quiz .pdf

1. What does developmental psychology primarily study? A) Only physical growth B) Human growth and changes throughout life C) Only social development D) Only emotional development 2. According to Gesell, child development follows: A) A unique p...

1. What does developmental psychology primarily study? A) Only physical growth B) Human growth and changes throughout life C) Only social development D) Only emotional development 2. According to Gesell, child development follows: A) A unique path for each child B) Unpredictable stages C) Predictable stages determined by heredity D) Random development influenced by the environment 3. The sequence of development that starts from the head and moves to the tail is known as: A) Proximodistal B) Cephalocaudal C) Chronological D) Sequential 4. What is 'tabula rasa' as proposed by John Locke? A) The theory that children are born with inherent traits B) The theory that the mind is a blank slate at birth C) The theory of innate mental abilities D) The belief in genetic determinism 5. According to Baltes, development is: A) Lifelong and multidimensional B) Only occurs during childhood  C) Unidirectional and lifelong D) Contextual but not multidisciplinary 6. Which process refers to changes in thought, intelligence, and language? A) Biological processes B) Socioemotional processes C) Physical development D) Cognitive processes 7. What period of development involves rapid physical growth and vulnerability to environmental influences? A) Infancy B) Early Childhood C) Prenatal Period D) Adolescence 8. Which psychologist is known for developing the 'Maturation Theory'? A) John Locke B) Jean Piaget C) Arnold Gesell D) Erik Erikson 9. The 'zone of proximal development' was introduced by: A) Piaget B) Vygotsky C) Skinner D) Bandura 10. Which parenting style is characterized by warmth and nurturance, but also sets limits? A) Authoritarian  B) Permissive C) Authoritative D) Neglectful 11. In Piaget’s stages, at what stage do children start to use symbolic thinking? A) Sensorimotor B) Preoperational C) Concrete Operational D) Formal Operational 12. During which stage in Erikson’s theory do individuals work on establishing relationships or risk isolation? A) Adolescence B) Early Adulthood C) Middle Adulthood D) Late Adulthood 13. Which term refers to changes in a person’s age relative to biological health? A) Chronological age B) Biological age C) Social age D) Psychological age 14. Which researcher is known for the Bobo doll experiment? A) Sigmund Freud B) Albert Bandura C) Erik Erikson D) Ivan Pavlov 15. Which is NOT a characteristic of development according to Baltes?  A) Lifelong B) Multidirectional C) Multidisciplinary D) Unidirectional 16. Who proposed that the mind operates on unconscious desires and repressed ideas? A) Sigmund Freud B) Erik Erikson C) John B. Watson D) Jean Piaget 17. Which type of reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated? A) Punishment B) Positive reinforcement C) Negative punishment D) Ignorance 18. The ability to resist an immediate reward for a later, larger reward was tested in: A) The Marshmallow Test B) The Strange Situation C) The Little Albert Experiment D) The Stanford Prison Experiment 19. Which of these refers to attachment theory? A) Ivan Pavlov B) John Bowlby C) Jean Piaget  D) Lev Vygotsky 20. The process by which children begin to repeat pleasurable actions discovered by chance is called: A) Tertiary Circular Reactions B) Primary Circular Reactions C) Secondary Circular Reactions D) Sensorimotor Activities 21. Which process involves adapting current knowledge structures in response to new experiences? A) Assimilation B) Accommodation C) Equilibration D) Adaptation 22. Which theorist is associated with moral development and the Heinz Dilemma? A) Lawrence Kohlberg B) Carol Gilligan C) John B. Watson D) Diana Baumrind 23. What stage of moral development is characterized by punishment avoidance? A) Postconventional B) Preconventional C) Conventional D) Social contract 24. In Erikson's "Industry vs. Inferiority" stage, what is the key social influence? A) Peer group  B) School and sports C) Romantic relationships D) Family 25. Which term describes the emotional bond between a child and their caregiver? A) Attachment B) Socialization C) Bonding D) Affection 26. What is the term for the process of reinforcing behaviors through rewards or punishments? A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Social learning D) Cognitive learning 27. Which developmental issue focuses on gradual cumulative changes versus distinct stages? A) Stability vs. Change B) Nature vs. Nurture C) Continuity vs. Discontinuity D) Experience vs. Learning 28. Which psychologist is associated with psychosocial stages of development? A) Jean Piaget B) Erik Erikson C) Sigmund Freud D) Lawrence Kohlberg 29. Which developmental theory focuses on the impact of culture and social interactions on learning? A) Cognitive Development Theory B) Sociocultural Theory C) Behaviorism D) Psychoanalytic Theory 30. Which of these is a key concept in Vygotsky’s theory? A) Formal operations B) Classical conditioning C) Zone of proximal development D) Psychosexual stages 31. The experiment that used infants’ responses to their caregiver's return is called: A) Strange Situation B) Marshmallow Test C) Little Albert Experiment D) Stanford Prison Experiment 32. What type of attachment is characterized by a child being distressed when the caregiver leaves, but avoids them upon return? A) Secure attachment B) Avoidant attachment C) Ambivalent attachment D) Disorganized attachment 33. According to Erikson, what is the central conflict of adolescence? A) Industry vs. Inferiority B) Identity vs. Confusion  C) Intimacy vs. Isolation D) Generativity vs. Stagnation 34. Which type of study design examines participants of different ages at the same point in time? A) Longitudinal B) Cross-sectional C) Sequential D) Case study 35. In the theory of moral development, which stage focuses on law and order? A) Preconventional B) Conventional C) Postconventional D) Ethical Relativism 36. Which researcher is known for identifying parenting styles? A) Jean Piaget B) Lawrence Kohlberg C) Diana Baumrind D) John Bowlby 37. Which theory suggests that children are not blank slates, but develop according to a natural plan? A) John Locke’s tabula rasa B) Jean Jacques Rousseau’s developmental theory C) Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis D) Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory 38. Which period of human development includes reproductive maturity and abstract thinking abilities?  A) Early Childhood B) Middle Childhood C) Adolescence D) Early Adulthood 39. Which type of life event is unusual and not shared by most people, like winning the lottery? A) Normative age-graded influence B) Normative history-graded influence C) Non-normative life event D) Social age 40. Which researcher is known for the classical conditioning of dogs? A) Ivan Pavlov B) B.F. Skinner C) Albert Bandura D) John Watson 41. According to Piaget, which stage involves thinking logically about concrete events? A) Preoperational B) Concrete Operational C) Formal Operational D) Sensorimotor 42. The dimension of development that involves changes in personality, emotions, and relationships is called: A) Cognitive development B) Psychosocial development C) Biological development  D) Moral development 43. In Freud’s theory, which stage involves the resolution of the Oedipus complex? A) Oral stage B) Anal stage C) Phallic stage D) Genital stage 44. Which type of research method involves studying individuals in their natural environment? A) Case study B) Naturalistic observation C) Laboratory observation D) Cross-sectional study 45. The ability to think about hypothetical situations and abstract ideas begins in which of Piaget’s stages? A) Sensorimotor B) Preoperational C) Concrete Operational D) Formal Operational 46. Which term refers to development that is shaped by historical events or circumstances affecting a generation? A) Normative age-graded influence B) Normative history-graded influence C) Non-normative life event D) Contextual influence 47. Which theory argues that behavior can be explained without referencing mental states?  A) Behaviorism B) Psychoanalytic theory C) Cognitive theory D) Humanistic theory 48. The period in adulthood when career success often peaks and children leave home is: A) Early adulthood B) Middle adulthood C) Late adulthood D) Adolescence 49. Which theory proposes that the environment influences behavior through conditioning and reinforcement? A) Psychoanalytic theory B) Behaviorism C) Cognitive theory D) Sociocultural theory 50. Which type of attachment pattern shows unpredictable behaviors and emotional responses? A) Secure attachment B) Avoidant attachment C) Ambivalent attachment D) Disorganized attachment 51. Who is known for the theory of operant conditioning? A) Ivan Pavlov B) B.F. Skinner C) Sigmund Freud  D) Jean Piaget 52. Which psychologist conducted the “Little Albert” experiment? A) John B. Watson B) Albert Bandura C) Erik Erikson D) B.F. Skinner 53. Which period of human development typically includes retirement and adjustment to decreased physical abilities? A) Adolescence B) Early Adulthood C) Middle Adulthood D) Late Adulthood 54. The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward is known as: A) Proximodistal B) Cephalocaudal C) Chronosystem D) Sequential 55. Which developmental issue concerns whether we remain the same or change as we age? A) Continuity vs. Discontinuity B) Stability vs. Change C) Nature vs. Nurture D) Experience vs. Maturation 56. Which research method involves studying a single individual in great depth? A) Longitudinal study  B) Cross-sectional study C) Case study D) Survey method 57. In Freud's theory, during which stage does an infant achieve gratification through oral activities such as feeding and sucking? A) Phallic stage B) Genital stage C) Oral stage D) Anal stage 58. Which of these is considered a normative age-graded influence? A) Winning the lottery B) Starting kindergarten C) Experiencing a car accident D) Living through a war 59. Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness? A) Authoritative B) Authoritarian C) Permissive D) Neglectful 60. The principle that development follows an orderly sequence is referred to as: A) Plasticity B) Multidirectional C) Sequential growth D) The principle of development 61. Which theorist is known for studying attachment and conducting the “Strange Situation” experiment? A) Sigmund Freud B) Erik Erikson C) Mary Ainsworth D) John Bowlby 62. Which process refers to understanding new information by fitting it into existing cognitive schemas? A) Assimilation B) Accommodation C) Equilibrium D) Adaptation 63. The ecological theory, which emphasizes interconnected environmental systems, was developed by: A) Urie Bronfenbrenner B) Lev Vygotsky C) Jean Piaget D) Sigmund Freud 64. Which research method studies participants over a long period of time to track development? A) Cross-sectional study B) Longitudinal study C) Sequential study D) Case study 65. Which stage of moral development involves obeying authority and maintaining social order? A) Postconventional stage  B) Pre-conventional stage C) Conventional stage D) Ethical relativism 66. Who suggested that high achievers are influenced by cultural and environmental factors, not just their abilities? A) Malcolm Gladwell B) Sigmund Freud C) Erik Erikson D) B.F. Skinner 67. The nature vs. nurture debate focuses on: A) Whether development is continuous or discontinuous B) The role of biological inheritance vs. environmental experiences C) Whether early experiences or later experiences are more important D) The effects of parenting styles on development 68. Which type of conditioning involves learning through associating two stimuli together? A) Operant conditioning B) Classical conditioning C) Social learning D) Cognitive learning 69. Which period of human development is characterized by the emergence of self-awareness and the ability to form friendships? A) Infancy B) Early Childhood C) Middle Childhood D) Adolescence 70. The process of changing a schema to accommodate new information is known as: A) Assimilation B) Accommodation C) Equilibration D) Adaptation 71. Which type of study can examine both changes within individuals over time and differences between age groups at the same time? A) Cross-sectional study B) Longitudinal study C) Sequential study D) Case study 72. The view that cognitive development occurs in distinct, predictable stages is associated with: A) Sigmund Freud B) Jean Piaget C) John Watson D) Albert Bandura 73. Which psychological theory emphasizes the unconscious mind and childhood experiences? A) Cognitive theory B) Behaviorism C) Psychoanalytic theory D) Social learning theory 74. According to Erikson, the conflict of “Generativity vs. Stagnation” is most relevant to: A) Adolescence  B) Early Adulthood C) Middle Adulthood D) Late Adulthood 75. Which research method uses interviews or questionnaires to gather information? A) Naturalistic observation B) Case study C) Survey method D) Longitudinal study 76. A 4-year-old child struggles to see things from another person’s perspective and believes everyone sees the world the same way they do. This is an example of: A) Abstract thinking B) Egocentrism C) Object permanence D) Social learning 77. A teacher notices that one student easily learns new vocabulary by associating it with words they already know, while another student struggles to adapt their understanding to new rules of grammar. The second student is likely having difficulty with: A) Assimilation B) Accommodation C) Operant conditioning D) Social learning 78. A toddler learns to say "please" after seeing their older sibling use the word to get what they want. This is an example of: A) Classical conditioning B) Social learning theory C) Operant conditioning  D) Cognitive dissonance 79. A parent rewards their child every time they finish their homework on time, encouraging them to repeat this behavior. This scenario illustrates: A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Social learning D) Cognitive reinforcement 80. A child is excited to start kindergarten, but their parents are worried about how the child will adjust to the new environment. According to Erikson, this child is likely experiencing the stage of: A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt C) Initiative vs. Guilt D) Industry vs. Inferiority 81. An adolescent is working to figure out their identity by trying different roles and exploring new hobbies. This reflects which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development? A) Intimacy vs. Isolation B) Identity vs. Confusion C) Industry vs. Inferiority D) Initiative vs. Guilt 82. A child who is praised for their hard work in school develops a sense of confidence in their abilities. This is an example of successful resolution of which of Erikson’s stages? A) Initiative vs. Guilt B) Trust vs. Mistrust C) Industry vs. Inferiority D) Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt 83. A baby cries when their mother leaves the room but quickly calms down when she returns. This behavior is most consistent with which attachment style? A) Avoidant attachment B) Secure attachment C) Ambivalent attachment D) Disorganized attachment 84. A preschool teacher creates games that involve sharing and taking turns. According to Piaget, this promotes development in which stage? A) Sensorimotor stage B) Preoperational stage C) Concrete operational stage D) Formal operational stage 85. Parents of an adolescents notice their child becoming more independent and spending more time with friends. According to developmental theories, this is an important part of development: A) Social attachment B) A sense of identity C) Cognitive flexibility D) Concrete reasoning 86. A child performs well on tasks requiring logic, such as solving puzzles, but struggles with abstract ideas like "justice" or "freedom." This child is likely in which of Piaget's stages? A) Sensorimotor B) Preoperational C) Concrete operational D) Formal operational 87. A father allows his 5-year-old son to try dressing himself, even if he might not do it perfectly. This encourages development in which of Erikson’s stages?  A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Initiative vs. Guilt C) Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt D) Industry vs. Inferiority 88. A teacher uses positive reinforcement to help students focus in class. When they do well, they receive a gold star on the board. This method is based on: A) Operant conditioning B) Classical conditioning C) Social learning theory D) Vygotsky's theory 89. A child can understand that when a tall glass of water is poured into a shorter, wider glass, the amount of water stays the same. This shows mastery of: A) Object permanence B) Conservation C) Egocentrism D) Accommodation 90. A teenager regularly argues with their parents about rules and curfews, trying to assert their independence. This is a common behavior during: A) Early childhood B) Middle childhood C) Adolescence D) Late adulthood 91. A researcher is studying the effects of aging on memory. She tracks a group of people over several decades, testing them every five years. This is an example of: A) Cross-sectional research B) Longitudinal research  C) Sequential research D) Case study research 92. A young adult is focused on building close relationships with friends and romantic partners. According to Erikson, this is part of which stage? A) Identity vs. Confusion B) Intimacy vs. Isolation C) Industry vs. Inferiority D) Generativity vs. Stagnation 93. A child is scared of dogs after being bitten by one, but over time, they learn to overcome their fear through gradual exposure. This is an example of: A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Social learning theory D) Behavior modification 94. A group of teenagers have started volunteering at a community center after being inspired by their friends. This illustrates which concept? A) Observational learning B) Operant conditioning C) Classical conditioning D) Trial and error learning 95. A mother gives her child a small reward every time they take a few steps without falling. This helps the child develop their walking skills. This scenario represents: A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Observational learning D) Attachment theory 96. A manager notices that older employees tend to handle stressful situations with more patience than younger employees. This difference may be explained by: A) Biological age B) Cognitive development C) Social learning theory D) Psychosocial development 97. A parent encourages their child to learn an instrument by helping them break down complex music pieces into smaller, manageable parts. This reflects the concept of: A) Scaffolding B) Zone of proximal development C) Observational learning D) Classical conditioning 98. An individual in late adulthood reflects on their life and feels a sense of fulfillment. According to Erikson, they have successfully resolved which conflict? A) Intimacy vs. Isolation B) Identity vs. Confusion C) Integrity vs. Despair D) Generativity vs. Stagnation 99. A new mother is very responsive to her baby’s needs, feeding her when she cries and holding her frequently. This behavior is important for the baby’s development of: A) Cognitive reasoning B) Secure attachment C) Moral development D) Conservation 100. A child has trouble understanding that other people have different beliefs and feelings than they do. This indicates they are still in the process of developing:  A) Egocentrism B) Abstract reasoning C) Perspective-taking D) Social learning 101. What term refers to the specific time during development when an individual is most sensitive to certain environmental influences? A) Critical period B) Sensitive period C) Developmental window D) Environmental phase 102. The term used to describe a child’s ability to use smaller muscles, especially those of the hands and fingers, is: A) Gross motor skills B) Sensory development C) Fine motor skills D) Physical maturation 103. The biological process of maturation refers to: A) Learning through experience B) Environmental adaptation C) Genetically determined physical development D) Social interaction influencing growth 104. What is the term for the changes in thought, intelligence, and language over time? A) Biological development  B) Psychosocial development C) Cognitive development D) Emotional development 105. Which term refers to the development of emotions, personality, and social interactions? A) Cognitive processes B) Physical processes C) Psychosocial processes D) Neurocognitive processes 106. The theory that development is shaped by interactions between biological predispositions and environmental experiences is known as: A) Nature vs. Nurture B) Continuity vs. Discontinuity C) Dynamic Systems Theory D) Heredity-Environment Interaction 107. Which term refers to the ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to experience? A) Plasticity B) Rigidity C) Equilibration D) Adaptability 108. What term refers to the ability to maintain attention to a chosen task despite distractions? A) Selective attention B) Focused attention C) Sustained attention  D) Divided attention 109. What is the term for the cultural and societal expectations of behaviors and roles for males and females? A) Gender roles B) Gender identity C) Sexual orientation D) Social roles 110. Which term refers to the structured and predictable patterns of development seen across all individuals? A) Normative development B) Idiosyncratic development C) Contextual development D) Sequential development 111. Which term refers to the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female? A) Sexual identity B) Gender C) Sex D) Sexual orientation 112. What is the term for an individual’s understanding of who they are, which involves self-perception and social roles? A) Self-esteem B) Self-concept C) Identity D) Role confusion 113. Which term is used to describe the gradual decline in physical abilities and cognitive processes due to aging?  A) Biological decline B) Senescence C) Aging process D) Cognitive deterioration 114. What is the term for a child’s ability to form and use symbols in their thinking and communication? A) Abstract thinking B) Symbolic function C) Concrete reasoning D) Logical operations 115. Which term refers to the ability to think about and reflect on one’s own thoughts and cognitive processes? A) Metacognition B) Self-awareness C) Cognitive flexibility D) Introspection 116. Which term describes the belief that one's own culture or ethnicity is superior to others? A) Ethnocentrism B) Cultural relativism C) Stereotyping D) Prejudice 117. What term refers to the biological inheritance of traits passed down from parents to their offspring? A) Genetics B) Heredity  C) Evolution D) Natural selection 118. Which term refers to a learning process in which behavior is modified through reinforcement or punishment? A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Social learning D) Cognitive learning 119. What is the term for the active and ongoing process of adjusting to new experiences or information that challenges existing beliefs? A) Assimilation B) Accommodation C) Adaptation D) Modification 120. Which term describes the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver, which forms the basis of later relationships? A) Bonding B) Attachment C) Social connection D) Parental affection 121. The term for the biological and physical characteristics that are passed down through genetics is: A) Gender B) Phenotype C) Genotype D) Chromosomes 122. What term refers to the principle that growth and development occur from the top of the body (head) down to the bottom (feet)? A) Proximodistal development B) Cephalocaudal development C) Sequential development D) Top-down processing 123. Which term refers to the process of helping children move from dependence to independence by providing support and gradually reducing it? A) Zone of proximal development B) Scaffolding C) Cognitive apprenticeship D) Reinforcement 124. The process by which children learn the norms, values, and behaviors necessary for functioning in society is called: A) Socialization B) Adaptation C) Role learning D) Cultural learning 125. What term refers to the biological unfolding of development, according to a genetic blueprint? A) Environmental influence B) Social learning C) Maturation D) Natural growth answer key : 43. C 44. B 1. B 45. D 2. C 46. B 3. B 47. A 4. B 48. B 5. A 49. B 6. D 50. D 7. C 51. B 8. C 52. A 9. B 53. D 10. C 54. A 11. B 55. B 12. B 56. C 13. B 57. C 14. B 58. B 15. D 59. B 16. A 60. D 17. B 61. C 18. A 62. A 19. B 63. A 20. B 64. B 21. B 65. C 22. A 66. A 23. B 67. B 24. B 68. B 25. A 69. B 26. B 70. B 27. C 71. C 28. B 72. B 29. B 73. C 30. C 74. C 31. A 75. C 32. B 76. B 33. B 77. B 34. B 78. B 35. B 79. B 36. C 80. C 37. B 81. B 38. C 82. C 39. C 83. B 40. A 84. B 41. B 85. B 42. B 86. C 87. C 106. A 88. A 107. A 89. B 108. C 90. C 109. A 91. B 110. A 92. B 111. B 93. D 112. C 94. A 113. B 95. B 114. B 96. D 115. A 97. A 116. A 98. C 117. B 99. B 118. B 100. C 119. B 101. A 120. B 102. C 121. C 103. C 122. B 104. C 123. B 105. C 124. A 125. C