Lesson 7 - Noli Me Tangere Past Paper

Lesson 7 -- Noli Me Tangere **Objectives** At the end of the lesson, students are expected to: 1.examine the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal and 2.identify the socio-political issues and problems during the 19^th^ century Philippines as depicted in the novel. **Introduction** This course packet...

Lesson 7 -- Noli Me Tangere **Objectives** At the end of the lesson, students are expected to: 1.examine the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal and 2.identify the socio-political issues and problems during the 19^th^ century Philippines as depicted in the novel. **Introduction** This course packet will discuss the Noli Me Tangere which can be described as an exceptional firsthand document of the real struggles faced by the Filipinos at the end of the 19th century. Rizal used this novel to expose the country's social and political problems while also served as a metaphor for his battle. Jose Rizal was tried and convicted for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. His sentence was to be death by firing squad. With this work, Rizal set out to write a novel that would expose the ills of Philippine society and in so doing created a passionate love story set against the backdrop of the political conflict against a repressive regime. This novel mainly regarding the Spanish invasion of the Philippines and how they mistreated the Filipinos. ***The Noli Me Tangere*** *His reading of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, which portrays the brutalities of American slave-owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro, slaves, inspired Dr. Rizal to prepare a novel on the Philippines. He was then a student at the Central University of Madrid.* *Noli Me Tangere is a novel that was an advisory for the Filipinos to fight against the colonizers and today's reminder of our history. The characters and the events in the story resemble our life, culture, and beliefs of Filipino people. This literary piece will mark in our hearts the values that the novel tells us to be a good role model that will benefit our country. Reading this literary piece will make us realize the true meaning of nationalism and be a catalyst for change.* *Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere tells us that we should reflect on our actions and beliefs for our country. The theme of the novel is to promote nationalism and to accept change in ourselves still applies to us today. We must patronize our country by respecting the law, promoting Philippine culture, and realizing the true goal of the country by helping each other towards the improvement of the country. It teaches us the values of wisdom, fighting for what is right, and loving our country. This novel is being taught in school in order to not repeat the history itself by learning how to love our country and to empower the youth as the catalyst of change for our country. Being a true Filipino is what Jose Rizal wants us to be, to know who we are and what is our true goals will make the country flourished.* *Toward the end of 1884, Rizal began writing a novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of it. When he went to Paris, in 1885, after, completing his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid, he continued writing the novel, finishing one-half of the second half. He wrote the last fourth of the novel in Germany.* *During the dark days of December, 1886, while his spirit was at its lowest ebb, he almost threw the manuscript into the fire. The novel was almost finished then. He was desperately despondent because he saw no hope of having it published for he was utterly penniless. Thus he wrote to his friend, Fernando Canon;* *"I did not believe that the Noli Me Tangere would ever be published when I was in Berlin, heart-broken, weakened, and discouraged from hunger and deprivation. I was on the point of throwing my work into the fire as a thing accursed and fit only to die..."* *In mid-December, a telegram from Barcelona arrived. It was sent by Dr. Maximo Viola, informing Rizal of his coming visit to Berlin. The message revived the author's hope. His friend, Viola, a scion of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan, would surely lend him the money for the publication of the novel.* ***Symbolisms*** *Noli Me Tangere (translated as Touch Me Not) is a novel written by José Rizal which served as an eye opener and wake up call to the Filipinos during his time. It was published on the year 1887. Just one look at the cover, it already tells us every bit of what\'s in the novel. Rizal also purposely designed the title to be placed diagonally so that it can divide an upper and lower triangle that will be discussed further through this page.* *Upper Triangle. This represents Rizal\'s past life.* *Lower Triangle. This represents Rizal\'s currents situations.* *Silhouette of a Filipina. Believed to be Maria Clara or as the \"Inang Bayan\" to whom Rizal dictates the novel* *Cross/Crucifix. Represents the Catholic faith as it rises above Inang Bayan and Filipinos (shows dominance). It also symbolizes sufferings and death* *Pomelo Blossoms & Laurel Leaves. They represent faith, honor and fidelity, which are the values Rizal aspires to be embodied by Filipinos. Pomelos are used to scent their air commonly during prayers and cleansing rituals. Laurel leaves are used as crowns during Greek Olympics for honoring the best* *Burning Torch. Refers to the Olympic torch. Pertains to the awakening of Filipino consciousness. It also sheds light to the text of the manuscript* *Sunflower. It symbolizes a new beginning. It is compared to the happiness of which appears to be always bowing down.* *Feet. It symbolizes the power of the friars. It is placed on the base of the triangle (foundation) because without friars, the Filipinos cannot stand on their own* *Shoes. It represents wealth. It is also the footprints left by friars in teaching Catholicism* *Hairy Legs. It symbolizes the Legend of the Wolf. The wolf shape shifts just like how friars hide their true nature and character* *Helmet of a Guardia Civil. It represents the arrogance of those in authority* *Whip. It represents the abuses and cruelties done by the Spaniards and friars as depicted in the novel* *Flogs (Suplina). It is used for self-flagellation. Just like the whip, this also symbolizes the cruelties of the Guardia Civil* *Chain. It symbolizes slavery and imprisonment* *Rizal\'s Signature. It shows that Rizal experienced and witnessed the ills and abuses that happened during his time* *Bamboo Stalks. It represents Filipino resiliency. Despite the sufferings, Filipinos can still stand tall and firm* ***The Author's Dedication*** *Rizal dedicated the Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines -- "To My Country." His dedication runs as follows:* *Recorded in the history of human sufferings is a cancer so malignant a character that the least touch irritates it and awakens in it the sharpest pains. Thus, how many times, when in the midst of modern civilizations I have wished to call thee before me, now to accompany me in memories, now to compare thee with other countries, hath thy dear image presented itself showing a social cancer like to that other!* *Desiring thy welfare which is our own, and seeking the best treatments, I will do with thee what the ancients did with their sick, exposing them on the steps of the temple so that everyone who came to invoke the Divinity might offer them a remedy.* *And to thus end, I will strive to reproduce thy condition faithfully, without discrimination; I will raise a part of the veil that covers the evil, sacrificing to truth everything, even vanity itself, since, as thy son I am conscious that I also suffer from thy defects and weaknesses.* ***Synopsis of the "Noli Me Tangere"*** *The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63 chapters and an epilogue. It begins with a reception given by Capitan Tiago (Santiago de los Santos) at his house in Calle Anloague (now Juan Luna Street) on the last day of October. This reception or dinner was given in honor of Crisostomo Ibarra, a young and rich Filipino who had just returned after seven years of study in Europe. Ibarra was the only son of Don Rafael Ibarra, friend of Capitan Tiago, and a fiancee of beautiful Maria Clara, supposed daughter of Capitan Tiago.* *Among the guests during the reception was Padre Damaso, a Franciscan friar who had been parish priest of San Diego (Calamba), Ibarra's native town for 20 years; Padre Sibyla, a young Dominican parish priest of Binondo; Senor Guevara, an elderly and kind lieutenant of the Guardia Civil. Don Tiburcio de Espadana, a bogus Spanish Physician, lame, and henpecked husband of Dona Victorina; and several ladies.* *Ibarra, upon his arrival, produced a favorable impression among the guests, except Padre Damaso, who was rude to him. In accordance with a German custom, he introduced himself to the ladies.* *During the dinner the conversation centered on Ibarra's studies and travels abroad. Padre Damaso was in a bad mood because he got a bony neck and hard wing of the chicken tinola. He tried to discredit Ibarra's remarks.* *After dinner, Ibarra left Capitan Tiago's house to return to his hotel. On the way, the kind Lieutenant Guevara told him the sad story of his father's death in San Diego. Don Rafael, his father, was a rich and brave man. He defended a helpless boy from the brutality of an illiterate Spanish tax collector, pushing the latter and accidentally killing himself. He was thrown in prison, where he died unhappily. He was buried in consecrated ground but his enemies, accusing him of being a heretic, had his body removed from the cemetery.* *On hearing his father's sad story, Ibarra thanked the kind Spanish Lieutenant and vowed to find out the truth about his father's death.* *The following morning, he visited Maria Clara, his childhood sweetheart. Maria Clara teasingly said that he had forgotten her because the girls in Germany were beautiful. Ibarra replied that he had never forgotten her.* *After the romantic reunion with Maria Clara, Ibarra went to San Diego to visit his father's grave. It was All Saint's Day. At the cemetery, the grave-digger told Ibarra that the corpse of Don Rafael was removed by order of the parish priest to be buried in the Chinese cemetery; but the corpse was heavy and it was a dark rainy night so that he (the grave-digger) simply threw the corpse into the lake.* *Ibarra was angered by the grave-digger's story. He left the cemetery. On the way, he met Padre Salvi, Franciscan parish priest of San Diego. In a flash, Ibarra pounced on the pries, demanding redress for desecrating his father's mortal remains. Padre Salvi told him that he had nothing to do with it, for he was not the parish priest at the time of Don Rafael's death. It was Padre Damaso, his predecessor, who was responsible for it. Convinced of Padre Salvi's innocence, Ibarra went away.* *In his town, Ibarra met several interesting people, such as the wise old man Tasio the Sage, whose ideas were too advanced for his times so that the people, who could not understand him, called him "Tasio the Lunatic;" the progressive school teacher, who complained to Ibarra that the children were losing interest in their studies because of the lack of a proper schoolhouse and the discouraging attitude of the parish priest towards the teaching of Spanish and the use of modern methods of pedagogy; the spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to wishes of the Spanish parish priest; Don Filipo Lino, the teniente mayor and leader of the liberal faction in the town; Don Melchor, the captain of the cuadrilleros (town police); and the former gebernadorcillos who were prominent citizens -- Don Basilio and Don Valentin.* *A most tragic story in the novel is the tale of Sisa, who was formerly a rich girl but became poor because she married a gambler, and a wastrel at that. She became crazy because she lost her two boys, Basilio and Crispin, the only joys of her wretched life. These boys were sacristans (sextons) in the church, working for a small wage to support their poor mother. Crispin, the younger of the two brothers, was accused by the brutal sacristan mayor (chief sexton) of stealing the money of the priest. He was tortured in the convent and died. Basilio, with his brother's dying cries ringing in his ears, escaped. When the two boys did not return home, Sisa looked for them everywhere and, in her great sorrow, she became mad.* *Capitan Tiago, Maria Clara, and Aunt Isabel (Capitan Tiago's cousin who took care of Maria Clara, after her mother's death) arrived in San Diego. Ibarra and his friends gave a picnic in the lake. Among those present in his picnic, were Maria Clara and her four girl friends -- "the merry Sinang, the grave Victoria, the beautiful Iday, and the thoughtful Neneng"; Aunt Isabel, chaperon of Maria Clara; Capitana Tika, mother of Sinang; Andeng, foster-sister of Maria Clara; Albino, the ex-theological student who was in love with Sinang; and Ibarra and his friends. One of boatmen was a strong silent, peasant youth named Elias.* *An incident of the picnic was the saving of Elias' life by Ibarra. Elias bravely grappled with a crocodile which was caught in the fish corral. But the crocodile struggled furiously so that Elias could not subdue it. Ibarra jumped into the water and killed the crocodile, thereby saving Elias.* *Another incident, which preceded the above-mentioned near-tragic crocodile incident, was the rendering of a beautiful song by Maria Clara who had a sweet voice. Upon the insistent requests of her friends, she played the harp and sang:* ***THE SONG OF MARIA CLARA*** *"Sweet are the hours in one's native land,* *Where all is dear the sunbeams bless:* *Life-giving breezes sweep the strand,* *And death is soften'd by love's caress* *Warm kisses play on mother's lips,* *On her fond, tender breast awakening:* *When round her neck the soft arm slips,* *And bright eyes smile, all love partaking.* *Sweet is death for one's native land,* *Where all is dear the sunbeams bless;* *Death is the breeze that sweeps the strand,* *Without a mother, home, or love's caress."* *After Maria Clara's song and the crocodile incident, they went ashore. They made merry in the cool, wooded meadow, Padre Salvi, Capitan Basilio (former gobernadorcillo and Sinang's father), the alferez (lieutenant of the Guardia Civil), and the town officials were present. The luncheon was served, and everybody enjoyed eating.* *The meal over, Ibarra and Capitan Basiliio played chess, while Maria Clara and her friends played the "Wheel of Chance," a game based on a fortune-telling book. As the girls were enjoying their fortune-telling game, Padre Salvi came and tore to pieces the book, saying that it is a sin to play such game. Shortly thereafter, a sergeant and four soldiers of the Guardia Civil suddenly arrived, looking for Elias, who was hunted for (1) assaulting Padre Damaso and (2) throwing the alferez into a mud hole. Fortunately, Elias had disappeared, and the Guardia Civil went away empty-handed. During the picnic also, Ibarra received a telegram from the Spanish authorities notifying him of the approval of his donation of a schoolhouse for the children of San Diego.* *The next day Ibarra visited old Tasio to consult him on his pet project about the schoolhouse. He saw the old man's writings were written in hieroglyphics. Tasio explained to him that he wrote in hieroglyphics because he was writing for the future generations who would understand them and say, "Not all were asleep in the night of our ancestors!"* *Tasio was pessimistic about the project of Ibarra to build a schoolhouse at his own expense. However, the construction of the schoolhouse continued under the supervision of the architect called Nor Juan.* *Meanwhile San Diego was merrily preparing for its annual fiesta, in honor of its patron saint San Diego de Alcala, whose feast day is the 11th of November. On the eve of the fiesta, hundreds of visitors arrived from nearby towns, and there were laughter, music, exploding bombs, feasting, and moro---moro. The music was furnished by five brass brands (including the famous Pagsanjan Band owned by the escribano Miguel Guevara) and three orchestras.* *In the morning of the fiesta there was a high Mass in the church, officiated by Padre Salvi. Padre Damaso gave the long sermon, in which he expatiated on the evils of the time that were caused by certain men who, having tested some education, spread pernicious ideas among the people.* *After Padre Damaso's sermon, the Mass was continued by Padre Salvi. Elias quietly moved to Ibarra, who was kneeling and praying by Maria Clara's side, and warned him to be careful during the ceremony of the laying of the cornerstone of the schoolhouse because there is a plot to kill him.* *Elias suspected that the yellowish man, who built the derrick, was a paid stooge of Ibarra's enemies. True to his suspicion, later in the day, when Ibarra, in the presence of a big crowd, went down into the trench to cement the cornerstone, the derrick, collapsed. Elias quick as a flash pushed him aside, thereby saving his life. The yellowish man was the one crushed to death by the shattered derrick.* *At the sumptuous dinner that night under a decorated kiosk, a sad incident occurred. The arrogant Padre Damaso, speaking in the presence of many guests, insulted the memory of Ibarra's father. Ibarra jumped from his seat, knocked down the fat friar with his fist, and then seized a sharp knife. He would have killed the friar, were it not for the timely intervention of Maria Clara.* *Ibarra's attack on Padre Damaso produced two results: (1) his engagement to Maria Clara was broken and (2) he was excommunicated. Fortunately, the liberal-minded governor-general visited the town and befriended Ibarra. He told the young man not to worry. He persuaded Capitan Tiago to accept Ibarra as son-in-law and promised to see the Archbishop of Manila to lift off the ban of excommunication.* *The fiesta over, Maria Clara became ill. She was treated by the quack Spanish physician, Tiburcio de Espadana, whose wife, a vain, frustrated native woman, was a frequent visitor in Capitan Tiago's house. This woman had hallucinations of being a superior Castilian, and although a native herself, she looked down on her own people as inferior beings. She added another "de" to her husband's surname in order to be more Spanish. Thus she wanted to be called "Doctora Dona Victorina de los Reyes de De Espadana." She introduced to Capitan Tiago a young Spaniard, Don Alfonso Linares de Espadana, a cousin of Don Tiburcio de Espadana and godson of Padre Damaso's brother-in-law. Linares, penniless and jobless, came to the Philippines in search of a Filipino heiress and fortune.* *Both Dona Victorina and Padre Damaso sponsored his wooing of Maria Clara, but the latter did not respond because she loved Ibarra.* *A touch of comedy in the novel was the fight between two ludicrous senoras -- Dona Consolacion, the vulgar mistress of the Spanish alferez, and Dona Victorina, the flamboyantly dressed wife of a henpecked Spanish quack doctor. Both insulted each other in gutter language, and, not satisfied with their verbal warfare, they squared off to come to blows. The timely arrival of Padre Salvi stopped the fight, much to the regret of the curious onlookers.* *The story of Elias, like that of Sisa, was a tale of pathos and tragedy. He related it to Ibarra. Some 60 years ago, his grandfather, who was then a young bookkeeper in the Spanish commercial firm in Manila, was wrongly accused of burning the firm's warehouse. He was flogged in public and was left in the street, crippled and almost dead. His wife, who was pregnant, begged for alms and became prostitute in order to support her sick husband and their son. After giving birth to her second and the death of her husband, she fled, with her two sons, to the mountains.* *Years later the first boy became a dreaded tulisan named Balat. He terrorized the provinces. One day he was caught by the authorities. His head was cut off and was hung from a tree branch in the forest. On seeing this gory object, the poor mother (Elias' grandmother) died.* *Balat's younger brother, who was by nature kind-hearted, fled and became a trusted laborer in the house of a rich man in Tayabas. He fell in love with the master's daughter. The girl's father, enraged by the romance, investigated his past and found out the truth. The unfortunate lover (Elias' father) was sent to jail, while the girl gave birth to twins, a boy (Elias) and a girl. Their rich grandfather (father of their mother) took care of them, keeping secret their scandalous origin, and reared them as rich children. Elias was educated in the Jesuit College in Manila, while his sister studied in La Concordia College. They lived happily until one day, owing to certain dispute over money matters; distant relative exposed their shameful birth. They were disgraced. An old male servant, whom they used to abuse, was forced to testify in court and the truth came out that he was their real father.* *Elias and his sister left Tayabas to hide their shame in another place. One day the sister disappeared. Elias roamed from place to place, looking for her. He heard later that a girl answering to his father's description was found dead on the beach of San Diego. Since then, Elias lived a vagabond life, wandering from province to province- until he met Ibarra.* *Ibarra's enemies left no stone unturned to bring about his ruin. They engineered an attack on the barracks of the Guardia Civil, at the same time warning the alferez to alert his men that night. They deceived the attackers by telling them that the mastermind was Ibarra. So that when the attack failed and the surviving attackers were caught, Ibarra was blamed for the catastrophe.* *Elias, learning of Ibarra's arrest, burned all the papers that might incriminate his friend and set Ibarra's house on fire. Then he went to prison and helped Ibarra escape. He and Ibarra jumped into a banca loaded with zacate (grass). Ibarra stopped at the house of Capitan Tiago to say goodbye to Maria Clara. In the tearful last scene between the two lovers, Ibarra forgave Maria Clara for giving up his letters to her which the Spanish authorities utilized as evidence against him. On her part, Maria Clara revealed that those letters were exchanged with a letter from her late mother, Pia Alba, which Padre Salvi gave her. From this letter, she learned that her real father was Padre Damaso.* *After bidding Maria Clara farewell, Ibarra returned to the banca. He and Elias paddled up the Pasig River toward Laguna de Bay. A police boat, with the Guardia Civil on board, pursued them as their banca reached the lake. Elias told Ibarra to hide under the zacate. As the police boat was overtaking the banca, Elias jumped into the water and swam swiftly toward the shore. In this way, he diverted the attention of the soldiers on the person, thereby giving Ibarra a chance to escape.* *The soldier fired at the swimming Elias, who was hit and sank. The water turned red because of his blood. The soldiers, thinking that they had killed then fleeing Ibarra returned to Manila. Thus Ibarra was able to escape.* *Elias, seriously wounded, reached the shore and went into the forest. He met a boy, Basilio, weeping over his mother's body. He told Basilio to make a pyre on which their bodies (his and Sisa's) were to be burned to ashes. It was Christmas Eve, and the moon gleamed softly in the sky. Basilio prepared the funeral pyre. As life's breath slowly left his body, Elias looked toward the east and murmured: "I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land! You, who have it to see, welcome it -- and forget not those who have fallen during the night!"* *The novel has an epilogue which recounts what happened to the other characters. Maria Clara, out of her loyalty to the memory of Ibarra, the man she truly loved, entered the Santa Clara nunnery. Padre Salvi left the parish of San Diego and became a chaplain of the nunnery. Padre Damaso was transferred to a remote province, but the next morning he was found dead in his bedroom, Capitan Tiago, the former genial host and generous patron of the church became an opium addict and a human wreck. Dona Victorina, still henpecking poor Don Tiburcio, had taken to wearing eye-glasses because of weakening eye-sight. Linares, who failed to win Maria Clara's affection, died of dysentery and was buried in Paco cemetery.* *The alferez, who successfully repulsed the abortive attack on the barracks, was promoted major. He returned to Spain, leaving behind his shabby mistress, Dona Consolacion.* *The novel ends with Maria Clara, an unhappy nun in Santa Clara nunnery -- forever lost to the world.* ***The "Noli" Based on Truth*** *The Noli Me Tangere, unlike many works of fictional literature, is a true story of Philippine conditions during the last decade of Spanish rule. The places, the characters, and the situations really existed. "The facts I narrate there," said Rizal, "are all true and have happened; I can prove them."* *The characters -- Ibarra, Maria Clara, Elias, Tasio, Capitan Tiago, Padre Damaso, Padre Salvi, etc. -- were drawn by Rizal from persons who actually existed during his times. Maria Clara was Leonor Rivera, although in real life she became unfaithful, unlike the heroine of the novel, and married an Englishman. Ibarra and Elias represented Rizal himself. Tasio the Sage was his elder brother, Paciano. Padre Salvi was identified by Rizalists as Padre Antonio Piernavieja, the hated Augustinian friar in Cavite who was killed by our patriots during the Revolution. Capitan Tiago was Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas. Dona Victorina was Dona Agustina Medel. The two brothers Basilio and Crispin were the Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy. Padre Damaso was typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal, who was arrogant, supercilious, and anti-Filipino.* *This novel has a lot of symbolism and real-life events that opened the eyes of the Filipino people during the Spanish colonization to start the revolution and overthrow the Spanish colonizers. Every character in Noli Me Tangere has a role that depicts different roles in Philippine society to fight for the freedom of the country. Jose Rizal represented his persona as Crisostomo Ibarra who was a rich character yet he was rebellious who fought for the freedom from the Spaniards while Elias who was poor and oppressed by the Spaniards but he sacrificed his life so that Crisostomo can escape because he believed that Crisostomo has a better chance to fight against the Spaniards. Elias' sacrifice paved the way to Crisostomo Ibarra's revenge against the Spaniards in the sequel of the novel "El Filibusterismo".* *Other characters that significantly represent Filipinos were like Doña Victorina was a social climber who did not want to be known as an Indio. All Filipinos were called Indios during the time of the Spaniards which means that Filipinos were foolish, not smart, and poor. There are characters that have the symbolic meaning of the novel like Sisa was a mother of Crispin and Basilio who took care of her children and became an outcast when her sons were missing. Sisa represents the Inang Bayan or Motherland who became an outcast because of the ill-treatment of the Spaniards to the Filipinos while Maria Clara represented the Filipino women who were oppressed and abused by the Spaniards.* *The novel depicted real-life events during the Spanish colonization in the Philippines like the Friars' command decisions were more powerful than the Governor-General's decisions, social issues, injustice, and the Philippines as a backward country. The conflicts in the novel exist until today's generation that it affects our society and the country that needs to learn and read Noli Me Tangere. The conflicts that were dominant in the novel like corruption, injustice, poverty, and abuse remain the same problem up to this day.* Generalization The three themes of Noli Me Tangere are Colonialism, Religion, and Power. They appear in all chapters of the novel. The novel is a critical and ardent exposition of the cruelty and immorality of Spanish colonial rule in Philippine society. *Questions:* What is the meaning of Noli Me Tangere? ***How is the lack of freedom portrayed in the novel?*** Why is it that Noli Me Tangere was considered one of the most influential novels written by Jose Rizal? How will you compare the ills of the past and of the contemporary society? [Noli Me Tangere - Video Report (youtube.com)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPjqEw87f_k) by Dimasupil, unlisted **Readings and References** **\"Noli Me Tangere\": Jose Rizal Philippines History Novel.** (n.d.). Retrieved from Cambridge Forecast: Clarisse, A. (2019, September 14). **Noli Me Tangere: A Wake-Up Call Book of Revolution**. Retrieved from **Noli Me Tangere Cover**. (n.d.). Retrieved from Unveiling Rizal: G.F. Zaide and S.M. Zaide.2008. ***JOSE RIZAL: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero.*** All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc. Quezon City.