Child-Adolescent Development PDF

WHO (World Health Organization) Developmental Tasks- task which is UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and learned at a specific point which make Cultural Organization) achievement of succeeding tasks...

WHO (World Health Organization) Developmental Tasks- task which is UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and learned at a specific point which make Cultural Organization) achievement of succeeding tasks possible. -born on November 16, 1945. -Havighurst’s “developmental -has 195 members and 8 associate stages and tasks pertaining to each stage; each stage is a list of tasks that UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) must be completed.” -originally known as United Nations Influences of Developmental Tasks International Children’s Emergency Fund Social Influences (Pressures of Society)- -created on December 11, 1946 cultural ideas -to provide emergency food and healthcare Psychological Influences (Personal to children and mothers Values)-personality and interests Biological Influences (Physical Maturation)- certain tasks are reserved Child- every human being below age of 18 simply because the body cannot take on those tasks. Growth- irreversible constant increase in size Stages in Havighurst’s Theory (quantity) Infancy and early childhood (0-6 Development- improvement in internal factors years old) (quality) Later childhood (6–13 years old) Both processes are highly dependent on genetic, Adolescence (13–18 years old) nutritional, and environmental. Early Adulthood (19–30 years old) Nature- biological, genetics Middle Age (30–60 years old) Nurture- adaptability, environmental aspects Later maturity (60 years old and Continuous Development- slow and over) gradual process Discontinuous Development- stages or Domains of Development phases, abrupt -Physical-Motor Domain -Socio-emotional Domain Periods of Growth & Development -Cognitive Domain 1. Prenatal Period (inside the womb) FAMILY 2. Infancy and Toddlerhood Traditional family- two or more people a. Birth and Neonate who are related by blood, marriage or b. 2 weeks to one year adoption. c. One to two years Two-parent family- mother and father 3. Childhood Joint family- three or more generations a. Early (2-8 years) living in a single household. b. Middle (9-12 years) Modern family- foster, same-sec, childfree c. Late (13-7) Common to each of these family forms 4. Adulthood is commitment, caring, and close a. Early (19-39) emotional ties. b. Middle (40-59) Whether a those, a person’s family c. Late (60 onwards) orientation or the family into which he/she born generally acts as the social can contribute to birth defects. context or young children learning about relationships. Factors influencing prenatal risks: Timing of exposure Amount of exposure MODULE 2 Number of teratogens Biological Beginnings Genetics FEMALE Being male or female- males get more -at birth all ova are present damage due to teratogens -menarche and menopause Examples of teratogens: alcohol, -every month, an ovum is released tobacco, drugs, pollutants, -kapag wala nang narelease na ovum, toxoplasmosis (tiny parasite), sexually menopause na transmitted diseases, HIV and measles. MALE -puberty starts producing sperms Maternal Factor -250-300 millions of sperm are released Teenage Pregnancy- least likely of all during ejaculation age groups to get early and regular prenatal care, may engage in negative -only one can reach and fertilize ovum behaviors including eating unhealthy food, smoking, drinking alcohol, and Prenatal Development taking drugs. Prenatal Development starts Gestational Diabetes- a condition when fertilization happens where the body has too much glucose Zygote – fertilized egg in the bloodstream. (pumapasok sa female) High Blood Pressure- a condition in Three Stages: which the pressure against the wall of Germinal – Fertilization the arteries becomes too high. to two weeks (inside Rh Disease- zygote enters the body of womb) mother and sees it as bacteria and Notes: this happens after sperm antibodies will attack it but not enough penetrates ovum. to kill it. The next zygote that will enter the body will get killed since the Embryonic – third to remaining antibody from the previous eighth week (two zygote attacks it. months) after conception Weight gain- too much weight can be Notes: Organogenesis- basic organs are harmful formed. Outer layer; nervous system, skin. Middle layer; muscles, bonds and Stress- can cause complications circulatory. Inner layer; digestive and Depression- sadness, worthlessness, respiratory. guilt, fatigue Nutrition is being delivered thru Paternal impact- age of father, since mother’s bloodstream. hindi na quality yung cells due to Placenta- developed organ during exposure to bad environment pregnancy Embryos are protected by amniotic and At birth, babies undergoes to APGAR chorionic acids. test after 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Fetal – ninth week (third 1 minute- determines how well the baby month) to 38th week or tolerated the birth process birth 5 minutes- tells the care provider how well the baby is doing outside the Teratogens- environmental factors that womb. Appearance- skin color, pink=2 Pulse- heart rate, 100-140 Grimace- reflex, crying Activity- tone, well flexed Respiration- strong cry THE NEONATE -eating -adaptive behavioral toolkit Physical and Motor Development Motor development - the physical growth and strengthening of a child’s bones, muscles and ability to move and touch his/her surroundings. Fine motor skills - refer to small movements in the hands, wrists, fingers, feet, toes, lips and tongue. Gross motor skills - involve The Peripheral Nervous System motor development of muscles allows the brain and spinal cord that enable babies to hold up to receive and send information their heads, sit and crawl, and to other areas of the body, which eventually walk, run, jump and allows us to react to stimuli in skip. our environment. Typical motor skill development follows a predictable sequence. Cephalocaudal – from head to tail (legs) down: the head, neck, arms and legs Proximodistal – distance Four primary function of PNS: -control autonomic functions -control motor movements -digestion -relay sensory information STRUCTURE OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Somatic Nervous System- carries sensory and motor information from central nervous system. -control voluntary movement -motor neurons (carries information from brain), sensory neurons (carries information from tends to change during the early sensory) years of life. Young brains tend Autonomic Nervous System- to be more sensitive and responsible for regulating involuntary responsive to experiences than body functions ex. blood flow, much older brains. heartbeat, digestion, breathing etc. Genetics- The interaction -Divided into two branches: between the environment and genetics plays a role in shaping Sympathetic system- the brain's plasticity. flight or fight response, triggers fast heart beat Neuroplasticity Is an Ongoing Process throughout life as a Parasympathetic system- result of learning, experience, helps maintain normal and memory formation and body function, slows damage to the brain heart rate The human brain is composed of approximately 100 billion neurons. Neuroplasticity the brain’s ability to to change and adapt due to experience Neuro- neurons, the nerve cells that are the building blocks of the brain and nervous system. How to Improve Neuroplasticity Types of Neuroplasticity: Enrich Your Environment Functional Plasticity- ability to move Get plenty of Rest damage to undamaged areas Exercise Regularly Structural Plasticity- ability to actually Practice Mindfulness change its physical structure as result of learning Developmental Milestones (Gesell) How Neuroplasticity works: Gesell's Maturation Theory Few years- rapid brain growth focused on the physical and mental development of children. Average adult- half number suggested that children go through the same stages of Synaptic pruning- lessening neurons as development, in the same adulthood goes sequence but each child will go through the stages at their own rate. Benefits of Neuroplasticity Factors affecting The ability to learn new things biological/physical The ability to enhance existing development cognitive capabilities Nature (heredity/innate) Recovery from strokes and Nurture (environment) traumatic brain injuries Both nature and nurture Strengthening areas where function is lost or has declined Improvements that can boost brain fitness Characteristics of Neuroplasticity Age and Environment- brain FEMALE PUBERTY- they start releasing make it more difficult for you to ovum when they are matured. conceive. *Ovum is already present at birth, but it needs to be matured. Where does the water come from in How does menstruation the so called “pumutok na happen? The lining in the fallopian tube panubigan”? It came from the amniotic contracts making it the blood a woman sac. releases during menstruation. Rh Disease (Rh= Rhesus) MALE PUBERTY- puberty starts when A Rh– mother and Rh+ father they begin to produce spermatozoa produces a Rh+ baby. The protein the (sperms) baby has will be seen as a foreign material inside the mother’s body then, it will then generate antibodies that will ZYGOTE- egg that is fertilized by the attack it but is not enough to kill it sperm. because of insufficient time. After OVUM- egg that is released by a another fetus is produced, the woman. antibodies that continued to multiply over time will attack the fetus inside and How do fraternal twins is created? It that is now enough to kill it. came from two different sperm, egg and zygote. What is neuroplasticity? Neuroplasticity the brain’s ability How do identical twins is created? It to change and adapt due to experience. came from a single zygote that is divided into two producing an identical twin. Is it possible for a mother to have a triplet wherein one is identical, and the other one is fraternal? -Yes. After two ova (plural of ovum) are fertilized it then turns into a zygote. One of the zygotes is separated turning into an identical twin and the other zygote remains as one making it a fraternal one. PRENATAL STAGE: Germinal Stage- inside the womb Embryonic Stage- 3-8 weeks; organs start to form Fetal Stage- 9th month Umbilical Cord- also transfers waste of the fetus other than nutrients. Why does emotional distress contribute to birth defects? A hormonal imbalance can interfere with ovulation and your menstrual cycle and