Lesson 2: Moral Dilemmas PDF

Lesson 2 Moral Dilemmas Mr. Darel A. Dimaano Lecturer 1 Introduction This module is focused on moral dilemmas specifically on its definition, situation cases where moral dilemmas are present, and its three (3) levels namely: individual, organizational, and structural. In the three levels...

Lesson 2 Moral Dilemmas Mr. Darel A. Dimaano Lecturer 1 Introduction This module is focused on moral dilemmas specifically on its definition, situation cases where moral dilemmas are present, and its three (3) levels namely: individual, organizational, and structural. In the three levels of moral dilemma, common ethical issues I the organization will be highlighted, several factors than an individual is facing such as peer pressure, personal financial position, and economic and social status which cause dilemma to an individual and the concepts to consider in the individual moral dilemma. After studying this module, you should be able to: 1)Define moral dilemmas and set out situations. 2)Explain the three levels of moral dilemmas. 3)Discuss several factors affecting the organization, structure, and individual. Guess the Gibberish In divi jewel ork gland and say shown  east trunk chore aural eat thank cull more acral pea robe elem thanks know lodge jeez pie juan kit won furry deal lame mask gasp earthy fur end lee coast  Definition of Moral Dilemmas 01 02 03 A person experienced In addition, Kvalnes A moral dilemma is with a dilemma must explained that a a situation in which decide whether the moral dilemma may a decision-maker moral duty will be arise as a result of a give preference to given priority; prior personal one moral principles “whatever action is mistake. It’s called over another. taken will offend an a self-inflicted (Kvalnes, 2019) important moral dilemma. value.” Definition of Moral Dilemmas 04 05 Real Dilemma: are situations False Dilemma: are situations in which the tension is in which the decision-maker between moral values or has a moral duty to act in one duties that are, more or less, way but is tempted or on equal footing. In real pressure to act in another dilemma, the choice is way. In false dilemma, the between a wrong and choice is actually between a another, roughly equal wrong. right and wrong. Definition of Moral Dilemmas 06 A moral dilemma is a situation in which people assume that they should morally do ne thing and that they should morally do another thing, and occasionally a third thing or even a fourth thing, but they’re not doing any of these mutually contradictory choices together. Definition of Moral Dilemmas 07 The ethical dilemma or a moral dilemma as expounded by Figar & Dordevic, (2016) is a situation whereby a person has to make a decision. Among competing alternatives, which is the right (ethical) alternative and which is the best?  01 02 Making an option to A situation where one moral value over moral values are The above the other; equally significant; definitions characterized moral 03 04 dilemma or ethical A scenario where a person A state where a person dilemma as: has a strong moral reason In should morally do one, action, but not equally two, or more and have strong moral reason in difficulty in deciding any of acting in another way; those conflicting choices. Whoa! What to do when faced with a Moral Dilemma? You have to decide based on your best judgment or choice based on the principle of lesser evil or greater good or urgency.  01 The mission of Catholic School A is to serve the poor by giving quality education. It is torn between the obligation to charge low tuition to help the poor and to pay better salaries to keep quality teachers.  02 Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctor said a new drug might save her. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist, and Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging 3 times the money it cost to make the drug, and this was much more than Heinz could afford.  Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night, he broke into the chemist’s and stole the drug.  03 A principal ought to welcome and encourage parents and community participation in school affairs. Based on her experience, parents and community are passive and so the principal always ends up deciding and doing things just the same. She is obliged to observe parent’s and community participation which did not give any input at all at the same time she is obliged to accomplish things on time. THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS INDIVIDUAL MORAL DILEMMA As mentioned by Smith (2018), individual ethical or moral dilemma pertains to a situation where individuals confront with a number of factors such as peer pressure, personal financial position, an economic and social status which may influence all individual ethical standards. This refers to personal dilemmas. It is an individual’s damn-if-you-do and damn-if-you- don’t situation. THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS ORGANIZATIONAL ETHICAL OR MORAL DILEMMA As discussed by Lamberto et. Al (2013), an organizational ethical dilemma refers to a situation that causes an organization to respond negatively or positively to an ethical issue that affects staff, shareholders, and society, as well as corporate ethics and customers. It includes also the leaders’ ethical actions in preserving financial reporting integrity. An organizational dilemma is a puzzle posed by the dual necessities of a social organization and member’s self-interest. It may exist between personal interests and organizational welfare or between group interests and organizational well-being. Organizational dilemmas may likewise occur in business, medical, and public sector. Based on the article of Michigan State University online.com (2020) and Small Business Chon.com (2019), there are common ethical issues in the organization such as: (1) Unethical leadership/bad leadership behavior. A leader of the organization must act with candor, be an example to his subordinates, with upright moral values. He or she doesn’t engage in abuse of leadership authority, accepting inappropriate gifts and other related unethical leadership.  (2) Toxic workplace culture. A leader of the organization must focus on the development of work culture. He makes sure that his subordinates have work-life balance, motivated and happy working in the organization, if not then the performance and productivity of the employees will be affected. (3) Discrimination and harassment/Peril of employee favoritism. A leader must treat fairly his or her subordinates and avoid any form of discrimination and harassment. (4) Unrealistic and conflicting goals. A leader must have realistic and very clear goals so that his or her subordinates understand what the organization is going through, hence, they can work together thoroughly until they reach the goals of the organization.  (5) Use of the organization’s technology, social media use, technology, and privacy concerns. It is ethical that the technology of the organization must only use for the Organization’s transactions Social media use while in the office must be avoided as much as possible so that important dealings with the clients must be prioritized. (6) Business travel ethics. There are times that a leader and an employee are in official business and in doing that, they have diem every meal and must use the fund of the organization appropriately. THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS STRUCTURAL MORAL DILEMMA The structural moral dilemma is that selecting a proper system of responsibilities and relationships, which is a continuing universal challenges. Four (4) concepts in the structural moral dilemma to consider namely: (1) Differentiation vs. Integration (3) Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity (4) Excessive Autonomy (2) Gap vs. Overlap vs. Excessive Interdependence 1 Differentiation vs. Integration The conflict between the distribution of jobs and the organization of numerous activities generates a classic dilemma. The more complicated a task structure, the more difficult it is to sustain a centered, tightly coupled organization. When complexity grows, the company needs more complicated and expensive management techniques. Laws, regulations, and directives need to be balanced by lateral approaches. 2 Gap vs. Overlap When the main tasks are not explicitly defined, the critical job will slip through gaps. In a similar manner, functions and activities can overlap, causing conflict, wasting time, and unintended duplication of responsibilities. 3 Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity When employees are not clear about what they are expected to do, they often adapt their tasks to personal interests instead of system-wide goals that often lead to problems. Yet when people’s duties are over defined, they comply with their positions and procedures in a bureaucratic manner. They specifically follow job requirements as to how much the service or product fails. 4 Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence When an individuals or groups are too independent, they are always isolated. On the other hand, if the units and responsibilities are too closely connected, people are absentminded from work and waste time for excessive coordination. Based on the discussion above, to avoid structural dilemma then following characteristics must be maintained:  1. Must have well-distributed 2. Must have an jobs and the laws, policies, implicitly defined job rules, and regulations must be description, roles, and balanced through lateral duties to evade from approaches. gaps and overlaps.  3. Must have a clear-cut 4. Must have a well- expectation of the tasks in a balanced wide range of goals. interdependence and coordination.  Thanks! Do you have any questions? [email protected] CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik