Process of Human Development PDF

Process of Human Development Factors of Development Heredity – transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes Recessive – Weak genes Dominant – Strong genes Factors of Development Environment – all...

Process of Human Development Factors of Development Heredity – transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes Recessive – Weak genes Dominant – Strong genes Factors of Development Environment – all the forces that affect or influence man Principles of Development 1. Development is orderly and follows a sequential pattern which is predictable. Phylogenetic Skills In motor skills, these are the skills that develop whether or not anyone tells you how to do that skill, natural progression.  Physical Development Cephalo-caudal trend – dev’t starts from head to feet Proximo-distal trend – parts nearest to the center are the earliest to develop and farthest, the last Principles of Development 2. Development is the product of the interaction of maturation and learning. Principles of Development 3. There are individual differences in development. Principles of Development 4. Development proceeds by stages. Stages of Development  back Infancy (birth to 2 years old)  Infancy Physical development– roll over, crawl, walk, grasp objects Mental development—respond to cold, hunger, and pain by crying. Begin to recognize surroundings and become aware of surroundings and people  Infancy Emotional development – show anger, distrust, happiness, excitement, etc. Social development – able to build relationship with main caregivers, may show distrust to unfamiliar faces Early Childhood (3-6 years old)  Early Childhood Physical development – growth slower than in infancy. Muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move freely. Can write, draw, use a fork and knife Mental development – verbal growth progresses, short attention span, at end of stage ask questions, recognize letters, and some words  Early Childhood Emotional development – develop self- awareness and recognize the effect they have on other people and things. Children feel impatience and frustration as they try to do things beyond their abilities. This lead to temper tantrums. Social development – at beginning of stage very self-centered one year old to sociable six year old. Strong attachment to parents. Needs are food, shelter, protection, love and security. Late Childhood (6-12 years old)  Late Childhood Physical development– slow but steady. Muscle coordination is well developed and children can engage in physical activity that require complex motor-sensory coordination Mental development – developing quickly and much of the child’s life centers around school. Reading and writing skills are learned, understand abstract concepts like honesty, loyalty, values and morals  Late Childhood Emotional development - The child achieves greater independence and a more distinct personality. Fears are replaced by the ability to cope. Social development – Changes from activities by themselves to more group oriented. They are more ready to accept the opinions of others and learn to conform to rules, and standards of behavior. Needs are the same as infancy and early childhood along with the need for reassurance, parental approval, and peer acceptance. Adolescence (12-20 years old)  Adolescence Physical development – Growth spurts, muscle coordination slows. Development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics (puberty). Secretion of sex hormones leads to the onset of menstruation in girls and the production of sperm and semen in boys. Body shape and form changes. Mental development – Most foundations have been set. Development primarily involves an increase in knowledge and sharpening of skills. Learn to make decisions and accept responsibility for actions.  Adolescence Emotional development – Emotional development is often stormy and in conflict. Adolescents try to establish their identities and independence. They respond more and more to peer group influences. Social development – spending less time with family and more time with peer groups. They attempt to develop self-identity and independence and seek security from their peers. Toward the end of this stage they develop a more mature attitude and develop patterns of behavior that they associate with adult behavior. Adulthood (21-50 years old)  Adulthood Physical development – During early adulthood stage an individual reaches physical maturity (by the age of 28). This is known as maturation. Adults have reached their peak level of physical strength and their full height and weight by this time. Mental development – Move into adult roles and responsibilities and may learn a trade, work, and/or pursue higher education. Fully understand abstract concepts and be aware of consequences and personal limitations. Identify career goals and prepare to achieve them.  Adulthood Emotional and social development – They know how to manage the social and emotional aspects of their lives including: Understanding, coping with and managing emotions. Defining values and their sense of purpose. Old Age (50 years old-above)  Old Age Physical development – Old age profoundly affects appearance, sensation, and motor abilities. An older adult's appearance changes as wrinkles appear and the skin becomes less elastic and thin. Mental development – Memories are starting to decline. Slower reaction times and reduced problem-solving abilities.  Old Age Emotional and social development – Some older persons might feel that they are so useless, helpless and at the mercy of their physical problems, changes in living arrangement or negative events. Decrease social contact. Take-away