Questions and Answers
Which type of learning is characterized by using less attention and working memory resources?
What is the primary function of the central executive in working memory?
What is the concept that explains why Krista had difficulty remembering information from her notes due to her dormmates' noise from watching k-drama?
Mr. Pierce's practices in creating PPT lessons are designed to affect cognitive load in which way?
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What type of cognitive load does the noise from the k-drama episode and from her dormmates talking about the show refer to in the given scenario?
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What is the term for the phenomenon in which past memories are activated due to exposure to something related to those memories?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between general knowledge and domain-specific knowledge?
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Research has shown that deep processing has reduced efficacy on which experimental memory tests?
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According to early research, people generate concepts based on?
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What type of knowledge refers to the knowledge of when and how to use declarative and procedural knowledge?
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What does the savings method use to measure the effectiveness of learning strategies?
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What is the duration for which sensory information can last in sensory memory?
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Which component of working memory is responsible for integrating information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory?
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Who are the proponents of the multi-store model?
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Which theory states that re-studying has some learning benefits, but not as high as retrieval practice?
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According to Ebbinghaus' findings, what can slow down the rate of forgetting?
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What is the maximum capacity of short-term memory?
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Which type of memory is responsible for storing general knowledge?
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What is the term for the mental framework that influences perception and expectations?
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What type of learning occurs without intention or conscious awareness?
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What type of cognitive load is Steffany experiencing while trying to play the ukelele?
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What is the difference between declarative and procedural knowledge?
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What is the term for the memory of past events or experiences recalled without conscious effort?
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What is the primary difference between Steffany's focused attention and mindful retrieval of chord and strumming knowledge?
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Study Notes
Limitations of Early Research
- Did not take into account the role of out-of-awareness memories
- Did not consider that cognitive processes can interact with and influence each other
Types of Learning
- Implicit learning: uses less attention and working memory resources
- Explicit learning: contrasts with implicit learning
Cognitive Load
- Mr. Pierce's practices: designed to reduce extraneous cognitive load (ECL)
- Reducing ECL: helps students focus on relevant information
- Increasing germane cognitive load (GCL): enhances learning and understanding
Integrated Information
- Episodic buffer: integrates information from phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory
Sensory Memory
- Sensory information can only last for a duration of 2-3 seconds
Memory Phenomenon
- Priming: phenomenon in which past memories are activated due to exposure to something related
Deep Processing
- Research has shown that deep processing has reduced efficacy on certain experimental memory tests
Concept Generation
- Early research suggests that people generate concepts based on distinctive features and available propositions
Interference
- Proactive interference: a type of interference that occurs when prior learning affects new information
Cognitive Load Types
- GCL (germane cognitive load): related to the complexity of the material
- ECL (extraneous cognitive load): related to distractions or unnecessary elements
- ICL (intrinsic cognitive load): related to the individual's prior knowledge and experiences
Knowledge Types
- General knowledge: not mutually exclusive with domain-specific knowledge
- Conditional knowledge: refers to one's knowledge of when and how to use declarative and procedural knowledge
Forgetting and Learning
- The savings method: uses the difference in the number of repetitions until perfect recital of all syllables between the first and last session
- Proponent of the multi-store model: Atkinson & Shiffrin
Retrieval Practice
- Theory/model/hypothesis which states that re-studying has some learning benefits, but not as high as retrieval practice
Memory
- Short-term memory: can only handle 7 ± 2 pieces of information
- Procedural memory: takes time to develop into long-term memory
Unconscious Memory
- Memory of past events or experiences recalled without conscious effort or awareness
Schema
- Mental framework that dictates perception using information already acquired in the past and expectations regarding events
Implicit Learning
- Learning that occurs without intention or conscious awareness of what has been learned
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Description
Test your knowledge on psychological concepts, including learning types and cognitive processes.
