Lesson 1 Introduction to Parasitology.pdf

PARA 311 I 2024 CLINICAL OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY PARASITOLOGY LECTURE I LABORATORY...

PARA 311 I 2024 CLINICAL OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY PARASITOLOGY LECTURE I LABORATORY BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MED LAB SCI THIRD YEAR I 1ST SEMESTER TRANSCRIBED BY: J. HERSHEY REYES WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY Definition of Terms ➔ Infestation- parasites live in the surface of the skin ➔ Parasitology- the area of biology concerned with ➔ Infection- parasite lives inside the human body the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another. ➔ Medical Parasitology- is concerned primarily Superinfection/ When an individual with the animal parasites of humans and their Hyperinfection harboring a parasite is medical significance, as well as their importance reinfected with the same in human communities species leading to massive infection of the ➔ Tropical Medicine- deals with tropical disease parasite; lead to worm and other medical problems of tropical regions burden or to the death of a patient; massive type ➔ Parasite- organism depending on another living creatures for existence Autoinfection/ When the infected person Autoreinfection is his own direct source of ➔ Host- organism that supports or harbors parasite reexposure ➔ Vector- are responsible for transmitting the Coinfection When two different parasite from one host to another parasite enters the human body; infected both person ➔ Incidence- number of new and old cases of infection in a population in a given period of time ➔ Worm burden/Intensity of Infection- refers to the number of worms present per infected person Types of Parasites according to the Mode of Habitat ➔ Deworming- use of anti-helminthic/anti-parasitic drug in public health program ➔ Elimination- reduction to zero of a given infection 1. Ectoparasite brought only by joined efforts in a community Parasite living outside the body of the host ➔ Eradication- permanent reduction to zero of the Will not penetrate into the tissues worldwide incidence of infection Living on the surface of the skin The causes of these are called infestation ➔ Exposure- the act or process of inoculation ➔ Pathogenic parasite- animal parasites which are 2. Endoparasite harmful, frequently causing local and systemic damage of one type or another Parasite living inside the body of the host Living within the body of the host (infection) ➔ Incubation period- period between infection and Usually these are responsible to cause human evidence of symptoms infections Biologic incubation period/prepatent period- specimen becomes positive Clinical incubation period 1  3. Saprophytes cells (genus plasmodium- causative agent of malaria) That which lives in organic substances in state of decomposition; nutritions from death Cytozoic Parasite Live inside the cells or tissues (leishmania) Erratic- found in an organ which not its usual habitat Coelozoic Parasite Live in body cavities Types of Parasites according to the Mode of (atrial flagellates) Development Enterozoic Parasite Live in the intestine (entamoeba histolytica) Obligate Parasite Depend entirely upon their host for existence Types of Parasites according to the Duration of (taenia) Parasitism Facultative Parasite Exist in free-living state or may become parasitic 1. Permanent when the need arises Remains on the host on almost their entire life (entamoeba histolytica) (acanthamoeba) 2. Temporary (Intermittent Parasite) Incidental/Accidental Establishes itself in a host Lives in human for a short period of time Parasite where it does not (plasmodia) ordinarily live (dipylidium)-caninum Types of Vector Parthenogenetic Female parasite capable Parasite of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasite and 1. Mechanical/Phoretic Vector whose eggs contain larva that immediately hatches The parasite is only seen on the surface of this organism and there will be no development on the (strongyloides parasite stercoralis) Example: Cockroaches and house flies 2. Biological Vector Types of Parasites according to the Pathologic Locations The parasite is seen inside the body of this organism and the parasite needs this organism for its development Example: Mosquito and Tsetse flies (trypanosoma) Spurious/Coprozoic Passes digestive tract of Parasite humans without infecting Different Types of Host them (commensal amoeba) Coprophilic Parasite Parasite multiply in fecal matter outside the human body Definitive Host Host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite development occurs Hematozoic Parasite Live inside the red blood 2  association of two living (mosquito) organisms Intermediate Host Host in which the larval Survival, food getting and asexual phase of parasite protection development occurs (human) Commensalism Association of two different species of organisms that is Reservoir Host Host harboring parasites beneficial to one and that are parasitic for neutral to other; the other humans and continues one if unaffected and does the life cycle of the not harm the host parasite Mutualism Association of two different (pigs)-balantidium coli species of organism that is beneficial to both Paratenic Host Host that harbors parasite that do not develop Parasitism Association of two different further into its final species of organisms that is stage; no continuation of beneficial to one at the life cycle (paragonimus) other’s expense; the host is affected or harmed (giardia Transport Host Host responsible for lamblia) transferring a parasite from one location to Commensalism Relating to commensalism; another the association between two different organisms in (diphyllobothrium latum) which one benefits and has a neutral effect on the other Carrier Parasite harboring that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but Portals can infect others 1. Portal of Entry Particular site of the body where the Types of Parasites according to Clinical Significance parasite prefer to enter 2. Portal of Exit Site of the body where the parasite moves out 1. Diagnostic Stage Portal of Entry Parasitic stage of development that is seen in clinical samples when examined in the laboratory I. Mouth II. Skin 2. Infective Stage III. Percutaneous IV. Inhalation Parasitic stage of development that is infectious V. Secretions or able to cause disease to the host upon VI. Sexually transmitted exposure (cercaria)- schistosoma (skin penetration) Sources of Infections Biological Relationship 1. Ingestion of Cyst of: Symbiosis Living together, the 3