Solar System Formation Theories PDF

Origin of the Solar System Solar System - The solar system is composed of sun and the objects that orbit around it. - The largest objects that orbit the sun directly are the eight planets. Solar System 2 Models: Heliocentric model= Sun centered Geo centric model= Earth centered Astronom...

Origin of the Solar System Solar System - The solar system is composed of sun and the objects that orbit around it. - The largest objects that orbit the sun directly are the eight planets. Solar System 2 Models: Heliocentric model= Sun centered Geo centric model= Earth centered Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was instrumental in establishing the concept of a heliocentric solar system, in which the sun, rather than the earth, is the center of the solar system. Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician. He believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. Ptolemaic System Sun - Is the star at the center of the solar system which is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. - It also contains oxygen, carbon, neon and iron in small quantity. Sun Sun is composed of layers made up almost entirely of Hydrogen and Helium. Sun Latin - “Sol” Greek - “Helios” Mercury - The smallest planet in the solar system and it is closest to the sun. - It orbits around the sun about 88 earth days which is much faster than any other planet in the solar system. - It has no natural satellites. Venus - The second planet from the sun. - The hottest planet because of the dense atmosphere. - “ Earth’s sister planet” because its structure and size is similar to earth. - The second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the moon. Earth - The third planet from the sun. - The largest and densest of the terrestrial planets. - It has one natural satellite, the moon. - The only planet to sustain life. - The structure of earth is divided into mainly four layers namely Crust, Mantle, Inner core and Outer core. Where did the word moon come from? Many languages have beautiful names for our Moon. Mōna, an Old English word from medieval times. Mōna shares its origins with the Latin words “Metri” which means to measure, and “Mensis” which means month. "Luna" in Latin "Lune" in French "Mond" in German "Selene" in Greek. Crust The earth’s crust is like the skin. It is very thin compared to the other three layers. The crust of the earth is broken into many pieces called “Plates.’’ The earth outermost surface.  Mantle The layer below the crust. The largest layer of the earth. Divided into two regions: The upper and the lower sections. Core The earth’s core consists of a fluid outer core and solid inner core. Outer Core The outer core is a liquid layer made up of molten Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) The outer core is 2,266 km thick. Inner Core The center layer of the earth. The hottest layer of the earth. It is 250 – 400 km thick. Mars - The fourth planet from the sun, next planet beyond earth. - Known as the red planet due to its reddish appearance. It gets its red color from the iron in its soil. - It has thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide (CO₂) Mars Phobos Deimos  Jupiter - The fifth planet from the sun. - The biggest planet which is about two and a half times more massive than all the other planets in the solar system combined. - Jupiter has a thin ring system composed mainly of dust particles. - It has 95 known satellites. The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa Ganymede A satellite of Jupiter, is the largest and most massive of the Solar System's moons. Ganymede Io Io is the most volcanically A satellite of Jupiter, is active body in the Solar system, the largest spewingandoutmost sulfurmassive as high asof300 the km Solar (190System's miles) moons. in the air. Like Europa, Ganymede , Callisto, and Io was discovered in 1610 by the Italian scientist Galileo. Callisto Callisto is the second- largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede. It is the third- largest moon in the Solar System after Ganymede and Saturn's largest moon Titan.  Europa Ganymede AEuropa satelliteisofthe Jupiter, is the smallest of largest and most massive the four Galilean moons of the Solar System's orbiting Jupiter. moons. Io Saturn Facts about Europa - The sixth planet from the sun and the second largest planet. - It is known for its extensive ring system made up of small ice and rock particles. - The ring system of Saturn is the most prominent found in the Solar System. IoUranus Facts about Europa - The seventh planet from the sun and the lightest of the outer planets. - There are eleven inner rings and two outer rings. - Uranus’ moons are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. Io Neptune Facts about Europa - The most distant planet in the solar system. - It has 14 known satellites wherein the largest is the Triton. - The methane makes the blue color of Neptune. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of Pluto to that of a dwarf planet because it did not meet the criteria that IAU uses to define a full-sized planet.  Asteroid belt The asteroid belt is a region of space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where most of the asteroids in our Solar System are found orbiting the Sun.  Kuiper belt The Kuiper belt is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System, extending from the orbit of Neptune from the Sun. Io Facts about Europa Solar System Formation Theories Vortex Theory Orbits of the planets as explained by whirlpool –like motion of pre solar materials. Proposed by Rene Descartes. a French mathematician and physicist. Vortex- whirlpool Rene Descartes Rene Descartes His contribution to Mathematics was also of the first order, as the inventor of the Cartesian Coordinate System and the founder of Analytic Geometry. Collision Theory Planets were formed from debris after the sun’s collision with a giant comet. George- Louis, Leclerc Comte de Buffon proposed this theory. Collision Theory This was the first version of the Cataclysmic hypothesis of the origin of the solar system. Collision Theory The cometary collision hypothesis, proposed in 1749 by Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, was the idea that a comet struck the Sun and broke off fragments which formed the planets. George- Louis, Leclerc Comte de Buffon Nebular Theory Nebula collapses because of gravitational force, and contracts as it spins more rapidly. The spinning cloud flattens with bulges at the center. Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon Laplace proposed this idea.  Immanuel Kant Pierre Simon Laplace French astronomer Immanuel Kant and mathematician Kant’s central idea was that the solar system Pierre-Simon Laplace began as a cloud of first suggested dispersed particles. He in 1796 that the Sun assumed that the and the planets mutual gravitational attractions of the formed in a rotating particles caused them nebula which cooled to start moving and and collapsed. colliding, at which point chemical forces kept Pierre Simon Laplace them bonded together.  Immanuel Kant Pierre Simon Laplace The solar system was formed Through 5 stages: Collapse Spinning Flattening Condensation Accretion 1. The solar system comes from a high temperature gas ball. The mass of gas ball collapse and then heating and become a disk- shaped. 2. The disk spinning faster and faster so that no part of the disk that was thrown out and then the temperature decreased. 3. The disk become a sphere due to rotation, because of fast rotation some of the fog from the gas ball mass escape. 4. Some fog formed the core of the largest mass in the middle, while the small part formed around cooling process. 5. It forms planetesimals that will later coalesce with other objects. As a speeding massive star passed near the sun, it pulled off material Due to gravitational attraction. Contraction in the dense region of an interstellar gas and dust cloud forms a protostar or protosun. Protostar- a contracting mass of gas that represents an early stage in the formation of a star. Protosun- the gaseous cloud that underwent gravitational collapse to form the sun. Planetisimal - a body that could or did come together with many others under gravitation to form a planet. Protoplanet- a large body of matter in orbit around the sun or a star and thought to be developing into a planet. 1. NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2. RFSA – Russian Federation Space Agency 3. ESA – European Space Agency 4. ISRO – Indian Space Research Organization 5. CNSA – China National Space Administration 6. JAXA – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 7. SSI – Space Studies Institute in California The International Space Station is a modular space station in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA.