Lighting PDF

03 LIGHTING This teaching material is a compilation of information from journals, books, magazines, internet, several review centers and other sources of publication for the purpose of further studying architecture. ArcStudio, its offices, members and lecturers assumes...

03 LIGHTING This teaching material is a compilation of information from journals, books, magazines, internet, several review centers and other sources of publication for the purpose of further studying architecture. ArcStudio, its offices, members and lecturers assumes no liability whatsoever and do not claim any express or implied authorship, patents relating to all contents found herein. Some content herein maybe claim by the rightful owners.  6.1 General 3. High-Intensity Discharge Lamps are members of the electric 6.1 General 6.1.1 Types of Lamps discharge family of light sources (as 6.2 Incandescent Lamps are fluorescent lamps). Light is 1. Filament Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps produced when a high-pressure electric arc is passed through a gas 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps a) Incandescent Lamps vapor, rather than by a low-pressure 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps b) R and PAR arc as in fluorescent lamps. c) Tungsten - Halogen 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps a) Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 2. Gaseous Discharge Lamps b) Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium c) High Pressure Sodium Lamps Lamps a) Fluorescent Lamps b) Energy Savings Lamps 6.9 Ballasts c) Neon Vapor Lamps 6.10 Luminaires d) PL lamps 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.1.2 Units of Light 6.1 General = 1. Unit of Light or Luminous Flux Lumens 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 2. Unit of Density of Light 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps a) Footcandle is the amount of lumens falling on 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps an area one square foot one foot 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps away 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps b) Lux 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium = is the amount of lumens falling on Lamps an area one square meter one 6.9 Ballasts meter away. One (1) footcandle is 6.10 Luminaires equivalent to 10.76 lux. 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 3. Unit of Light Intensity candlepower (cp) 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 4. Unit of Brightness = 6.14 Factors which will footlambert (FL) Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps composed basically of a sealed glass containing a filament 6.3 R and PAR Lamps connected at its ends to the contact 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps area in the base thereby completing 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps an electric circuit. 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps The glass envelope comes in a 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps variety of shapes and sizes; bulb designations consist of a letter to 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps indicate its shape, and a number to indicate the diameter in eights of an 6.9 Ballasts inch. 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  The various shapes are: 6.1 General Standard - A Globular - G 6.2 Incandescent Lamps Straight - S 6.3 R and PAR Lamps Tubular - T Pear-shape - PS 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps Flame - F 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps PAR - Parabolic 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps Aluminized Reflector 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium A PS 30 Lamp therefore is a pear- Lamps shaped bulb 30/8 or 3-3/4” in 6.9 Ballasts diameter 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.1 General Are complete optical systems in a 6.2 Incandescent Lamps single bulb. The bulb contains a The tungsten-halogen (also called filament, reflector and lens. quartz or quartz-iodine) lamps use a 6.3 R and PAR Lamps halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps depreciation of the lamp filament 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps and darkening of the transparent envelop. 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.5 Fluorescent Lamps For the operation of some fluorescent tubes, an automatic 6.1 General comprises a cylindrical glass tube, switch known as a starter is sealed at both ends and containing required, in addition to the normal 6.2 Incandescent Lamps wall switch. The starter is self an inert gas usually argon and 6.3 R and PAR Lamps mercury vapors. Built into each end contained in a small tubular jacket is a cathode which supplies the which is inserted in the fixture body 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps electrons to start an maintain the and is a replaceable part. 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps mercury arc or gaseous discharge. 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps This light is absorbed by the 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps phosphors in which the inside of the tube is coated and is re-radiated in 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium the visible light range. Lamps 6.9 Ballasts All fluorescent light sources, require 6.10 Luminaires a control device or an auxiliary, called a ballast, located in the metal 6.11 Classification of Luminaires base. 6.12 Lighting Systems The ballast serves the following 6.13 Lighting Methods functions: Supplying the high voltage necessary 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing to start the arc; Conditions Limiting the current in the arc after it 6.15 Lighting Terms is formed.  Fluorescent lamps are classified as: using a device called a “trigger-start ballast”. This ballast provides both a 1. According to shape current-limiting function and an 6.1 General appropriate automatic starting system. 6.2 Incandescent Lamps Standard Instant Start 6.3 R and PAR Lamps Slim-line When the lamp is first switched on, a does not require a starter, have single-pin sufficient voltage is applied between the 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps bases, come in diameters 3/4”, 1”, and 1- electrodes to strike the arc without 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 1/2” ; and come in lengths from 42” (4 ft) preheating them. Instant-start lamps start to 96” (8 ft). as soon as current is turned on and 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps Circline eliminates the need for external starters. 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps They have single-pin bases which are called “slim-line” lamps. 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 2. According to method of tube operation Rapid Start 6.9 Ballasts are the most recent developments and the one that is most widely used. Rapid- 6.10 Luminaires Pre-heat start lamps use low-resistance electrodes requires a starter which preheats the 6.11 Classification of which can be heated continuously with Luminaires cathodes so that less voltage is required low current loses. These are the only to strike an arc. There is a 2-5 seconds 6.12 Lighting Systems fluorescent lamps that can be electrically delay in the start of lamp after switch is dimmed or flashed. They start as quickly 6.13 Lighting Methods on. This class is also called a ”switch- as the instant-start lamps; require no start” or “starter-start” lamp. In certain external starters; and the ballasts are 6.14 Factors which will cases, the starter can be eliminated by Achieve Desirable Seeing smaller and more efficient. Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.6 Mercury Vapor 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps Lamps 6.1 General a modification of the mercury vapor 6.2 Incandescent Lamps contains mercury vapor in a clear with an arc of improved color. In quartz arc tube, which when addition to mercury, the arc tube 6.3 R and PAR Lamps electrically excited, produces visible contains metallic vapors such as 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps light of characteristically blue-green indium iodide, thallium iodide, or 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps color. It is suitable only for limited sodium iodide. It possesses industrial areas, general outdoor therefore increased light output, 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps applications and street lighting. improved color rendition without the 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps use of phosphors, and small source size. 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.8 High-Pressure 6.9 Ballasts Sodium Lamps 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps are the newest addition to the HID 6.3 R and PAR Lamps field. Its arc tube is made of high- density polycrystalline alumina an 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps contains a mixture of primarily 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps sodium. are auxiliary equipment for 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps fluorescent and HID lamps which 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps limits the amount of current in the lamp and provides the proper 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium starting voltages. A power factor is Lamps frequently listed with each ballast 6.9 Ballasts description. The low power factor 6.10 Luminaires ballast is cheap and inefficient; while the high power factor ballast has a 6.11 Classification of Luminaires capacitor* which improves its efficiency. 6.12 Lighting Systems *CAPACITOR – An electric component which 6.13 Lighting Methods consists of conducting plates insulated from 6.14 Factors which will each other by a layer of dielectric material; Achieve Desirable Seeing introduces capacitance into a circuit. Conditions Capacitance is the quantitative measure of the electric-energy storage capability of a capacitor; 6.15 Lighting Terms usually measured in farads or microfarads. 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.10 Luminaires Ceiling-Mounted Downlights (Or Lighting Fixtures) 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps is the device which supports the source or sources of electric light 6.3 R and PAR Lamps and redirects or helps to control the 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps light rays from the source. Control of 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps the rays is necessary to secure even distribution, to avoid glare, to cut-off 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps direct rays to the eyes, and 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps eliminates disturbing reflection of the rays from polished surfaces. 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  Spotlights Pendants 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  Wall Lights Task and Table Lights 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps Sconce 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  Floor Lights Fluorescent Fittings 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  Oddities Exterior Lights 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.11 Classifications of Luminaires 6.1 General 1. Indirect 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 90% to 100% of the light output is directed towards 6.3 R and PAR Lamps the ceiling and upper 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps walls of the room. 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 2. Semi-indirect 60% to 90% of the light is 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps directed upwards; 40% to 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 10% downwards. 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium 3. General diffuse or Lamps direct-indirect provides approximately 6.9 Ballasts equal distribution of light 6.10 Luminaires upwards and downwards. 6.11 Classification of 4. Semi-direct Luminaires 60% to 90% of light is directed downwards; 6.12 Lighting Systems while 40% to 10% is 6.13 Lighting Methods directed upwards. 6.14 Factors which will 5. Direct Achieve Desirable Seeing 90% - 100% of the light Conditions output is directed 6.15 Lighting Terms downwards  6.12 Lighting Systems 6.1 General 1. Cornice Lighting a system where light sources are 6.2 Incandescent Lamps shielded by a panel parallel to the 6.3 R and PAR Lamps wall and attached to the ceiling to 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps distribute light downwards over the wall. This is considered as direct 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps lighting. 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 2. Cove Lighting a system where light sources are 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium shielded by a ledge to distribute light Lamps upwards over the ceiling and upper 6.9 Ballasts wall. It is a form of indirect lighting. 6.10 Luminaires 3. Valance Lighting 6.11 Classification of Luminaires a system where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the 6.12 Lighting Systems wall usually across the top of a 6.13 Lighting Methods window. This provides light both 6.14 Factors which will upwards and downwards over the Achieve Desirable Seeing wall. Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.13 Lighting Methods 3. Combined Local and General Lighting (sometimes called 6.1 General 1. Local Lighting Localized Lighting) method which employs lamps at provides sufficient general lighting to 6.2 Incandescent Lamps illuminate various objects in the definite points where light is 6.3 R and PAR Lamps specially needed producing pools of room and at the same time furnishes light mingled with areas of shadows. additional local lamps at desks, 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps It is the very opposite of uniform reading tables, showcases and other 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps equipment needing additional illumination. The location of lamps in 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps this method usually depends upon illumination 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps the position of furniture or the position of activity areas. 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 2. General Lighting 6.9 Ballasts this method strives for diffused light 6.10 Luminaires and uniform intensity over an entire area. The lamps are evenly spaced 6.11 Classification of Luminaires without regard to furniture location and are provided with reflectors, 6.12 Lighting Systems baffles or diffusing prisms to prevent 6.13 Lighting Methods glare, harsh shadows and uneven 6.14 Factors which will illumination. Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.14 Factors which will 2. Quality of Light Achieve Desirable Light Distribution depends upon: 6.1 General Seeing Conditions 6.2 Incandescent Lamps Uniformity 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 1. Intensity of Illumination freedom from variations of illumination in a intensity of light required will depend room or space. Absolute uniformity signifies 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps same intensity throughout and it is not upon the tasks involved as follows always practicable to attain. A deviation of 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 25% from the average intensity cannot be a) for casual work, as in conferencing, detected by the eye, and is considered an 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps interviewing and inactive filing – 10 to 30 fc acceptable maximum. 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps b) for moderate work, as in intermittent filing Diffusion 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium and general clerical work – 30 to 50 fc refers to the number of directions and angles Lamps from which illuminating rays proceed. Good c) for prolonged work, as in active filing, diffusion is obtained when light falls upon a 6.9 Ballasts index referencing and mail sorting – 50 to matte or satin surface from a variety of 100 fc directions thus eliminating shadows and 6.10 Luminaires streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results 6.11 Classification of d) for precision work, as in accounting, from illumination from one direction only thus Luminaires auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, business causing visual confusion because of machine operation, reading poor distorted highlights and shadows 6.12 Lighting Systems reproductions and rough layout drafting – 6.13 Lighting Methods 100 to 150 fc 6.14 Factors which will e) for fine precision work, as in cartography, Achieve Desirable Seeing designing and detail drafting – 150 to 200 fc Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  Absence of Glare Glare is defined as the effect of brightness in the field of vision which causes annoyance 6.1 General or discomfort, or in worse cases, interferes with seeing. When the glare is caused by 6.2 Incandescent Lamps light sources in the field of vision, it is known as “direct glare” or “disability glare”. When 6.3 R and PAR Lamps glare is caused by the reflection of a light 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps source in a viewed surface, it is known as “reflected glare” or “discomfort glare”. 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps Bare lamps or brilliant fixture globes should 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps never be in the line of sight from any point in 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps the room. An angle of 45 deg. between the horizontal and the line of sight (line from the 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium lamp to the eye) is generally accepted as the Lamps greatest permissible angle. 6.9 Ballasts Color of Light 6.10 Luminaires depends upon the type of lamp chosen. Incandescent lamps provide yellow light; 6.11 Classification of although there are many other colors Luminaires depending upon the color of their glass bulbs. Fluorescent lamps have the greatest 6.12 Lighting Systems variety of colors ranging from daylight to 6.13 Lighting Methods bluish white and even pinkish white. Color is also used to enhance certain qualities. For 6.14 Factors which will example, de luxe FL lamps are used to Achieve Desirable Seeing enhance food in restaurants. Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  6.15 Lighting Terms 4. Reflectance also called “reflection factor”; it is the 6.1 General 1. Absorption ratio of light reflected by a surface to Loss of light when light rays strikes the light falling upon it. 6.2 Incandescent Lamps or traverses any medium. The ratio 6.3 R and PAR Lamps of light absorbed by a material to the 5. Transmission light falling upon it is called the is the passage of light through a 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps “absorption factor” or “absorptance”. medium when light falls upon a 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps transparent material. It is “refracted” 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 2. Diffuse Reflection (bent) as it passes through the a beam of light is reflected diffusely, material but emerges at the same 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps that is, its ray is scattered in all angle that it entered. When passing 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium directions, if it strikes a rough or through a translucent material, such Lamps matte surface. as plastic, and the emerging rays 6.9 Ballasts are spread in all directions, it is 3. Specular Reflection called “diffused transmission”. 6.10 Luminaires a beam of light is specularly 6.11 Classification of 6. Transmittance Luminaires reflected when a light ray striking a shiny or glossy surface at an angle also called “transmission factor”; it is 6.12 Lighting Systems the ratio of light transmitted to light of incidence is reflected as the same 6.13 Lighting Methods beam with equal angle of reflection. striking the surface. 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms  7. Accent Lighting 12. Luminance Ceiling directional lighting to emphasize a a false ceiling of diffusing material 6.1 General space or an object. with light sources mounted above 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 8. Down Light 13. Filter 6.3 R and PAR Lamps a fixture producing concentrated device which changes either amount direct lighting from a single bulb. It or color, or both. of light passing 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps may be recessed in or mounted on through it. 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps the ceiling 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 14. Dimmer 9. High Hat a device to control the amount of 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps a term often applied to a can-type of light by reducing the voltage or the 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium recessed incandescent downlight. current; also called a “rayostat”. Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 10. Eye Ball 15. Capacitor recessed or semi-recessed lighting An electric component which 6.10 Luminaires unit with a rotating spherical element consists of conducting plates 6.11 Classification of that may be turned to project light in insulated from each other by a layer Luminaires any direction. of dielectric material; introduces 6.12 Lighting Systems capacitance into a circuit. 6.13 Lighting Methods 11. Lumiline Capacitance is the quantitative a tubular fluorescent lamp with a measure of the electric-energy 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing disc base at each end. storage capability of a capacitor; Conditions usually measured in farads or 6.15 Lighting Terms microfarads.  Lighting Symbols 6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms