Lesson 2 History of Philosophy PDF

PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 LEARNING COMPETENCIES: ❑ Define philosophy through how it is done (TMASHS); ❑ Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view (TMASHS)...

PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 LEARNING COMPETENCIES: ❑ Define philosophy through how it is done (TMASHS); ❑ Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view (TMASHS); ❑ Identify human activities that emanate from deliberate reflection (TMASHS); I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖THALES of Miletus (624 BCE – 546 BCE) First Greek philosopher Thales was one of the Seven Sages, founding figures of Ancient Greece. Father of Western Philosophy Water is the ultimate and fundamental element I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖ANAXIMANDER (610 BCE – 546 BCE) Student of Thales He agreed with his teacher that everything comes from a single, basic material. everything are created and emerged from indefinite or boundless realm called apeiron I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖ANAXIMENES (586 BCE – 528 BCE) Young associate of Anaximander He agreed Thales that everything comes from a single, basic material. He considered air as the source of all life. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖PYTHAGORAS (570 BCE – 495 BCE) A Mathematician and Scientist credited with the formulation of Pythagorean theorem He established a community called Pythagoreans Pythagoreans believes that cosmos is a structured system ordered by numbers. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖HERACLETUS (535 BCE – 475 BCE) He proposed that everything that exist is based on a higher order or plan which called logos. He believed change is permanent aspect of human condition. He is also regarded for the saying “You cannot step twice into the same river, for fresh waters are ever flowing upon you. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖ DEMOCRITUS (460 BCE to 370 BCE) He devoted himself to studying the causes of natural phenomena Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖DIOGENES OF SINOPE (412 BCE – 323 BCE) He was known to be the vocal critic of well known philosophers like Plato and Aristotle advocate of simple and virtuous life one should not only talk of virtue but should also show it in words and action influenced the development of Cynicism I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖Epicurus (341 BCE – 270 BCE) He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness one should deny the pleasures of the body and instead indulge in the needs of the mind Epicureanism a school of philosophy which believes that wisdom and simple living will result in life free of fear and pain I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖SOCRATES (470 BCE – 399 BCE) He was a soldier, then stonecutter before devoting his life to being a philosopher He left no writings at all and yet he has greatly influenced western philosophical tradition through Plato’s Dialogues. Socrates is best known for the elenchus, or the Socratic method. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖SOCRATES (470 BCE – 399 BCE) Socratic Method is a method of question and answer which aims to provoke the one being asked to think for himself or herself and to clarify his or her conceptions about what is asked. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖PLATO (427 BCE – 347 BCE) ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle Son of Ariston (his Father) and Perictione (his mother) Plato was born in the year after the death of the great Athenian statesman Pericles His philosophy is the foundation of Western Philosophy I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖PLATO (427 BCE – 347 BCE) Theory of Forms – most significant ideas of Plato The Republic – ideal society and government is ruled by wisdom and reason Dialectic – is a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at knew knowledge. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖PLATO (427 BCE – 347 BCE) Academy– an academic program that many consider to be the first university I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖ARISTOTLE (384 BCE – 322 BCE) At the age of eighteen, he went to study at Plato’s Academy, and remained there for twenty years. All ideas are based on perception and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. He also proposed a system for the classification of plants and animals I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖ARISTOTLE (384 BCE – 322 BCE) Deductive reasoning – the process by which specific statements are analyze to reach conclusion or generalization. He also founded his own school called Lyceum I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖ARCHIMEDES (287 BCE – 212 BCE) He was considered as a leading scientist in ancient times. He is a mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. His inquiries in mathematics led to earlier developments which give rise to modern calculus. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 ❖ARCHIMEDES (287 BCE – 212 BCE) He is credited for several inventions such as Archimedes Screw, a device for raising water, and a method for determining volume using displacement I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Ancient Rome Emphasis on morality, Seneca st (1 century BCE STOICISM virtue, calm and emotional Epictetus th to 5 century CE) fortitude Marcus Aurelius Medieval Period St. Thomas th th Application of Philosophy (5 century 15 Aquinas SCHOLASTICISM to define and explain CE) St. Augustine religious doctrines Meister Eckhart Emphasis on the human Petrarch Renaissance person; use philosophy to Desinderius (14th to 17th understand society, nature, Erasmus HUMANISM Niccolo Machiavelli centuries) and humanity Francois Rabelais I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Reason and logic are The considered and the basis of Rene Descartes Enlightenment knowledge and belief; man Rationalism Immanuel Kantz (17th to 18th has innate knowledge that Gottfried Leibniz centuries) can be accessed through intuition or deduction. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Knowledge is gained The through the senses and David Hume Enlightenment Empiricism experience; reliance on Francis Bacon (17th to 18th inductive reasoning to John Locke centuries) arrive at generalizations. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Discussion on the ideal Voltaire The Social and human situation and Jean Jacques Enlightenment Political society; emphasis on Rousseau (17th to 18th Philosophy individual rights and Thomas Hobbes centuries) John Stuart Mill liberties I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Studies and observes the relation between things Modern Period Positivism and laws of science; Auguste Comte (19th Century) knowledge is based on observable phenomena. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS An action is morally right if Modern Period it produces the greatest Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism (19th Century) good for the greatest John Stuart Mill number of people I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Charles Pierce Emphasis on the practical Pragmatism William James use of knowledge and ideas John Dewey Soren Kierkegaard 2oth Century Human experience is Friedrich Nietzsche defined by the views, Martin Heidegger Existentialism emotions, and actions of Jean Paul Sartre the individual. Simone de Beauvior I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Experience is studied Phenomenology based on the subjective Edmund Husserl viewpoint of the individual. 2oth Century Man will never understand the human Absurdism Albert Camus condition and the meaning of life I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Analysis on how Postmodernism, knowledge, ideas, and Jacques Derrida 2oth Century Post- power relations are Michael Froucault structuralism defined I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Belief in one God (monotheism), who has a role in the ultimate destiny of mankind; the Jewish people are God’s chosen people Judaism (Israel, Tanakh, Torah and Ca. 2000 BCE The observance of God’s the Levant) commandments will result in various scriptures rewards. Deeper study and understanding of God’s laws as revealed in the sacred scriptures will lead to wisdom. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Belief in pantheon gods, with three main gods – Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu Hinduism Ca. 1500 BCE (India, South Belief in the cycle of birth and The Vedas Asia) rebirth (samsara), which is broken when a person achieves ultimate union with the Divine (moksha) I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Emphasis on dharna, the fulfilment of duties and behavior in accordance with Hinduism the established order in the Ca. 1500 BCE (India, South The Vedas world; individual actions Asia) contribute to either a good or bad effect (karma) in a person’s life I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS An animistic religion influenced by Japanese myth and traditions The material and spiritual world are closely connected; rituals and traditions are a way Kojiki Ca. 600 BCE Shinto (Japan) to connect with the spiritual Nihon Shoki world. Mankind and the world are essentially good and pure. Harmony and balance are essential in maintaining purity I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Rejects the idea of Creator and considers the universe as eternal and unceasing; time is a wheel which goes through cycles of prosperity and Mahavira ca. 600-500 suffering. Jainism (India) BCE Wisdom is developed through Jain Agamas the practice of five main vows: ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (honesty), brahmacharya (chastity), aparigraha (piety). I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Meditation, discipline, and Mahavira ca. 600-500 Jainism (India) respect for all life are BCE emphasized. Jain Agamas I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Shares a number of main beliefs (samsara, dharna, moksha) with Hinduism Buddhism The Four Noble Truths describe Siddharta worldly existence as imperfect Gautama (South Asia, ca. 400 BCE and influenced by earthly (Buddha) East Asia, desires and suffering (dukkha); Southeast Asia) to rid oneself of desire and Tripitaka achieve liberation from suffering, one must follow the Eightfold Path. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Buddhism Siddharta Divided into two major Gautama (South Asia, ca. 400 BCE branches: Theravada Buddhism (Buddha) East Asia, and Mahayana Buddhism Southeast Asia) Tripitaka I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS The contemplation of the order of things can lead to self- transformation. Self- Confucius transformation can lead to the betterment of family and The Five Confucianism ca. 400 BCE society. Classics (East Asia) Human relationships are based on mutual obligations; The Four Books individuals should perform their intended roles and contribute to social order. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Emphasis on the unity and Lao Tzu harmony among opposing Zhuangzi elements (yin and yang); Taoism (East ca. 200 BCE individuals must seek to Asia) I Ching, Tao Te understand and act in Ching accordance with the natural order I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Belief in one God (Allah); commitment to faith is shown to the practice of the The Five Muhammad Pillars: testament of faith ca. 610 CE Islam (shahada), daily prayer (salat) Quran alms-giving (zakat), fasting the month of Ramadan (sawm), pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (hajj). I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS Religion and society are closely intertwined; all Muslims are members of a community Muhammad (ummah) bounded by faith. ca. 610 CE Islam Quran Divided into two major branches: Sunni Islam and Shia Islam I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES, NOTABLE PERDIOD THOUGHT BELIEFS PHILOSOPHERS God is believed to have created the universe and is present everywhere and in everything Man communicates with God Guru Nanak through meditation, and his ca. 1440 CE Sikhism (India) ultimate destiny is union with Guru Granth Divine Sahib Apart from meditation, believers must devote themselves to selfless service and action. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates PHILO LESSON 1 : WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? T H E M A B I N I A C A D E M Y O F L I PA B ATA N G A S | S Y 2 4 - 2 5 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E H U M A N P E R S O N | "The unexamined life is not worth living" – Socrates