Blood Groups and Clotting Process PDF

DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS AND THE BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS LESSON 2 BLOOD GROUPS OBJECTIVES ❖ Identify the different components of the blood. ❖ State the functions of the different components of the blood. ❖ Describe the relationships of these blood groups. ❖ Explain the blo...

DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS AND THE BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS LESSON 2 BLOOD GROUPS OBJECTIVES ❖ Identify the different components of the blood. ❖ State the functions of the different components of the blood. ❖ Describe the relationships of these blood groups. ❖ Explain the blood clotting process. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD ❖ The blood is the medium of circulation. ❖ Its main function is to transport materials and to fight infections. ❖ It has two parts; the liquid portion called PLASMA and the formed elements called CORPUSCLES. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING PLASMA ❖ Plasma is a liquid part, which comprises 55% of the blood weight. ❖ Composed mostly of water, blood proteins, and small amounts of inorganic materials. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING CORPUSCLES ❖ Comprises the remaining 45% of the blood weight. ❖ Solid part that are suspended on the plasma BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD ❖ They are manufactured within the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) within the flat and long bones. ❖ These formed elements are the RBC (Erythrocytes), WBC (Leukocytes), and blood Platelets (Thrombocytes) BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING DIFFERENT FORMED ELEMENTS ❖ RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC) – Transports gases, especially oxygen, to all parts of the body. ❖ Structurally, RBCs are shapes like a biconcave disk and without nucleus. ❖ The red color is due to the pigment hemoglobin that enable them carry and transport oxygen. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING DIFFERENT FORMED ELEMENTS ❖ WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC) – Fights infection by secreting antibodies and engulfing foreign bodies (Phagocytes) ❖ Structurally their shapes are irregular and they have nucleus. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING DIFFERENT FORMED ELEMENTS ❖ WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC) ❖ It has two types, those with granules in the cytoplasm (Granulocytes) and those that lacks in granules in the cytoplasm (Agranulocytes) BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING DIFFERENT FORMED ELEMENTS ❖ BLOOD PLATELETS – Are amorphous (irregular) in shape. ❖ Platelets are not real cells, they are just fragments of the stem cells in the red bone marrow. ❖ They are cannot be seen even in fresh blood because they disintegrate upon contact with the air. ❖ This is the platelets’ important attribute – as platelets disintegrate, the blood clotting process begins. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING ABO BLOOD RELATIONSHIPS ❖ In 1900, Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist at the University of Vienna, discovered four different blood groups that characterize human populations. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING ABO BLOOD RELATIONSHIPS Blood type A person has antigen A in the red cell and antibody B in the plasma Blood type B person has antigen B in the red blood cells and antibody A in the plasma BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING ABO BLOOD RELATIONSHIPS Blood type AB person has both antigens A and B in the red blood cells and no A or B antibodies in the plasma Blood type O person has neither A nor B antigens in the red blood cells but has both A and B antibodies in the plasma. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES ❖ Chemical substances (usually proteins) called antigens and antibodies proteins are mostly responsible for the blood types–A, B, AB, and O. ❖ Human beings have different types and combinations of antigens and antibodies. ❖ The antigens and the antibodies of a person belonging to a particular blood type should be compatible with each other. ❖ The blood group where you belong depends on what you inherited from your parents. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING THE Rh OR ‘D’ BLOOD TYPE ❖ Rh stands for Rhesus, this factor is the most significant blood group in humans. ❖ It presently consists of 50 antigens. The most common and is considered the most significant. ❖ The antigens for the Rh factor are also located in the plasma membrane of the red blood cells. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING THE Rh OR ‘D’ BLOOD TYPE ❖ Persons who have it are Rh+, while those who lack it are Rh- ❖ However, a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING THE Rh OR ‘D’ BLOOD TYPE BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING THE Rh OR ‘D’ BLOOD TYPE BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING THE Rh OR ‘D’ BLOOD TYPE ❖ In summary, a person who is Rh+ blood can receive blood a person with Rh- blood without any problem; whereas a person with Rh- blood cannot receive blood from a person with Rh+ blood because Rh+ antibodies can develop in the blood plasma. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING THE Rh OR ‘D’ BLOOD TYPE ❖ Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals. ❖ The agglutinated or clumped blood clogs blood vessels and stops the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING THE BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS ❖ The blood clotting process is an adaptation that stops the profuse bleeding process caused by an injury. ❖ Depending on the severity of injury, the blood should clot within two minutes after a cut or an injury occurs. ❖ The process involves the Thrombocytes, some enzymes, minerals, and blood proteins present in the plasma. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING STEPS IN BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS ❖ Disintegration of the platelets causes the change of the inactive blood protein thromboplastinogen into enzyme called thromboplastin. ❖ Thromboplastin plus calcium ion will change the inactive chemical substance prothrombin into thrombin. ❖ Thrombin catalyzes the change of the soluble protein called fibrinogen into it soluble form called fibrin threads. BIOLOGY 9 BLOOD GROUPS AND CLOTTING STEPS IN BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS ❖ Fibrin threads form a network over the injured part and seal it to prevent more blood from coming out. ❖ After some time, a red mass of connective tissue, called a clot, forms on top of the injured area. BIOLOGY 9