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Questions and Answers
What does heredity refer to in the context of human development?
Which principle indicates that development occurs in a predictable and orderly manner?
During which stage of development does a child start to show self-awareness and recognize their impact on others?
Which development trend describes physical growth starting from the head and moving downward?
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What is a characteristic of mental development during early childhood?
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What triggers temper tantrums in children during early childhood?
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What generally characterizes physical development during late childhood?
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Which factor does NOT relate to the influence on human development?
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What key cognitive ability do children develop during late childhood?
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Which developmental aspect is characterized by muscle coordination slowing down during adolescence?
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In adolescence, what primarily influences the emotional development of individuals?
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What is the primary focus of mental development during early adulthood?
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What change occurs in social development during late childhood?
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Which of the following best describes physical development during adolescence?
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How do adolescents typically respond to conflicts in their emotional development?
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Which stage of development is marked by the need for parental approval and peer acceptance?
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Study Notes
Factors of Development
- Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes.
- Genes can be dominant or recessive.
- Environment encompasses all external influences impacting development.
- Environment plays a crucial role in shaping development.
Principles of Development
- Development follows a predictable sequential pattern.
- Development is a product of the interaction between maturation (biological growth) and learning (environmental influences).
- Individuals differ in their developmental pace and achievements.
- Development progresses through distinct stages.
Infancy (Birth to 2 years old)
- Physical development progresses rapidly, marked by milestones like rolling over, crawling, walking, and grasping objects.
- Mental development is characterized by a growing awareness of surroundings and individuals.
- Emotional development involves expressing basic emotions like anger, distrust, happiness, and excitement.
- Social development includes forming attachments to primary caregivers and showing potential distrust towards unfamiliar faces.
Early Childhood (3-6 years old)
- Physical development slows compared to infancy, with increased muscle coordination facilitating running, climbing, and basic self-care skills like using utensils.
- Mental development sees rapid language growth but with a short attention span. Children start asking questions, recognizing letters, and some words.
- Emotional development includes developing self-awareness and recognizing the impact of their actions on others. Children experience frustration and impatience, leading to temper tantrums.
- Social development transitions from a self-centered approach towards a more sociable one. Strong attachments to parents remain, with needs focusing on basic care, love, and security.
Late Childhood (6-12 years old)
- Physical development continues slowly but steadily. Muscle coordination improves, allowing for complex motor-sensory activities.
- Mental development accelerates, with school becoming a central focus. Reading, writing skills, and abstract concepts like honesty, loyalty, and values are acquired.
- Emotional development involves achieving greater independence and a more defined personality. Fears decrease, replaced by coping mechanisms.
- Social development shifts towards group activities, with children becoming more receptive to peer opinions and conforming to rules and expectations. Needs remain similar to earlier stages but with added emphasis on reassurance, parental approval, and peer acceptance.
Adolescence (12-20 years old)
- Physical development includes growth spurts, slower muscle coordination, and the development of sexual organs and secondary sex characteristics (puberty). Hormonal changes lead to menstruation in girls and sperm production in boys. Body shape and form undergo transformation.
- Mental development focuses on increasing knowledge and refining skills. Decision-making and accepting responsibility for actions are learned.
- Emotional development often involves turmoil and conflict, as adolescents strive to establish their identities and independence. They become more influenced by peer groups.
- Social development involves reduced family time with increasing peer group involvement. Adolescents seek self-identity, independence, and security from their peers. Towards the end of this stage, more mature attitudes develop, along with adult-like behavioral patterns.
Adulthood (21-50 years old)
- Physical development reaches peak strength and height by the age of 28. This marks physical maturity.
- Mental development shifts to adult roles and responsibilities, including career choices, work, and possibly higher education. Abstract concepts are fully understood, with awareness of consequences and limitations. Career goals are identified, and preparation for their achievement begins.
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Description
Explore the factors and principles that influence development from infancy to early childhood. This quiz covers key concepts such as heredity, environment, and developmental stages. Test your knowledge on the rapid physical, mental, emotional, and social growth exhibited during the first two years of life.
