Local History and Governance of Pantukan PDF

Lesson 1- Module 1 **HISTORY AND GOVERNANCE OF MUNICIPALITY OF PANTUKAN** PANTUKAN -- one of the oldest towns in Davao, established before Davao was divided into several provinces. a.)One of the first inhabitants of Pantukan were the Mansaka's and Muslim who make up the Kagan tribe. b.) The name...

Lesson 1- Module 1 **HISTORY AND GOVERNANCE OF MUNICIPALITY OF PANTUKAN** PANTUKAN -- one of the oldest towns in Davao, established before Davao was divided into several provinces. a.)One of the first inhabitants of Pantukan were the Mansaka's and Muslim who make up the Kagan tribe. b.) The name "PANTUKAN" was derived from the name of power Datus known as **Pantu** and **Kan**, who ruled the place during that period. b.1) Datu Pantu -- chieftain of Barrio Bongbong situated on the Southeastern portion of the municipality. b.2) Datu Kan -- ruled Magnaga the Northern tip of the town. c.) The abundance of natural resources attracted migrants to settle in Pantukan. Majority are originated from Visayas. The influx of people brought with them an increasing trading, economic activities and cultural exchange between the original settlers and the migrants. d.) The town was officially created on November, 13, 1936, through Executive order No. 64 by President Manuel L. Quezon. e.) Initially had a land area of 180,000 hectares. f.) Since then, the two barangays -- Lupon and Mabini were elevated to become independent municipalities. Lupon, south of the original Pantukan, became part of Davao Oriental when the province is subdivided in 1967. On the other hand, Mabini, north of the original Pantukan, was further subdivided into the current municipalities of Mabini, Maco, and Maragusan. **EARLY LEADERSHIP** -The first appointed political leader was Municipal President Lam Laureano, Muslim Leader highly respected by the natives. -When Laureano died Bancas Mansaka, who belonged to a prominent family of the Mansaka Tribe, succeeded him. -Prominent early leaders included Pantaleon Terrado, Seixto Rosales, Felixberto Castro and Teodoro Fuentes. **POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS** **Mr. Juan R. Caballero Sr.** --the first elected mayor when the first election was held in Pantukan in 1938. -He held on to his leadership role until World War II broke out. **Mr. Raymundo Legal** -When the Japanese army defeated the resistance forces, he was appointed as the New Municipal Mayor. -Afterwards, the resistance group consolidated their forces and successfully crushed the Japanese Army. **Mr. Paulo Ramirez** -He was appointed by President Manuel Roxas. **Mr. Juan Caballero Sr.** -He was re-elected when normalcy was fully restored in 1946. However, he died before his term of office expired. **Atty. Graciano V. Arafol** -a Deputy Governor, was elected as Mayor. -Caballero's successor in 1951 -he served two consecutive terms from 1951-1959. **Mr. Diosdado M. Basañez** -he's in Liberal Party, served as Mayor for one term. **Mr. Celso V. Sarenas** -In 1963, he won by majority vote and went on to become the first official to occupy the mayoralty seat for three consecutive terms. **Mr. Juan B. Caballero** -he was appointed as OIC Mayor, replacing the incumbent Mayor Celso V. Sarenas, Sr. **Dr. Jovito D. Derla** -In the 1988 regular elections, he won the election by majority votes and occupied the mayoralty seat until 1992. **Mr. Juan R. Caballero Jr.** -won and became mayor for only one term during the May 1992 joint national and local election. **Dr. Jovito D. Derla** -he was re-elected and served for three consecutive terms until 2004. (1995-2004) **Mr. Juan Cipriano Celso** -won and served for three consecutive terms. **V. Sarenas** (2004-2013) **Mr. Roberto M. Yugo** -the 2013 elections saw a new chief executive. **LESSON 2 MODULE 1** **TOPOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, DEMOGRAPHY OF MUNICIPALITY OF PANTUKAN, DAVAO DE ORO** **[Topography]** -- the study and description of the physical factors of an area. **[Geography]** --the study of places and their environment. *-Physical Geography* --natural environment/physiography, phenomena, e.g. atmospheres *-Human Geography* --interrelationships between people, place, and environment. (e.g. location, place, culture) **[Demography]**-the statistical study of human populations. TOPOGRAPHY -Pantukan is positioned on the eastern coast of Mindanao, facing the Davao Gulf. -It is bordered by: -North: Municipality of Mabini -Northwest : Municipality of Maco -West : Municipality of Compostella -South : Municipality of Maragusan and the province of Davao Oriental. GEOGRAPHY -Pantukan Davao De Oro, features a diverse terrain. -Along the coastline, sandy beaches and mangroves meet the Davao Gulf. -Inland. Fertile lowlands host rice paddies and plantations. -Rolling hills and uplands provide scenic views with elevations ranging from 13 meters to 300 meters. DEMOGRAPHY -Municipakity of Pantukan population is (90, 786) according to the 2020 Census; Income class: First Class. -The 13 Barangays of Municipality of Pantukan -Bongabong (4,428) -Tagdangua (4,765) -Bongbong (4,579) -Tambongon (4,028) -Fuentes (3,908) -Tibagon (4,729) -Kingking (29,317) -Las Arenas (980) -Magnaga (10,766) -Araibo (2,531) -Matiao (4,155) -Tagugpo (4,008) -Napnapan (12,529) -In the 2015 Census, Pantukan had a household population of 85,742, distributed across 19, 275 households. On average, there were 4.45 members per household. FACTORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 1\. Geological Factors (Steep Slopes, Rugged Terrain) 2\. Human Activities (Small-scale Mining, Existing Fissures) 3\. Trigger Events (Rainfall and Quakes, Lag Time) NOTABLE LANDMARKS (Most Visited Tourist Destinations in Pantukan) 1\. Dagat ni Baste Beach Resort 2\. Putting Bonbon 3\. La Vanessa 4\. Water World Beach Resort 5\. Magnaga Waters INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORTATION **Road Network** --Pantukan boasts an extensive network of paved roads and highways, proving efficient connectivity throughout the municipality. Major thoroughfares link Pantukan to neighboring towns and the provinvial capital. **Public Transportation** --Buses, Jeepneys, and Tricycles **Ports and Harbors** --Pantukan's coastal location is complemented by a well-developed port infrastructure. The local harbour facilitates the movement of goods and supports the municipality's fishing and maritime industries. CONCLUSION AND KEY TAKEAWAYS 1\. **Pantukan's Natural Splendor** Pantukan's diverse topography, ranging from rugged mountains to pristine beaches, showcases's the municipality's natural beauty and ecological richness. 2\. **Cultural Tapestry** The ethnic diversity and vibrant traditions of Pantukan's people contribute to a unique cultural tapestry that enriches the local community. 3\. **Economic Potential** Pantukan's strategic location, coupled with its established industries and infrastructures, position the municipality for continued economic growth and development. 4\. **Sustainable Future** By preserving the environment, celebrating its cultural heritage and fostering inclusive progress, Pantukan can chart a path towards a sustainable and prosperous future. **LESSON 3 -- MODULE 1** **THE KAGAN TRIBE** **Etymology and Identity** -The word "Kagan" comes from the root word "Kaag", meaning "to inform or to warn". -The name also relates to "Caraga", implying alertness and discipline. -Kagans originally lived along the shores of the Davao Gulf and preferred "Kagan" over "Kaagan" as their tribe's name. -The Kagans engaged in "barter trading" with other Mindanao tribes. -Islam was introduced to the Kagans in the mid-15^th^ century by Shariffs from Maguindanao and Sulu. **Defense Mechanism** -The Kagan tribe used a gong (Agong) to alert their community of approaching enemies or foreign intruders along the coastline. **Economy and Livelihood** -The Kagans were traditionally fishermen and farmers. -Other source of income includes mat weaving, loom weaving (ab-on), nipa roof (paud) and nipa walling (simbit making) as well as chicken and goat rasing. **Cultural Integration** -The Kagan society evolved through intermarriages and interactions with other groups from mainland Mindanao, the Zamboanga Peninsula and smaller islands of Mindanao. -Despite these influences, the Kagan people maintain a unique cultural identity. **Political System** -Pre-Islamic Kagan society had an organized political system led by the "barabangsa" or nobles. -The council of nobles governed various community matters imposed laws, and determined punishments based on the tribe's moral concepts. **Oral Tradition** -Kagan culture and history have been passed down orally, with few, if any, written records documenting their traditions and practices. **Lesson 4 - Module 1** **THE MANSAKA TRIBE** **Mansaka Tribe** --an indigenous ethnic group in the Philippines primarily found in the south-eastern part of the island of Mindanao a.) found in the province of Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley particularly in the cities of Davao and Tagum and other municipalities of the said privinces in Pantukan, Maco, Mabini, Nabuturan, and Maragusan. b.) the most dominant ethnic group in Compistella Valley Province. They are said to have lived in the area since the time when Magbabaya (creator) created them. c.) the term "MANSAKA" is derived from "man" meaning "first" and "saka" meaning "to ascend". The MANSAKA means the "the first people to ascend the mountain or go upstream". d.) (Language) Mansaka speaks the Mansaka Language or Minansaka which is part of the Austronesian language family of Mindanao in the Philippines. This language is an integral part of the cultural identity of the Mansaka, particularly the provinces of Davao de Oro, Davao Oriental, and Davao del Norte. RELIGION AND BELIEFS a.) They are mainly animistic. b.) Their society has a religious role known as "baylan" who is usually female. The baylan is both a healer and a priestess. They gain that role by being called by the spirits. They baylan has a special relationship with the supreme God, Magbabaya. c.) They also belived in the Holy Trinity --The Father, The Son, and the Holy Spirit (diwata), and Jesus Christ being the Timasa na anak ng Magbabaya ("the only Son of God") LIVELIHOOD OF MANSAKA TRIBE (the main activities) -Farming -Hunting -Fishing -Their other mans of livelihood, including fishing, food gathering, hunting and planting of abaca as a cash crop. CULTURAL HERITAGE -The Mansaka people are known for their rich cultural expressions, including their traditional clothing, music, dance, and arts such as beadwork and weaving. -Their rivals particularly those connected to agriculture and natural cycles, reflect a profound respect for the environment, which has influenced the sustainable practices in the locality. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE -Mansaka has been in Pantukan since before the colonial era, with their deep understanding of the land, especially in gold-rich areas, playing a crucial role in the local economy. -Their history is closely linked to the discovery and development of gold mining in the region. -The Mansaka tribe is vital to their region's cultural and historical identity, known for their rich traditions and deep knowledge of the land. -Their contributions to gold mining have significantly shaped the local economy, while their leadership and sustainable practices have influenced governance and resource management. MANSAKA INSTRUMENTS Gimbal --a drum made of bahi or betel nut and animal hide (doe skin and male deer skin) Kubig --is a mouth-resonated idioglot lamellaphone idiophone (jews sharp) Agung --(wide-rimmed, vertically suspended gong) Kulintang --(row of eight small, horizontally-laid gongs) Parundang --(mouth or nose bamboo flute, bigger than lantoy) Lantoy --(mouth bamboo flute) -it's a transverse flute -it has 5 holes -its tone diatocally Kudlong --two-stringed instrument, which resembles the Muslim kudyapi, where one string functions as a drone while the other string plays the melody. -Kyagan (five fret) -Panganduan (seven or eight frets) -Binudyaan (thirteen frets) Mansaka Music -Mansaka music has specific functions in their lives as part of their culture and tradition. Example: -Binarig for courtship -Barabay for entertainment -Sinakay-sakay for all types of ceremonies and rituals-wedding, harvest etc. Example of their ceremonies/rituals: -Piyagsawitan (harvest ceremony) -Wedding Ceremony -Pag-ipad or Pagdiyaga (healing ritual) -Ritual to Become a Bagani (Tribal Warrior) -Dawot (song) **MODULE 2- LESSON 1** **THE WORLD OF ANCIENT FISHING OF PEOPLE OF PANTUKAN** **THE ANCIENT FISHING INDUSTRY** -The people of Pantukan were also known to be fishermen who developed a great knowledge of fishing.During those times there was an undeniable richness ofsea and aquatic resources period that is why water became one of their main sources of living. **TOOLS FOR ANCIENT FISHING** A.) **Sinipit (Anchor/Ankla)** -It is a traditional bowl made from bamboo tree used in storing provisions and fishing materials. a traditional device made of wood attached with a stone on one end and metal hook in the opposite end used to hold the bangay to stay in a particular place in the water B.) **Bugsay (Paddle)** -A long wooden pole on one end and is made flat on the other end use both for steering and speeding banca.  **MATERIALS USED FOR FISHING** **A.) Banan** -It is a traditional bowl made from bamboo tree used in storing provisions and fishing materials. **B.) Urgos** -Is an average size of stone used used for fast syncing of the baitsfor catching fishes.  C.) Sikpaw -On the other hand,is made of a rounded steel bar directly connected to its handle which can either be a steel or a piece of wood or bamboo with a cylindrical net downward attached to the rounded steel. D.) Antipara -Is a traditional swimming goggles usually made up of wood.  E.) Ulang-Ulang -This is a shrimp-formed made of wood with five fingers and five metal hooks at the tail end of it that is used to catch squids. F.) Boobo -It is a man-made of trap made out of bamboo used to trap fishesin the depth of waters.This may catch differentspecies of fish.  G.) Panduga or Markings -is a traditional method of markings usually used by the old Kagan Folksin pinpointing directionsto preempt astray.  **PRESENT SCENARIO OF FISHING INDUSTRY IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PANTUKAN** -The fishing industry in Pantukan, plays a significant role in the local economy and the livelihoods of many families. -There have been efforts to improve fishing practices and sustainability. -Environmental issues such as pollution and climate change are impacting marine ecosystems, further complicating the situation. -There are community programs aimed atsupporting fishermen. **SIGNIFICANCE OF FISHING LIVELIHOOD TO PEOPLE OF PANTUKAN FROM ANCIENT TIMES** -The nativesin Pantukan, Davao de Oro considered fishing as a main livelihood in ancient times due to the abundant marine resourcesin the area. -As Pantukan entered the modern era, fishing remained an essential part of the local economy. **\ ** **MODULE 2- LESSON 2** **THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS OF PANTUKEÑOS** -Davao de Oro was formerly known as Compostela Valley -As an independent municipality that been known for its mining industry. However, agriculture also plays a crucial role in the local economy. **CROPS** -A banana plantation in Pantukan is well-known for its significant progress, particularly in the effective use of fertilizers. The strategic application of fertilizers has contributed to enhanced growth, yielding a bountiful harvest and bolstering the plantation's reputation for producing high-quality bananas. -Pantukan is often considered a "water world" not because it is surrounded by beaches, but due to the abundance of coconut trees that dominate the landscape. These trees, thriving in the region's tropical climate, give the area a lush, verdant appearance, reminiscent of a green ocean. **FISHERIES** -Pantukan's fisheries are a vital component of the local economy, providing sustenance and livelihoods for many residents. The coastal municipality is rich in marine resources, offering a variety of fish and seafood. **LIVESTOCK** -Poultry farming in Pantukan is a growing sector that plays a significant role in the municipality's agricultural landscape. Local farms produce a range of poultry products, including chicken, eggs, ducks, which are essential for both local consumption and trade. The favourable climate and availability of natural resources contribute to the success of poultry farming in the area, allowing farmers to maintain healthy flocks and produce high-quality products. The agriculture sector has a significant share in the provincial economy as it utilized 30.15 percent or 140,691.0 hectares (ha) of the total land area for the various agricultural crops, fisheries and livestock. The land area planted with major crops in the province with its corresponding annual production and average yield per hecatare. While the inventory of major poultry & livestock in the province of Davao de Oro. As of January 1, 2020, the total hog inventory in Davao Region stood at 941,256 heads. It slightly declines by 0.14 percent from the previous year's level of 942,547 heads. **SCENARIO TODAY** Scenario 1: Limited Commercial Fishing -Commercial fishing- is the catching of fish with the use of fishing boats with a capacity of more than three gross tons for trade, business, or profit beyond subsistence or sports fishing. Scenario 2 : Aquaculture -Aquaculture in Pantukan, Davao de Oro refers to the practice of raising aquatic organisms, such as fish, shrimp, or other seafood, in controlled environments. This can involve various methods like fish ponds, cages, or tanks. Scenario 3: Subsistence -A small group of fishermen in Pantukan rely on fishing in the local rivers for their daily sustenance. They use traditional methods like handlines and bamboo traps to catch fish like tilapia, hito, and dalag. -The fish they catch are primarily consumed by their families and are rarely sold in the market. -This type of fishing is heavily dependent on the availability of fish in the rivers, which can be affected by factors like pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Scenario 4: Impact of Environmental Factors -The fishing industry in Pantukan is vulnerable to environmental factors such as pollution and deforestation. -These factors can negatively impact the health of the rivers and reduce the availability of fish. -Local government initiatives and community efforts are crucial to protect the environment and ensure the sustainability of the fishing industry. **EXPLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FISHING LIVELIHOOD TO THE PEOPLE OF PANTUKAN FROM THE ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN ERA** **FISHING IN PANTUKAN: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE** -Freshwater Fishing : The presence of rivers and streams in the region suggests that freshwater fishing has likely been a significant source of sustenance for the people of Pantukan since ancient times. This would have been particularly important during periods of food scarcity or when acess to other food sources was limited. -Subsistence Fishing : Historically, fishing in inland areas like Pantukan was likely primarily a subsistence activity, providing food for local communities rather than a major source of income or trade. **FISHING IN PANTUKAN: THE MODERN ERA** -Shifting Livelihoods: As the Philippines has modernized, many inland communities have seen a shift away from traditional subsistence activities like fishing towards other forms of employment, such as agriculture, forestry, or working in urban areas. -Limited Commercial Potential : Pantukan's inland location and the relatively small size of its rivers and streams likely limit the potential for a large-scale commercial fishing industry. This means that fishing I likely to remain a small-scale, local activity, orimarily for personal consumption or local markets. -Environmental Challenges : Pollution, Deforestation, and other environmental factors can negatively impact freshwater fish populations, potentially affecting the sustainability of fishing in the region. **MODULE 2- LESSON 3** **THE LAND OF GOLD THE MINING INDUSTRY** -In the Philippines, mining industry is considered as a potential key driver of growth. Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) noted that the country is ranked top 5 in the world overall mineral researves, second in gold and third in copper resource with an estimated value of 1367 billion US dollars (Anzcham, 2013) **OVERVIEW OF GOLD MINING IN PANTUKAN** -One of the most well-known areas in the region for gold mining. -Pantukan is part of the larger Compostella Valley, now known as Davao De Oro, which is rich in mineral resources, particularly gold. -There are hub for large-scale and small scale operations, highlights the region's rich mineral resources and the significant impact on the local economy. **KIND OF GOLD MINING IN PANTUKAN** ***-Small-scale Mining*** -- this kind of gold mining in Pantukan is primarily conducted by small-scale miners, often using traditional methods like panning and tunnelling, working in groups or cooperatives in mountainous areas. ***-Large-scale Mining*** --large mining companies typically conduct modern and extensive mining. The gold mining industry in Pantukan, Davao de Oro, had a significant environmental impacts, both positive and negative. These impacts are mainly associated with the methods used in both small-scale and large-scale mining operations in the area. **SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT** **-DEFORESTATION AND HABITAT LOSS** -involves the removal of large areas of forested land for mining, resulting in habitat loss for various species. **-SOIL EROSION AND LANDSLIDES** -is exacerbated by mining processes, which disrupt the natural landscape, leading to landslides and environmental degradation. **-WATER POLLUTION** -In gold mining, especially in small-scale operations, frequently causes significant water pollution due to the use of toxic chemicals like mercury and cyanide, posing health risks to aquatic life and local communities. **-SILTATION OF WATER BODIES** -leads to water body siltation, reducing water quality, affecting aquatic ecosystems, and increasing flood risk. **-AIR POLLUTION** -mining in Pantukan generates significant dust and particulate matter, causing respiratory issues and contributing to climate change. **-LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY** -causing significant biodiversity loss due to deforestation, water pollution, and habitat destruction, potentially leading to species extinction and reducing ecosystem resilience and human community services. **-ALTERATION OF NATURAL LANDSCAPE** -mining activities have altered the natural landscapes, requiring significant rehabilitation efforts and potentially affecting tourism and local resident's quality of life. The gold mining industry in the Municipality of Pantukan is a major economic activity that has shaped the region's development for decades along with other areas in Davao de Oro. Pantukan, is known for its rich mineral resources, particularly gold, making it a significant hub for mining operations. **SMALL-SCALE MINING** -this is the most prevalent form of mining in Pantukan. Small-scale miners, often operating informally, use traditional methods such as panning, sluicing, and tunnelling to extract gold. These miners typically work in groups or cooperatives and rely on labor-intensive processes. **LARGE-SCALE MINING** -Large-scale mining projects are more regulated and require various permits and compliance with environmental and safety standards. **ECONOMIC IMPACT** -Gold mining drives Pantukan's economy, proving employment and stimulating other economic activities. It contributes to local government revenues through taxes and fees. Despite to this, the reliance on gold mining makes the local economy vulnerable to fluctuations in global gold prices and changes in government policies. **ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS** **ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT** : Mining activities, especially small-scale operations, causes deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution due to mercury and other chemicals that are used in gold extraction, posing environmental and public health risks. **SOCIAL ISSUES** : Mining influx in Pantukan has led to population growth, resource demand, informal settlements, and social tensions due to land disputes. There are also tensions arising from land disputes. There are also social tensions arising from land, conflicts between small-scale miners and large mining companies, and competition over resources. The government and the community should recognize the value of its abundant mineral resources like gold, copper, iron and nickel, and the need to work with the mining industry, as it will be a big ticket out of poverty if done effectively and efficiently (Jasareno, 2012 & Philippine Industry Leaders, 2012). A wide range of activities under mining value chain stimulates economic growth in the national, regional, and local economies. In 2011, the gross production value for metallic minerals was Php 122.58 billion (3 billion dollars), of which Php 63.14 billion (1.6 billion) came from gold production. Despite the improved earnings of mining industry over the years, however, its contribution to the gross domestic product remain insignificant ranging merely fom 0.6 to 1.0 percent of the GDP in 2012(Senate Economic Planning-Philippines, 2013). Main reason is the unregulated illegal mining operations wherein based on the record of MGB there are only 34 producing mines in the Philippines in 2011, which tantamount of saying that the industry is quite small. Given this reality, the primordial challenge of the government today is to expand economic benefits of mining industry. Strategies and programs has to be identified that would maximize and broaden the economic linkages in the upstream, downstream and side stream. **MODULE 3- LESSON 1** **THE HISTORICAL LANDMARKS AND SACRED PLACES OF THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF PANTUKAN** Pantukan is one of the oldest towns in Davao. The town became an independent municipality long before Davao was divided into several provinces. The first inhabitants of the place where the Mansaka and Kagan tribes; the name Pantukan was derived from the name of the two powerful Datus known as Pantu and Kan, who ruled the place during that period Pantukan is the last town of Compostella Valley going to Davao Oriental. It is situated in the Southern portion of the Province of Compostella Valley and adjacent to the political boundary of Davao Oriental. - **Taytayan: The Burial Ground of Kagan Warriors** - **Lawigan Burial Ground : A Kagan Historical Gem** - **Pang Ampan : The Ancient Hunting Ground** **THE HISTORICAL LANDMARKS AND SACRED PLACES OF THE ANCIENT PEOPLE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MABINI, DAVAO DE ORO** Module 3-Lesson 2 **[Municipality of Mabini]** - Formerly known as **"Cuambog",** a barangay of the Municipality of Pantukan before. - The name **"Cuambog"** derived from **"Maambog",** a tree growing along its riverbanks (folktale). - Originally it is a vast wilderness inhabited by the Mansakas and Kagans. - The municipality was once named **Doña Alicia** after **Alicia Syquia**, wife of **President Quirino**, who was killed by the Japanese soldiers during WWII. - Created on **May 28, 1953**, by **Executive Order No. 596** of President Elpidio Quirino. - Renamed in 1954 in honor of revolutionary leader Apolinario Mabini. - Classified as a 2^nd^ class municipality in Davao de Oro, Philippines. - As of the 2020 census it had a population of 43,552. **Sacred Places** - Lapinigan - Cadunan - Pindasan - Tagnanan **[Lapinigan]** -A seashore in Lapinigan is abundant with "kupangs", a type of seashell. -Kupang was the main food source for the Indigenous People in the area. -These seashells are easy to gather, as they are found in the muds of the seashore. -Kagans continue to gather kupang from this seashore up to the present. - **Mangroves in Lapinigan** -It is one of the remaining oldest mangrove forests in Lapinigan where Ancient people take wood as a furniture for making their houses. - **Old Well in Lapinigan** -This is an old well where Kagans and some Mansaka used to get their water for drinking. - **Cemetery in Lapinigan** -"Panoboan" or the common cemetery in Lapinigan. The lineages of Datu Babon were buried here. - **Hunting Place in Lapinigan** - **Tampat in Lapinigan** -It is the Tampat of Datu Babon. He is the first to inhabit and acquire the Lapinigan as a territory. He has the highest power in his tribe. He died in Pantukan from poison. - **Old Creek in Lapinigan** **[Cadunan]** - **Sea in Cadunan** - **Mango Tree in Cadunan** - **Mario Bungcas** - **Creek in Cadunan** - **Creek Tagdadarik in Cadunan** - **Panaboan in Cadunan** - **Wellspring in Cadunan** **[Pindasan]** - **Mangrove forest in Pindasan** - **Creek of Lanigpa in Pindasan** - **Lumbya of Pindasan** - **Coconut farm of Pindasan** - **Labuan in Pindasan** - **Langgaa of Pindasan** - **Tampat of Pindasan** - **Lagoon of Pindasan** - **Wellspring of Pindasan** - **Bamboo tree of Pindasan** - **Mango tree of Pindasan** - **Tabun tabunan of Pindasan** - **Bilawan of Tagnanan** **THE HISTORICAL LANDMARKS AND SACRED PLACES OF THE ANCIENT PEOPLE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MACO, DAVAO DE ORO** **[Maco]** -is a first class municipality in the province of Davao de Oro (Compostella Valley), Philippines. It was formerly part of the Municipality of Mabini before it became an independent municipality in **June 17, 1967**. -Maco was originally derived from a word Mamaco which means a big tree according to some immigrants (a few still living) -Maco came from another derivative Maraco, although referring to the same meaning, that is, a big tree found in the area. -for the native inhabitants **[Original Settlers]** -The original settlers of Maco were said to be the Indigenous Cultural Communities of Kagan and Mansaka. **[Barangay Pangi]** -formerly known "Kapangihan" -Today's Baramgay Pangi was formerly called kapangihan as the place was full of pangi trees. -Pangi -- a medicinal tree used by the Kagans during the ancient period. **[Lungag sa Aswang]** \- Kagan's boundary landmark between Davao Oriental and Compostela Valley/Davao del Norte. -It is a secret passage of the Minangkabaw clan (Kagan Tribe) which entrance was located at Pangi in Maco, Compostela Valley and its exit is at the Sommog River in Lupon, Davao Oriental. -It has been told that no person can pass the cave except the Minangkabaw bloodline. Any intruder who would attempt to enter the cave will encounter the unseen creature called **"Magoya"** and they could not get out from the cave anymore. Even the Minangkabaw or kagan tribe would perform rituals to ask permission or **"Pagpanabi-sabi"** before they would enter the cave. **[Barangay Anislagan (formerly known Anislagun)]** **-** **Anislagan was among the fishing grounds of the Kagans since time immemorial. It also served as their salt production area during the ancient times.** **- Anislagun was a kind of tree which naturally grow in the coastal area.** **Barangay Binuangan (formerly known as "Kabinuangan")** **-** **Kagan tribe was known to be very kind and hospitable people. Because of these attitudes, many** **settlers were welcomed in Binuangan. Most of them were migrants from various tribal communities in Davao Gulf.** **-** **Its name derived from a specie of tree which naturally grow in this area.** - **Some traditional Kagan houses can still be seen in Barangay Binuangan at present and it is being used for shelter** - **At the right is the burial ground of the late Ompo Calolong. He was a great warrior and "Balyan," a traditional spiritual healer of Kagan. That being a traditional spiritual healer was passed by the late Ompo to Pyagmatikadung Alpha Hempon of barangay Binuangan** **Barangay Bucana (formerly called as "Sabangan Nang Eyo")** **-** **Kagan usually performed their rituals in Barangay Bucana as it was considered by them as a sacred place considering the existence of various species of big trees. It served as the Kagan's ritual ground, especially when they perform traditional healing.** **-** **The Bucana River along the coastal area in Maco is the source of livelihood for the Kagan Tribes during the ancient times.** **Barangay Hijo (formerly known as "Eyo")** **-** **Barangay Hijo derived its name from the big river which was formerly known as the EYO River. It was called EYO because when somebody wants to be fetched by the boatman to cross the river, he or she will just shout a prolonged word "EEEEYYOOOO". This prolonged word was also used by** **the meeting individuals to determine if they belong to the same tribe (Kagan)especially during night time. The Kagans were used to be called as "Taga-Eyo" since the largest group of the tribe have settled at the banks of the said river.** **-** **The Ancient People, on early days, lived comfortably, since the river of EYO served as their source of foods, drinking water and means of transportation.** **-Pyagmatikadung Datu Cabaluna A. Abdullah narrated that the Sabangan Nang Lawas Nang Eyo (Hijo River) served as the entry point of the traders as well as the way of the Kagans to visit their relatives residing in Puo (Island) now Samal and other places situated along the coastal areas using the "Bangay".** **-** **An old Mamakaw tree can still be seen in Barangay Hijo. This is considered as a sacred place of the Kagan since time immemorial. The Balyan performs ritual and prepare offering ("pagbana") such as wine, chicken, ba-is, yellow rice and turmeric among others at the foot of the said tree.** **-[Balyan] call the spirits for the protection, safety and abundance of harvest.** **New Asturias formerly known as "Magag"** **-** **Barangay New Asturias was formerly known as "Mag-ag."The latter was the Kagan term for a body of yellowish water. It was called Mag-ag because a lot of water sources can be found within the area. As evidence to that, you can still see some of those water sources up to this time in Barangay Asturias.** **-** **Since time immemorial, the Mag-ag cannot be separated from the day-to-day existence of the Kagan because most, if not all, of them were fishermen who derived their income and sustenance from the sea and rivers. It is in the body of water where the Kagans would catch fish and have** **it bartered with other foods from other tribes.** **-** **Aside from being the source of the bodies of water, Barangay New Asturias was also considered as one of the hunting grounds of the Kagan ancestors. Many wild animals and birds inhabited the said place because apart from being a forestal area, it was also near to the water sources where wild animals quench their thirst by drinking waters from the creeks and rivers.** **-** **Moreover, some portions of Barangay New Asturias was also used by the Kagans for their farming activities where they planted root crops, umay (upland rice), batad (corn), pawda(sweet potato), panggi (cassava) and saging (banana).** - **The burial ground of the late Ompong Ali, one of the gyusugan, can also be found in Barangay New Asturias.** **Barangay Pandapan formerly known "Pog"** **-** **Pog was the former name of Barangay Pandapan in Tagum City, Davao Del Norte. Pog, for the Kagans, means a source of water. It is where the Kagans would take their rest and fetch water to quench their thirst after performing their day to day activities in the farm.** **-** **The place was called "Pog" because of the big river which crossed from the Municipality of Mawab through Tagum City in Davao del Norte and the Municipality of Maco in Compostela Valley.** **\ **