took chemistry as her college course to make her parents proud of her. At first, she was doing well, learning the periodic table of elements, basic biology, basic chemistry, and basic physics. However, later on the semester she felt that she actually does not want this path and instead switched course to psychology as human behavior and personality differences greatly interests her. As time went by, she leaned deeper into reading psychology books and learned more and more psychological concepts. Over time, she gradually forgot her learnings during her time in the chemistry program. Guinevere forgot her past chemistry learnings through what way? Proactive interference Retroactive interference Displacement Retrieval failure Decay 30 In Pavlov's experiment with his dog, the meat initially serves as the...? Unconditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus None of the above Conditioned stimulus 31 It has been hypothesized that... is the primary process involved in information retrieval (Ashcraft & Radvansky, 2010). Schema Classical conditioning Self-regulatory knowledge Propositional networks Reflex Implicit memories Priming Concepts 32 Part of the memory system which oversees attentional processes, generates plans, and controls how mental resources will be allocated for the various cognitive processes. Long-term memory Short-term memory Working memory Central executive Episodic buffer 33 Concepts are mostly tangible and concrete as they refer to real-world people, objects, animals, and sometimes also abstract constructions. True False 34 Holds information currently activated. Visuospatial sketchpad Sensory memory Episodic buffer Working memory Central executive 35 Link the feature with the specific memory type it defines or belongs to. Brief storage that initially processes and transforms sensory stimuli into sensory information. (SENSORY MEMORY)  Merely a temporary storage of new information. (SHORT TERM MEMORY) Interface where new information is temporarily held and combined with prior knowledge from long term memory. (WORKING MEMORY) Holds well-learned information for a long period of time. (LONG TERM MEMORY) 36 Language and basic arithmetic skills are examples of...? Implicit knowledge Domain-specific knowledge General knowledge Procedural knowledge 37 Vivid recollections of either highly positive or highly negative events which evoke emotional reactions. Vivid memory Classical conditioning Flashbulb memories Eureka moments Significant events 38 Knowledge regarding a specific body of knowledge. Procedural knowledge Generalized knowledge Implicit knowledge Domain-specific knowledge 39 Type of semantic memory that can be assessed as either true or false. Proposition Image Concept Episodic memory Schema 40 Scientist who proposed the forgetting curve. Hermann Ebbinghaus G.A. Miller Sigmund Freud  Robert Sternberg 41 Joe is an OFW working in France. While working there, he had to learn the French language and also use said language in all situations since his colleagues are French people, thus he almost never spoke Tagalog. After 9 years of working in France, he returned to the Philippines and found himself now struggling to speak Tagalog. This scenario shows what phenomenon linked to forgetting? Displacement Retroactive interference Decay Proactive interference 42 Krista is preparing for her upcoming chemical engineering licensure exam. Currently, she is studying organic chemistry on her dorm. To help herself better remember information, she reviewed her notes on the subject during her college years. She also created mental maps to help her visualize the relations among the concepts in the subject. However, during her study, her dormmates start watching k-drama in their T.V.. Krista herself watches k-drama and becomes distracted from her study. In this scenario, the noise from the k-drama episode and from her dormmates talking about the show refers to what kind of cognitive load? GCL ECL ECL AND GCL ICL 43 General knowledge and domain-specific knowledge are mutually exclusive knowledge types. True False 44 Refers to one's knowledge of when and how to use declarative and procedural knowledge. Conditional knowledge Metacognitive knowledge General knowledge Implicit knowledge Metacognition Domain-specific knowledge 45 The savings method uses the difference in... until perfect recital of all syllables between the first and last session. amount of forgotten syllables amount of stuttering number of saved seconds number of repetitions 46 Proponent(s) of the multi-store model? Sternbetrg & Sternberg Ebbinghaus Ashcraft & Radvansky Atkinson & Shiffrin 47 Theory/model/hypothesis which states that re-studying do have some learning benefits, but not as high as retrieval practice. Levels-of-processing model Implicit learning model Retrieval effort hypothesis Bifurcation model Dual path model 48 Based on Ebbinghaus' findings, the rate of forgetting can be slowed down through...? Retrieval practice Interval practice Increased repetitions Repeated testing Spaced repetition 49 In Pavlov's experiment with his dog, the bell initially serves as the...? Unconditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus  Conditioned stimulus Neutral response None of the above 50 When creating his PPT lesson for class, Mr. Pierce gets straight to the point and makes concept definitions and explanations as concise as possible while still retaining their overall meanings. He avoids using jargons and highly technical terms if possible to make learning more efficient. Mr. Pierce's practices are designed to affect cognitive load in which way(s)? Reduce GCL Increase ECL Reduce ICL Increase GCL Reduce ECL Manage ICL Correct Not sure