Health Promotion Lesson 3 PDF

LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 1 AWADZI (MRS) HEALTH PROMOTION Lecturer: Delphina Abbey-Awadzi (MPH, BSCN, RN) QUOTE OF THE DAY “Failure is the opportunity to begin again more AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELP...

LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 1 AWADZI (MRS) HEALTH PROMOTION Lecturer: Delphina Abbey-Awadzi (MPH, BSCN, RN) QUOTE OF THE DAY “Failure is the opportunity to begin again more AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- intelligently.” – Henry Ford 3 OBJECTIVES By the end of the presentation, the students will be able to: Define health promotion State the principles of health promotion Discuss the components of health promotion AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- Highlight the roles of an individual and the community at large in promoting health 4 BACKGROUND OF HEALTH PROMOTION The world at the beginning of the 21st century is a world of change. Politically, economically, technically, socio-culturally and demographically, countries and communities are in transition. The world is significantly different today from some decades AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- ago. New situations pose new problems and at the same time present new opportunities. New health promotion approaches are required to match them. Health promotion has to be justified against competing claims for the societies resources. It was realized that public health had neglected the citizen as an individual and this had a direct responsibility on the health 5 of the individual. BACKGROUND OF HEALTH PROMOTION Over the past years stretching from Ottawa (1986), the first International Conference on Health Promotion and which gave its name to Ottawa Chatter from Health Promotion, to the second conference in Adelaide (1988) and the third in Sundsvall (1991), Health Promotion has carried its mission of AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- giving health a high position on the political agenda. Each of these conferences has made a significant contribution to public health and to focusing our attention to the necessity for a more holistic & comprehensive approach to addressing the determinants of health. Jakarta conference is the fourth in a series of technical conferences on health promotion, all of which have and continue to make major contributions to health promotion & public health. 6  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 7 AWADZI (MRS) What is Health Promotion? The “first and best known” definition of health promotion, declared by the American Journal of Health Promotion since 1986 is “the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health” AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 8 HEALTH PROMOTION WHO defined Health promotion as “the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.” It focuses on all activities aiming at increasing well- AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- being, prevention of disease and health hazards, as well as control of diseases. Health promotion is to add ‘life into the years’ and not just add ‘years onto life’. 9 HEALTH PROMOTION Health promotion techniques operate on the wellness side of the health-illness continuum to encourage people to choose a lifestyle that optimizes their health. Health promotion focuses on keeping people healthy. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- Health promotion programs aim to engage and empower individuals and communities to choose healthy behaviors, and make changes that reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases and other morbidities. 10  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 11 AWADZI (MRS) A FRAMEWORK FOR HEALTH PROMOTION ACTIVITIES AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 12 GOALS OF HEALTH PROMOTION To create an environment that allows all the ability to access all needed services To equip people with the skills to determine their own health. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- To promote quality of life To reduce inequalities in health Empower people to make healthier choices 13  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 14 AWADZI (MRS) WHO PROMOTES HEALTH? Health promotion work occurs outside the health sector and therefore requires the active involvement of people who may not regard themselves as health workers. For instance, teachers, police, engineers, religious organizations, NGO’s and many more who play essential AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- role in health promotion. 15  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 16 AWADZI (MRS)  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 17 AWADZI (MRS) COMPONENTS OF HEALTH PROMOTION Educative, Preventive and Protective measures are required to achieve AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- health. These measures have to be adopted continuously to remain healthy. 18 1. HEALTH EDUCATION ‘Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes’ (WHO) This is one of the most cost-effective interventions. A large AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- number of diseases could be prevented with little or no medical intervention if people were adequately informed about them and if they were encouraged to take all necessary precautions in time. It basically centers on providing learning opportunities for individuals and communities so that they are able to voluntarily change their behaviour. The targets of educational efforts may include the general 19 public, patients, priority groups, health providers, community leaders and decision-makers. 2. HEALTH PROTECTION Health protection comprises the legal or fiscal controls, regulations, policies and voluntary codes of practice, aimed at enhancing positive health and preventing ill health It implements measures to protect the physical environment and make it conducive to health. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- The regulations and policies formulated to improve health and wellbeing The regulations and policies formulated to ban unhealthy practices A comprehensive approach to health promotion requires environmental modifications such as, provision of safe water, dustbins at vantage points for garbages, sanitary latrines, etc. 20  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 21 AWADZI (MRS)  3. DISEASE PREVENTION “Disease Prevention is the action aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.” It covers measures not only to prevent the occurrence of disease, such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- Health promotion and disease prevention programs often address social determinants of health, which influence modifiable risk behaviors. Social determinants of health are the economic, social, cultural, and political conditions in which people are born, grow, and live that affect health status. Modifiable risk behaviors include, for example, tobacco use, poor eating habits, and lack of physical activity, which contribute to the development of chronic disease. 22  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 23 AWADZI (MRS)  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 24 AWADZI (MRS)  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 25 AWADZI (MRS) ❑ PRIMODIAL PREVENTION It is the prevention of emergence of risk factors in a population in which they have yet not appeared. Main intervention is through individual and mass health education. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- In this, efforts are dedicated towards discouraging people from adopting harmful life styles/ habits. Mainly associated with chronic diseases. Starts in childhood when health risk behaviour begins. Example; Smoking , weight gain due to high cholesterol intake 26 ❑ PRIMARY PREVENTION Primary prevention can be defined as action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. Strategies employed are: AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- i. Population (mass) strategy ii. High risk strategy The concept of primary prevention is now applied to the prevention of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension and cancer based on elimination or modification of ‘risk factors’ of disease. 27  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 28 AWADZI (MRS) ❑ SECONDARY PREVENTION The actions which halts or slows the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and complications. Secondary prevention attempts to arrest the disease process, restore health by seeking out unrecognized disease and treating it before irreversible pathological AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- changes take place, and reverse communicability of infectious diseases. It protects others in the community from acquiring the infection and thus provide at once secondary prevention for the infected ones and primary prevention for their potential contacts. 29 SECONDARY PREVENTION Examples include: ✓regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (e.g. mammograms to detect breast cancer) ✓daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes ✓suitably modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs. 30  SECONDARY PREVENTION Primary prevention is concerned with preventing the onset of a disease, while secondary prevention tries to reduce the number of new or severe cases of a disease. Even if we can't prevent the disease from becoming overtly symptomatic, we can at least reduce its impact with secondary prevention. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- By targeting people who have recently been exposed to a disease-causing agent, such as a bacterium, or those who have the earliest symptoms of a disease, we can reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with it using certain strategies. 31 SECONDARY PREVENTION INTERVENTION Early detection/diagnosis (e.g. screening tests, breast self examination, pap smear test, radiographic examinations etc.) AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- Prompt treatment Referral 32  SECONDARY PREVENTION LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 33 AWADZI (MRS)  ❑ TERTIARY PREVENTION Tertiary prevention focuses on people who are already affected by a disease. It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- disabilities, and to promote the patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions.” The goal is to improve quality of life by reducing disability, limiting or delaying complications, and restoring function. It is used when the disease process has 34 advanced beyond its early stages. TERTIARY PREVENTION Intervention that should be accomplished in the stage of tertiary prevention are: Disability limitation Rehabilitation AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 35  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 36 AWADZI (MRS)  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 37 AWADZI (MRS) AN INDIVIDUAL’S ROLE IN PROMOTING HEALTH It relates to the individual’s ability to take control of his/her own health to ensure good health. It comprises efforts to enhance positive health and reduce the risk of ill health through illness prevention, health promotion and health AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- education. These activities include: Ensuring good personal hygiene, regular exercises, eating balanced diet, rest, elimination of body waste Keep your house and surroundings clean at all times. Proper disposal of rubbish, clear bushes and avoid stagnant water around the house. Participate in communal work that promotes health and 38 development. This may be in the form of labour or financial contributions. AN INDIVIDUAL’S ROLE IN PROMOTING HEALTH Developing and maintaining cordial relationship with neighbours so that you can give and get support when needed. Try to develop and keep positive attitude towards life. AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- Think well about yourself, stay focused to achieve personal goals and aspirations. Regular personal medical checkup even when you are healthy Report promptly to the nearest health facility for early and effective treatment for any ailments. Practice acceptable use of drugs both prescribed and 39 over-the-counter drugs. Practice good sexual life to avoid STD’s. THE COMMUNITY’S ROLE IN PROMOTING HEALTH It is a group oriented approach to promoting good health. The community as a whole has responsibilities towards ensuring that its residents are in good health, whereas the individual can perform some functions to promote his/her AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- health, there are certain things the individual cannot achieve hence the need for a team to accomplish those tasks. The responsibilities include the following: Provision of safe potable water- protecting the water source from pollution or treating water on large scale to prevent water related diseases. Provision of sustainable and appropriate waste 40 management system  THE COMMUNITY’S ROLE IN PROMOTING HEALTH C’TD Provision of good and safe transport system in the form of good roads, provision of public transport system, etc.- this minimizes the occurrence of accidents, easy movement of ambulances to reach accident victims and conveying pregnant women in labour or seriously ill to hospitals easily. Provision of electricity or sustainable source of light and energy- AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- helps maintain potency of vaccines and other drugs, provision of street light for safety reasons, residents also engage in variety of recreational activities such as listening to music, watching television, operating computers, etc. Provision of accessible, affordable, acceptable and appropriate healthcare delivery system. Adoption of healthy socio-cultural practices 41 Formulate and enforce environmental policies to ensure safety and sustenance of the vegetation, water bodies and air.  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 42 AWADZI (MRS) Identify the type of disease prevention QUESTION ONE St Gregory Hospital offers yearly hypertensive screenings to the public? QUESTION TWO AWADZI (MRS) LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- A community health worker provides vaccine to clients in an immunization clinic? QUESTION THREE Aku Shika is referred to a cardiac rehabilitation program after Coronary artery bypass surgery? 43  QUESTION TIME LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 44 AWADZI (MRS)  LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY- 45 AWADZI (MRS)