Lesson-1-Module-1-Parts-of-Speech-1.pdf

PA RTS O F SPE E C H M O D U L E 1 TO P I C 1 Learning outcomes: 01 Identify the different parts of speech and its uses. Discuss about the significance of the lesson to the 02 chosen field. 03 Apply the uses of the parts of speech in writing a text.​ Parts of speech ar...

PA RTS O F SPE E C H M O D U L E 1 TO P I C 1 Learning outcomes: 01 Identify the different parts of speech and its uses. Discuss about the significance of the lesson to the 02 chosen field. 03 Apply the uses of the parts of speech in writing a text.​ Parts of speech are grammatical categories that classify words based on their functions and relationships within sentences. Each part of speech serves a specific role in conveying meaning and structuring language. 8 Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection  NOUN A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns can be concrete (physical objects) or abstract (ideas, emotions). Types of Noun Common Noun Proper Noun Conrete Noun Abstract Noun Collective Noun  Common Nouns: Common nouns refer to general, non- specific people, places, things, or ideas. Examples: Dog City Book Teacher Car 2. Proper Nouns: Proper nouns refer to specific, unique people, places, or things and are usually capitalized. Examples: John (person) Paris (city) Harry Potter (fictional character) Amazon (company) Eiffel Tower (landmark) 3. Concrete Nouns: Concrete nouns represent physical objects that can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted. Examples: Table River Apple Music Perfume 5. Abstract Nouns: Abstract nouns represent concepts, ideas, emotions, or qualities that cannot be perceived through the senses. Examples: Love Freedom Happiness Courage Knowledge 5. Collective Nouns: Collective nouns refer to a group or collection of individuals or things as a single unit. Examples: Team Herd Family Flock Audience  PRONOUN Pronouns are used to replace nouns to avoid repetition. They refer to a noun mentioned earlier in the sentence or context. Examples include "he," "she," "it," "they," "we," etc. Types of Pronoun Personal Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Relative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Intensive Pronouns  1. Personal Pronouns: Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things. They change their form depending on their grammatical role (subject, object, possessive). Examples: Subject: She is going to the store. Object: I saw him at the park. Possessive: That book is hers. 2. Demonstrative Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns point out specific people, places, or things in relation to the speaker. Examples: This is my new phone. Can you pass me that book? These are the shoes I was talking about. Those are the keys to the car. 3. Relative Pronouns: Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses and connect them to nouns. They include "who," "whom," "whose," "which," and "that." Examples: The person who called is my cousin. The dog that barked is very friendly. This is the cake which I baked yesterday. 4. Interrogative Pronouns: Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. They include "who," "whom," "whose," "which," and "what." Examples: Who is coming to the party? Whose car is parked outside? What did you eat for breakfast? 5. Possessive Pronouns: Possessive pronouns indicate ownership or possession without using apostrophes. They include "mine," "yours," "his," "hers," "ours," and "theirs." Examples: The red car is hers. Is this book yours or mine? The project is ours to complete. 6. Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite pronouns refer to unspecified or unknown people or things. Examples include "everyone," "someone," "nothing," "anything," "everyone," "both," and "neither." Examples: Somebody left their umbrella here. Is there anyone who can help me? Both of the options are valid. 7. Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same person or thing. They end in "-self" or "-selves." Examples: She hurt herself while playing. They are proud of themselves. I need to take care of myself. 8. Intensive Pronouns: Intensive pronouns emphasize a preceding noun. They also end in "-self" or "-selves." Examples: I myself saw the accident. He himself prepared the entire meal. The president herself delivered the speech.  VERB A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. It shows what the subject of the sentence is doing or experiencing. Types of Verb Action Verbs Linking Verbs Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs Modal Verbs Irregular Verbs Phrasal Verbs  1. Action Verbs: Action verbs express physical or mental actions that someone or something performs. Examples: Run: She runs every morning. Read: He is reading a book. Laugh: They laughed at the joke. 2. Linking Verbs: Linking verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, helping to describe the subject. Examples: Be: She is a doctor. Seem: The movie seems interesting. Feel: He felt tired. 3. Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs: Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to create different verb tenses, voices, and moods. Examples: Have: She has finished her homework. Is: He is studying for the test. Will: They will come to the party. 4. Modal Verbs: Modal verbs express possibility, necessity, ability, permission, or obligation. They are used with the base form of the main verb. Examples: Can: I can swim. Must: You must finish your assignment. May: He may go to the concert. 5. Regular Verbs: Regular verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding "- ed" to the base form. Examples: Talk: She talked about her trip. Play: They played soccer yesterday. Jump: He jumped over the fence. 6. Irregular Verbs: Irregular verbs do not follow the regular pattern for forming past tense and past participle forms. Examples: Go: She went to the store. Eat: They ate pizza for dinner. Sing: He sang a beautiful song. 7. Phrasal Verbs: Phrasal verbs consist of a main verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs), often having a different meaning from the individual words. Examples: Turn on: Please turn on the lights. Give up: He won't give up on his dreams. Look after: She looks after her younger siblings.  ADJECTIVE Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns, giving more information about their qualities or attributes. They provide details such as size, color, shape, etc. Types of Adjective Descriptive Adjectives Comparative Adjectives Superlative Adjectives Demonstrative Adjectives Interrogative Adjectives Quantitative Adjectives Possessive Adjectives  1. Descriptive Adjectives: These adjectives provide information about the qualities or characteristics of a noun. Examples: Blue sky Tall building Sweet aroma 2. Comparative Adjectives: Comparative adjectives are used to compare two or more nouns, indicating which has more or less of a certain quality. Examples: The elephant is larger than the lion. She is smarter than her brother. This book is more interesting than the other one. 3. Superlative Adjectives: Superlative adjectives express the highest degree of a quality among a group of nouns. Examples: The cheetah is the fastest animal on land. This is the best pizza I've ever tasted. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. 4. Demonstrative Adjectives: Demonstrative adjectives indicate which specific noun is being referred to by pointing out its location in space or time. Examples: This book is mine. Those flowers are beautiful. I want to eat that cake. 5. Interrogative Adjectives: Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions about a noun. Examples: Which book do you want? What color is your car? Whose pen is this? 6. Quantity Adjectives : few, many, several Several students participated in the opening program. 7. Possessive Adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their Her innovative approach is brilliant.  ORDER OF ADJECTIVES 1.Opinion, attitude, or observation Example: 2.Size The reliable small modern 3.Age oval blue Japanese metal 4.Shape diagnostic tool is essential for 5.Color accurate patient 6.Origin assessments. 7.Material 8.Purpose  ADVERB Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action is performed. Types of Adverb 1. Adverb of Manner 2. Adverbs of Time 3. Adverbs of Place 4. Adverbs of Frequency 5. Adverbs of Degree 6. Adverbs of Certainty  1. Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner describe how an action is performed. Examples: She danced gracefully. He speaks English fluently. The dog barks loudly. 2. Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time indicate when an action takes place. Examples: We will meet tomorrow. They arrived early. She always goes for a walk in the evening. 3. Adverbs of Place: Adverbs of place indicate where an action occurs. Examples: The keys are here. The cat jumped up onto the table. The children played outside. 4. Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency show how often an action happens. Examples: He always brushes his teeth. She goes to the gym twice a week. I rarely eat fast food.  CONJUNCTION Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. They can indicate relationships like addition, contrast, cause and effect, etc. Common conjunctions are "and," "but," "or," "because," "if," "although," etc. Types of Conjuctions Coordinationg Conjunctions Subordinating Conjuctions Correlative Conjuctions  1. Coordinating Conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance. Examples: And: I like tea and coffee. But: She wanted to go, but he insisted on staying. Or: Would you like tea or coffee? Nor: Neither he nor his brother is coming. For: I'm studying hard, for I want to do well. 2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating conjunctions connect an independent clause with a dependent (subordinate) clause, indicating a relationship of dependence or hierarchy. Examples: Because: I stayed home because it was raining. Although: Although it was late, they continued the discussion. If: If you study, you will do well on the exam. While: She sang a song while playing the guitar. 3. Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that work together to connect elements in a sentence. Examples: Either...or: You can have either tea or coffee. Both...and: She is both intelligent and hardworking. Neither...nor: Neither he nor she is interested. Not only...but also: She is not only smart, but also kind.  PREPOSITION Prepositions show relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, or manner. Examples include "in," "on," "under," "with," "before," "after," etc. Types of Preposition Simple Prepositions Compound Prepositions Prepositional Phrases Prepositions of Place and Direction Prepositions of Time  1. Simple Prepositions: These prepositions consist of a single word and are the most common type. Examples: In: The cat is in the box. On: The book is on the table. Under: The keys are under the mat. 2. Compound Prepositions: These prepositions are formed by combining two or more words. Examples: In front of: The car is parked in front of the house. On top of: The hat is on top of the shelf. Out of: She walked out of the room. 3. Prepositional Phrases: These are phrases that consist of a preposition and its object, along with any modifiers. Examples: In the park: We played soccer in the park. On the way: They met on the way to school. Under the table: The cat is hiding under the table. 4. Prepositions of Place and Direction: These prepositions indicate location or direction. Examples: At: She is waiting at the bus stop. Into: The bird flew into the sky. Across: They walked across the bridge. 5. Prepositions of Time: These prepositions indicate when an action takes place. Examples: Before: We had dinner before the movie. During: She studied during the weekend. On: The meeting is scheduled on Monday.  INTERJECTION Interjections are words or phrases used to express strong emotions, feelings, or reactions. They often stand alone and are punctuated with exclamation marks. Examples include "Wow!" "Ouch!" "Yay!" etc.  1. Wow!: This is used to show surprise, wonder, or amazement. Wow! That was an incredible performance! 2. Oh no!: This expresses dismay, worry, or regret. Oh no! I forgot my keys at home. 3. Yay!: This indicates joy, excitement, or happiness. Yay! We won the game! 4. Ouch!: This expresses pain or discomfort. Ouch! I stubbed my toe. 5. Oops!: This is used to acknowledge a mistake or mishap. Oops! I dropped the glass.