Lesson 1 - The Self from Various Philosophical Perspectives PDF

Lesson 1 The Self from Various Philosophical Perspectives Daisy Dahn B. Cabalo, CHRA Learning Outcomes Discuss the different notions of the self from the points of view of various philosophers across time and place Compare and contrast how the self has been represented in diffe...

Lesson 1 The Self from Various Philosophical Perspectives Daisy Dahn B. Cabalo, CHRA Learning Outcomes Discuss the different notions of the self from the points of view of various philosophers across time and place Compare and contrast how the self has been represented in different philosophical schools Analyze the relevance of  PHILOSOPHY Derived from the Greek words “Philos” and “Sophia” which literally means “Love of Wisdom”. Study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially in an academic discipline Acquiring knowledge PHILOSOPHY Inquiries that involves in answering questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world we live in. Using these Philosophical Perspective would SOCRATES Socrates’ work was never published, we were only able to know who Socrates is and his works because of his illustrious students spoke generously and in detail about his knowledge, wit, wisdom SOCRATES He could be considered as the first martyr of education, knowledge and philosophy. For lighting up the minds of his students, he was literally charged with corruption of minors. He was made to choose SOCRATES “gnothi seauton” – “know thyself”: If you know who you are, then everything would be clearer and simpler; One could now act according to his own self-definition without any doubt and self-contradiction.By fully knowing oneself a person SOCRATES Socrates also posited that possession of knowledge is a virtue and that ignorance is a depravity, that a person’s acceptance of ignorance is the beginning of acquisition of SOCRATES Socrates believe that the answer to our pursuit in knowing ourselves lies in our own abilities and wisdom, and that the only way for us to understand ourselves is through internal SOCRATES Socratic Method or Socratic Conversation: method of questioning oneself.  Asking basic such as “who questions “what is the am I?”, my life?”, purpose of “what doing am I here?”, “whatjustice is ?” SOCRATES Answers will always be subjective and there is really no right or wrong answers to the questions The quality and quantity of answers is dependent on the respective person answering these basic premises and his subsequent actions is best understood on how he defined PLATO Created the book entitled “The Republic”which became the bedrock of democracy as we know it today. It talks about Justice, Balance, Equality; which method of ruling would be PLATO Plato presented the idea that one’s soul is divided into 3 different parts that has different views leading to different behaviors: Appetitive Soul, PLATO ❏ Appetitive Soul: part of the person that is driven by desire and need to satisfy oneself ❏ Spirited Soul: part of the soul can be attributed to the courageous part of a person, one who wants to do something or to right the wrongs that they observe ❏ Rational Soul: part that thinks and plan PLATO “There is more to man than his worldly body; The soul symbolically represents the ST. AUGUSTINE A Saint and a Philosopher of the church, St. Augustine follows the idea that God encompasses us all, that everything will ST. AUGUSTINE He believes that our notion of ourselves and our idea of existence comes from a higher form of sense in which bodily senses may not perceive or understand, and the more one doubts and question his ST. AUGUSTINE Man is of a bifurcated nature - Part of man dwells in the world and yearns to be with the Divine - other part is capable of reaching immortality - body – dies on earth; soul – lives eternally in  ST. AUGUSTINE People is in need to establish their relationship with God through being virtuous, but at the same time, to be able to stand by on what we think is true, who we think we are that are from our own understanding and solely defined by us alone although people may say differently, by continuously questioning and finding the truth will we be able to find the best answer to who we are and Do you believe in the concept of the soul coming to heaven after  RENE DESCARTES Father of Modern Philosophy What his ideas sets him apart is on his belief in modern dualism or the existence of body and mind and it’s RENE DESCARTES Proponent of the “Methodical Doubt” which simply meant of a continuous process of questioning what we perceive and accepting the fact that doubting, asking questions are a part of one’s existence.  RENE DESCARTES Known for the statement “Cogito Ergo Sum” which means in English as “I think therefore I am”. - a person is comprised of mind and body, the body that perceives from the different senses and the  RENE DESCARTES Humans, are self- aware, they are conscious and being such proves their own placement in the universe. They create their own reality and they are RENE DESCARTES Western philosophy is largely based on the writings of Descartes. If you have heard of the saying that “man is a rational animal”, one is actually positing the contention of Rene RENE DESCARTES Being in a constant doubt regarding one’s existence is proof that a person actually exist. JOHN LOCKE Considered to be the Father of Classical liberalism. His work on the self is most represented by the concept “Tabula JOHN LOCKE He believed that the experiences and perceptions of a person is important in the establishment of who that person can become. JOHN LOCKE A person is born with knowing nothing and that is susceptible to stimulation and accumulation of learning from the experiences, failures, references, and DAVID HUME He had 3 notable contention in Philosophy: Empiricism, Skepticism, and Naturalism. Disagrees with all the other aforementioned philosophers. DAVID HUME You know that other people are humans not because you have seen their soul, but because you see them, hear them, feel them etc. DAVID HUME According to him there is no permanent “self”, since our impressions of things are based from our experiences and from such impressions we can create our ideas and knowledge which leads to the argument that since our impression and ideas IMMANUEL KANT Known for his works on Empiricism and Rationalism, Kant responded to Hume’s work by trying to establish that the collection of impressions and different contents is what it only takes to define a person. IMMANUEL KANT He said that to fully understand who we are, a certain level of consciousness or sense that uses our intuition which synthesizes all the experiences, impressions and perceptions of IMMANUEL KANT Kant argued that the sense called “Transcendental Apperception” is an essence of our consciousness that provides the basis for understanding and establishing the notion of “self” by synthesizing one’s accumulation of experiences, intuition and imagination. - EX: the idea of time and space, we SIGMUND FREUD Father of Psychoanalysis Known for his work on human nature and the unconscious. SIGMUND FREUD Freud believed that man has different constructs of personality that interacts with each other and along with his concept of the different levels of consciousness,  Consc SIGMUND FREUD ious Levels of Precon Consciousness scious Conscious - where minority of our Uncons memories are being cious stored and the memories that are in the conscious are  Consci SIGMUND FREUD ous Levels of Precons cious Consciousness Preconscious - the middle part of the Uncons cious entirety of our consciousness, the memories stored in this area can still be  Consci SIGMUND FREUD ous Levels of Precons cious Consciousness Unconscious - this area is where majority of our Uncons cious memories since childhood are deeply stored. It is very difficult to tap the memories in the unconscious, it would need SIGMUND FREUD Aspects of Personality Id - also known as the child aspect of a person. The ID’s attention is on satisfaction of one’s needs and self-gratification. SIGMUND FREUD Aspects of Personality Ego - Sometimes known as the Police or the mediator between id and superego. It operates within the boundaries of reality, primary function is to maintain the impulses of the ID to an acceptable degree. SIGMUND FREUD Aspects of Personality Superego - the conscience of the one’s personality, Superego has the inclination to uphold justice and do what is morally right and socially acceptable actions. It is guided by GILBERT RYLE Self is the behaviour presented by the person. His notion of dualism is that the behaviour that we show, emotions and actions are the reflection of our mind and as such is the manifestation of GILBERT RYLE The things that we do, how we behave and react and all other components like the way we talk, walk, and look is generally who we are as a person. PAUL CHURCHLAND Eliminative Materialism -People’s common sense understanding of the mind is false and that most of the mental states that people subscribe to, in turn, do not actually exist, this idea also applies on the understanding of PAUL CHURCHLAND Eliminative Materialism leads to his idea of Neurophilosophy, he believed that to fully understand one’s behavior, one should understand the different neurological movement of the brain that pertains to different emotions, feelings, actions and reactions and how such brain movements affect the body. “Self” is defined by the MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY Body and mind are not separate entities, but rather those two components is one and the same This idea that follows the gestalt ideation where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts pushed his idea on the unity of the function of the mind and body, this idea is MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY - Phenomenology is the study of essences, including the essence of perception and of consciousness. - Perception is the background of experience which guides every conscious action. The world is a field for perception, and human consciousness MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one.  Philosopher/ Philosophical View of the Self Thinker Socrates Know thyself; by fully knowing oneself a person will be able to achieve happiness Plato Man has a soul; Division of a person’s body and soul which forms the person as a whole St. Augustine People is in need to establish their relationship with God through being virtuous, by continuously questioning and finding the truth will we be able to find the best answer to who we are and what our role is in the world. Rene Descartes Person is comprised of mind and body, the body that perceives from the different senses and the mind that thinks and question or doubt what the body has experienced. John Locke Tabula Rasa; experiences and perceptions of a person is important in the establishment of who that person can become. David Hume No permanent self; one’s identity and behaviour does not exceed the physical realm and that the “Self” is only the accumulation of different impressions. Immanuel Kant Transcendental Apperception; to fully understand who we are, a certain level of consciousness that uses our intuition which synthesizes all the experiences, impressions and perceptions of ourselves will pave the way to define and know who we really are. Sigmund Freud Different constructs of personality and different levels of consciousness provide an idea how a person develops a sense of self. Gilbert Ryle Self is the behaviour presented by the person. Paul Churchland “Self” is defined by the movements of our brain.