LESSON 4 INTEGUMENTARY System PDF

PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS AUF HONOR CODE On my honor as an Angelenean, who lives by the core values of Mabuti, Magaling at May Malasakit sa Kapwa, I here...

PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS AUF HONOR CODE On my honor as an Angelenean, who lives by the core values of Mabuti, Magaling at May Malasakit sa Kapwa, I hereby pledge honesty and integrity in all my academic tasks without receiving or giving unauthorized assistance, thereby observing scholarly and intellectual standards, rules on proper citation of sources, and appropriate collection and use of data. So help me God. REMINDER This lecture is written for the purpose of guiding Angeleneans as they prepare for any upcoming activity, quiz, or examination. We still highly advise everyone to look up and review as well the sources provided by the school and the teachers to prepare better on any said assessments. Break a leg! :) AUTHOR(S): (SICAT, M.C) // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS HUMAN ANAPHY LESSON 4: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM LANGERHANS CELLS OUTLINE Part of the immune system of the skin. I. Integumentary System II. Skin III. Accessory Structure MERKEL CELLS IV. Functions of the Integumentary System A sensory receptor that is responsible for the light touch V. The Inflammatory Response and superficial pressure. VI. Importance of the Integumentary System 5 LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS I. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Integument - “covering” Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Provides covering for the body. Germinativum or Stratum Basale. One of the more familiar system of the body to everyone Culugo Sabatoc since it is the one that is exposed. Largest system of the body. STRATUM CORNEUM Constitutes 16% of the person's body weight. Outermost layer of the epidermis. Area - 1.5-2.00m² 25 or more layers of dead, keratinized cells. Dandruff - the excessive stratum corneum in the scalp. II. SKIN Callus - an increased stratum corneum if the skin is Largest external organ of the body. always subjected to friction. Large waterproof covering. Acts as a barrier to light, heat, chemicals, and Protects the body from the harmful UV light and microorganisms chemicals. Provides structural strength due to keratin within the There are two layers: Epidermis and Dermis. cells. Prevents water loss due to lipids surrounding cells A. EPIDERMIS Serves as a hard protective layer against environmental Outer layer. trauma. Stratified squamous keratinized epithelial tissue. Composed of five layers. CORNEOCYTES Keratinocytes located in this layer. Avascular in nature (no blood vessels). No water and no nucleus. Gives rise to hair, nails, and glands. Dead skin cells that is filled with tough keratin. Protects against abrasion and harmful effects of UV light. Has lipids and fats that repels water. Prevents water loss and the entry of chemicals and microorganisms. STRATUM LUCIDUM KERATINIZATION Lucid - “clear”, “transparent” The process wherein cells move to surface, lose water, One to two layers thick. and nuclei change. Flat and transparent Difficult to see in microscope. CELLS LOCATED INSIDE EPIDERMIS Only easily found in certain hairless and thickest parts of the body. (Eg. palms of the hands, soles of the feet). KERATINOCYTES Produces keratin which makes the cell more durable. STRATUM GRANULOSUM Resists abrasion. Grainy layer since there are many granules present in Prevents water loss. cell. Flattened, and diamond shaped. Two or more layers. MELANOCYTES Where keratinization starts since the keratinocytes in Produces melanin this layer produces a lot of keratin. Responsible for the skin color, hair color, and eye color. In this layer, the cells starts to flatten and lose its The melanin protects the body from UV light, and skin nucleus. cancer. AUTHOR(S): (SICAT, M.C) // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS HYPODERMIS STRATUM SPINOSUM Layers of fat below the dermis. 8-10 layers of spiny-shaped cells. Not part of the skin. This part of epidermis is partly responsible for skin Composed of loose connective tissue with abundant strength and flexibility since there are desmosomes deposits of adipose tissue. present. For insulation and provides cushion. Desmosomes - specialized adhesive proteins that are Also called as subcutaneous layer or subcutis. responsible for maintaining the mechanical integrity of the tissue. C. VITAMIN D The synthesis of Vitamin D starts at skin. STRATUM GERMINATIVUM / STRATUM BASALE Importance of Vitamin D involves in calcium homeostasis Basale - “basal layer” in the body. Germinativum - where cell germinates It regulates the calcium in the body and stimulates the Rests on the basement membrane that is attached to uptake of calcium in the intestine. the dermis. Lowermost or deepest layer of the epidermis. 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL Closest to the blood supply. Present in skin. Most important layer of the skin since this is where cell When exposed to sun, it will be synthesized to division happens. cholecalciferol. It takes approximately 40-56 days for the new cells to The cholecalciferol will travel to blood, go to liver, and arrive at the stratum corneum. then to the kidney where it will be synthesized. Where the melanocytes are located. Once synthesized, it will become active Vitamin D3 or STRATUM MALPIGHI Calcitriol. Stratum germinativum together with stratum spinosum since they are the only one with nucleus and D. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE non-flattened cells. LINES OF CLEAVAGE B. DERMIS Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis that is arranged Also called as Corium in bundles. Tough layer of the skin. It establishes important patterns: Structures found in dermis include blood vessels, nerve a. A parallel cut remains shut, heals well. endings, receptors, muscles (arector pili), glands b. A cut across (right angle) pulls open and scars. (sebaceous glands and sweat glands), and hair follicles. III. ACCESSORY STRUCTURES THREE (3) DIVISIONS OF THE DERMIS A. HAIR Upper papillary and lower reticular. Covers most of the surface in the body. There is also the hypodermis but it is not considered as a Found everywhere on the skin except palms, soles, lips, layer. external genitalia, nipples, and distal segments of fingers and toes. Has growth and resting stage. UPPER PAPILLARY Grows for 3 years and rests for 1 year. Both the nutrient supply and the temperature regulation. Lanugo - delicate unpigmented hair that develops during It has extensive blood vessels which helps remove the 5th and 6th months of fetal development and covers cellular waste products that could kill the skin. the fetus. DERMAL PAPILAE - Terminal hair - scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows of the Responsible for our unique fingerprints and footprints. fetus. Projections that extends to the epidermis, so there are - Velus hair - rest of the body of the fetus. ridges that are visible. The ridges increase friction and improves grip. THREE (3) PARTS OF HAIR. Outer cuticle, principar cortex and inner medulla. DILATED BLOOD VESSELS Cause of the pink tint hue visible on cheeks. SHAFT STRETCH MARKS The visible portion of the hair, When the dermis is overstretched and ruptured. ROOT LOWER RETICULAR The hair follicle. Main layer of the dermis that provides the skin with elasticity. ARRECTOR PILI Elasticity - the skins ability to spring back to its original Smooth muscle that extends from the root to the papillary, position. pulls the hair more perpendicular direction. Lies between the papillary and subcutaneous layer. Responsible for the goosebumps. Provides strength and elasticity to the skin. Contains the hair follicles, sweat glands and oil glands. B. NAILS Modified epidermal cells. AUTHOR(S): (SICAT, M.C) // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS Composed of dead stratum corneum. Modified apocrine gland - mammary that secretes milk. Contains very hard type of keratin. Nails go continuously and has no resting stage. E. SENSORY RECEPTORS PARTS OF THE NAIL Sensory Location Sensation, 1. Lunula Receptor Mediated - white crescent of the nails. 2. Nail Body Free nerve ending Epidermis Pain, itch - visible portion. 3. Nail Root Free nerve ending Dermis Pain - covered by skin. 4. Nail Bed - site for the nail growth. Merkel’s disks Stratum spinosum Touch 5. Nail Fold - the lateral and proximal edges of the nail that are Meissner’s Papilarry dermis Touch covered by skin. corpuscle 6. Nail Groove - hold the edges in place. Ruffini’s corpuscle Papilarry dermis Warmth 7. Free Edge - overlapping nails. Krause’s end bulb Papilarry dermis Cold 8. Cuticle or Eponychium - beside nails. Pacinian corpuscle Reticular dermis Pressure, - the stratum corneum of the nail fold that grows onto Vibration the nail body. 9. Hyponychium - under nails. IV. FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - a thickened region of the stratum corneum beneath A. PROTECTION the free edge of the nail body. Prevents passage of harmful physical and chemical agents. C. SEBACEOUS GLANDS Melanin protects from UV rays Also known as oil glands. Lipid content inhibits water loss Produces sebum or oil that lubricates the skin and hair. Acid mantle: kills most bacteria The secretion of the sebaceous gland is controlled by the Nails protect ends of our digits endocrine system. It increases in puberty and decreases Hair acts as insulation and filter later in life. B. SENSATION CERUMINOUS GLAND Temperature receptors □ Hot and cold Modified sebaceous glands that line the ear canal. Pressure receptors Cerumen - ear wax □ Excessive pressure as pain □ Mild pressure as pleasurable D. SWEAT GLANDS Combinations produce burning, itching, tickling. Also known as sudoriferous gland. Most numerous in palms and soles. C. THERMOREGULATION Not found on margins of the lips or head of the penis. Normal body temperature: 98.6 degrees F Each gland has secretory portion and excretory duct. When external temperatures increase Sweating helps cool the body. □ Blood vessels dilate □ Sweat occurs ECCRINE When external temperatures decrease Most numerous in the palms of the hands and soles of the □ Blood vessels first dilate then constrict feet. Absent from the margin of the lips, labia miinora, and the D. SECRETION tips of penis and clitoris. Sebum Produces an isotonic fluid that is mostly water but also □ Cosmetic gloss contains some salts. □ Moisturizer Contains also small amount of ammonia, uria, uric acid □ Antifungal/antibacterial properties and lactic acid. Sweat □ Essential in cooling process APOCRINE Vitamin D synthesis Specialized type of glands. Found in the axillae and genitalia (scrotum, labia majora) V. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE and around the anus. Contain organic substances: 3 methyl and 2 hexenoic STEP 1 acid. Germinative cells migrate around the wound. Esentially odorless when first released but are quickly Macrophages clean the area. metabolized by bacteria to cause what is commonly known as body odor. AUTHOR(S): (SICAT, M.C) // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS Fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in, producing granulation tissue. WARTS Small, rough growth resembling a cauliflower or a solid STEP 2 blister. A scab stabilizes and protects the area. IMPETIGO STEP 3 Blisters or sores on the face. Fibroblasts produce scar tissue. Inflammation decreases, clot disintegrates. RINGWORM Fungal infection on the skin. STEP 4 Fibroblasts strengthen scar tissue. ECZEMA A raised keloid forms. Dysfunctional skin barrier and an overactive immune response. A. BURN Rules of Nines - used to measure the burn in the body. PSORIASIS There are three types of burn Autoimmune condition where the immune system 1. 1st degree burn - The epidermis is damaged and mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells. usually red and painful but can heal without scarring (eg. sunburn) 2. 2nd degree burn - The epidermis and dermis is SKIN CANCER damaged and is the most painful (eg. blisters) Excessive exposure to ultraviolet light (from the sun or 3. 3rd degree burn - The epidermis to hypodermis is tanning salons) is the most common cause of skin cancer. damaged. This type of burn is painless because the The three major types are basal cell carcinoma, squamous pain receptors have been destroyed along with the cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. rest of the dermis. Breakdown of the rules of nines: B. BIRTHMARK AND MOLES a. Head and Neck: 9% of the body surface area b. Upper limb (Each arm): 9% of the body surface area STRAWBERRY MARK c. The Front of the Torso: 18% of the body surface area Infantile hemangiomas. d. The Back of the Torso: 18% of the body surface area e. Genitalia: 1% of the body surface area. MOLES f. Lower limb (Each leg): 18% of the body surface area (9% for the front and 9% for the back) Occurs melanocytes in the skin grow in cluster instead of being spread throughout the skin. FIG. 1 The following information on this handout is referred from the recommended references and textbooks. Please review them as well. Thank you and Goodluck! VI. IMPORTANCE OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Protects and interacts with all organ systems. Changes in skin appearance are used to diagnose disorders in other systems. A. SKIN DISEASES ACNE Scaly red skin. AUTHOR(S): (SICAT, M.C) // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N.