Genetics Lesson 5 PDF

𝖉𝖔𝖒𝖎𝖓𝖆𝖓𝖙 𝖆𝖑𝖑𝖊𝖑𝖊 𝖍𝖊𝖙𝖊𝖗𝖔𝖟𝖞𝖌𝖔𝖚𝖘 𝖗𝖊𝖈𝖊𝖘𝖘𝖎𝖛𝖊 𝖍𝖔𝖒𝖔𝖟𝖞𝖌𝖔𝖚𝖘 𝖌𝖊𝖓𝖔𝖙𝖞𝖕𝖊 𝖕𝖍𝖊𝖓𝖔𝖙𝖞𝖕𝖊  𝕲𝖊𝖓𝖊𝖙𝖎𝖈𝖘 is the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence. -National Institute of General Medical Sciences 𝕲𝖊𝖓𝖊𝖙...

𝖉𝖔𝖒𝖎𝖓𝖆𝖓𝖙 𝖆𝖑𝖑𝖊𝖑𝖊 𝖍𝖊𝖙𝖊𝖗𝖔𝖟𝖞𝖌𝖔𝖚𝖘 𝖗𝖊𝖈𝖊𝖘𝖘𝖎𝖛𝖊 𝖍𝖔𝖒𝖔𝖟𝖞𝖌𝖔𝖚𝖘 𝖌𝖊𝖓𝖔𝖙𝖞𝖕𝖊 𝖕𝖍𝖊𝖓𝖔𝖙𝖞𝖕𝖊  𝕲𝖊𝖓𝖊𝖙𝖎𝖈𝖘 is the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence. -National Institute of General Medical Sciences 𝕲𝖊𝖓𝖊𝖙𝖎𝖈𝖘  Population Genetics  Molecular Genetics o behavior of a particular o chemical nature of gene gene o Mechanisms of o how gene frequency is transmission and its affected by environmental application factors 𝕲𝖊𝖓𝖊𝖙𝖎𝖈𝖘  Mendelian Genetics o Laws of inheritance by Mendel 01 Rule of Unit Factors in Pairs Principle of Dominance & 02 Recessiveness 03 Law of Segregation 04 Law of Independent Assortment 01 Rule of Unit Factors in Pairs genetics 02 characters are controlled by unit factors that exist in pairs in an individual 04 TT tt Tt 02 Principle of Dominance & Recessiveness one unit factor in a pair may mask the expression of the other 03 04  Parental Generation TT tt  F1 Generation Dominant allele Tt Tt  F2 Generation recessive allele TT Tt Tt tt 03 Law of Segregation two alleles of one trait segregate from each other during gamete formation Offspring receive one factor from each parent. 04 04 Law of Independent Assortment when more than one pair of characters are involved in a cross , factor pairs assort independent of each other Red eyes (E) are dominant over white eyes (e). If homozygous dominant is crossed to a heterozygous, what are the phenotypes and genotypes? In corn, purple kernels (P) are dominant over yellow kernels (p), and smooth kernels (S) are dominant over shrunken kernels (s). Cross a plant that is heterozygous for both traits (PpSs) with a plant that is homozygous purple and smooth (PPSs).  DNA STRUCTURE codes for your genes (traits) made of repeating subunits called nucleotides  DNA STRUCTURE DNA is stored DNA is replicated DNA is expressed DNA is diversified CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR GENETICS THE WATSON-CRICK DNA MODEL: a DOUBLE HELIX James Watson Francis Crick  Carry the information that GENES determines your traits NUCLEIC ACID-Storage and expression of genetic information. DNA RNA DNA-carries genetic instructions in all living things. RNA- principally involved in the synthesis of proteins, carrying the messenger instructions from DNA. REPLICATION: Identical copies of their genetic material for growth and repair. TRANSCRIPTION: the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. TRANSLATION: second major step in gene expression, the mRNA is "read" according to the genetic code, which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins TRANSLATION: GENETIC MUTATIONS  GENETIC MUTATIONS GERMLINE SOMATIC MUTATION MUTATION BASED ON CHROMOSOME NUMBER BASED ON CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE  BASED ON NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE This is a change in a single nucleotide base in the DNA sequence. There are two types: Transition: One purine (A or G) is replaced by another purine, or one pyrimidine (C or T) is replaced by another pyrimidine. Transversion: A purine is replaced by a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine. This is a more specific type of point mutation.  BASED ON NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE This occurs when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame of the gene. It alters the entire amino acid sequence from that point forward, potentially producing a nonfunctional protein. A type of point mutation where a purine (A or G) is swapped with a pyrimidine (C or T), or vice versa, resulting in a change in the structure of the DNA. BASED ON NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE BASED ON NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE BASED ON NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE  CAUSES OF MUTATIONS Infectious agent Radiation Chemicals Klinefelter Syndrome XYY Syndrome Trisomy X Syndrome Turner’s Syndrome Turner’s Syndrome GENETIC DISORDER GENETIC DISORDER: sickle cell anemia GENETIC DISORDER: phenylketonuria GENETIC DISORDER: HEMOPHILIA GENETIC DISORDER APPLICATION BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products.