LESSON 1 - INTRO TO COMPUTING.pdf

Unit 1: Introduction to Computing and Interdisciplinary Applications. Definition of Computer A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.  What is Computer A compu...

Unit 1: Introduction to Computing and Interdisciplinary Applications. Definition of Computer A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.  What is Computer A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.  Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized Earliest Computer and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. Tally Sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.  History of Computer Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Modern Abacus Earlier Abacus  Napier’s Bones John Napier Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide, and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.  Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. William Oughtred Based on Napier's idea about logarithms. Used primarily for: – multiplication – division – roots – logarithm – Trigonometry Not normally used for addition or subtraction.  History of Computer Pascaline Blaise Pascal Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive.  History of Computer Stepped Reckoner Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide automatically. Jacquard Loom Joseph-Marie Jacquard Punched Cards Jacquard Loom The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.  Arithmometer Thomas de Colmar A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. The first reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine.  Difference Engine and Analytical Engine Difference Engine Analytical Engine It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage (Father of the Computer) in 1822 and 1834. It is the first mechanical computer. Charles Babbage First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggested to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. Augusta Ada Byron Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. The first printing calculator. Scheutzian Calculation Engine Per Georg Scheutz  History of Computer Tabulating Machine Herman Hollerith Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Harvard Mark 1 Howard H. Aiken Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943. The first electro-mechanical computer. Z1 Konrad Zuse The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.  Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) Professor John Atanasoff It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. ENIAC John W. Mauchly and John Presper Eckert ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.  History of Computer UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.  History of Computer EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.  Osborne 1 The first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.  The First Computer Company The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.  History of Computer Computer Generations There are five generations of computers: First Generation 1946 – 1958 Second generation 1959 – 1964 Third generation 1965 – 1970 Fourth generation 1971 – today Fifth generation Today to future  History of Computer The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. Vacuum Tubes  History of Computer The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, Transistor cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.  History of Computer The Third Generation The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computers. Integrated Circuit It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.  History of Computer Microprocessor The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.  History of Computer The Fifth Generation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.  Unit 1: Importance of Computer Literacy Computer Literacy is the knowledge and understanding of computer concepts, limitations, and the ability to use computers and technology efficiently. What is the information processing cycle? Input Process Output Storage Communication 1. Speed 2. Repetitiveness 3. Accuracy Advantages of Computer 4. Stores and Retrieve Information 5. Logic Operations 6. Self-Operating  Advantages of Computer 1. Speed 2. Repetitiveness 3. Accuracy 4. Stores and Retrieve Information 5. Logic Operations 6. Self-Operating Speed- A computer can process data faster than other machines. Designed to perform similar tasks.  Advantages of Computer 1. Speed 2. Repetitiveness 3. Accuracy 4. Stores and Retrieve Information 5. Logic Operations 6. Self-Operating Repetitiveness- A computer can easily perform the same operations millions of times in exactly the same way method.  Advantages of Computer 1. Speed 2. Repetitiveness 3. Accuracy 4. Stores and Retrieve Information 5. Logic Operations 6. Self-Operating Accuracy- A computer is accompanied by light accuracy result  Advantages of Computer 1. Speed 2. Repetitiveness 3. Accuracy 4. Stores and Retrieve Information 5. Logic Operations 6. Self-Operating Stores and Retrieve information- A computer is like a human brain because it can store data, acts on instructions and retrieve information.  Advantages of Computer 1. Speed 2. Repetitiveness 3. Accuracy 4. Stores and Retrieve Information 5. Logic Operations 6. Self-Operating Logic Operations- A computer can perform operations based on alternative courses of Action.  Advantages of Computer 1. Speed 2. Repetitiveness 3. Accuracy 4. Stores and Retrieve Information 5. Logic Operations 6. Self-Operating Self-Operating- Once data and Instructions are in the computer memory, the computer is capable of executing the instructions without human intervention. 1. It cannot correct wrong instructions Disadvantages of 2. Prone to machine Defection Computer 3. It cannot interpret the object 1. Hardware 2. Software 3. Data ELEMENTS OF THE 4. people COMPUTING PROCESS 5. Procedures 6. Connectivity  ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS 1. Hardware 2. Software These are the physical devices 3. Data that comprise a computer system. 4. people Examples are monitor, keyboard, 5. Procedures and printer. 6. Connectivity  ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS 1. Hardware 2. Software An intangible component meant to 3. Data activate and control the hardware 4. people and process input and output 5. Procedures commands. 6. Connectivity  ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS 1. Hardware 2. Software An information that has been 3. Data translated into a form that is 4. people efficient for movement or 5. Procedures processing. 6. Connectivity  ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS 1. Hardware 2. Software Provide the inputs and the use. 3. Data The computer output is also 4. people called users/end-users. 5. Procedures 6. Connectivity  ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS 1. Hardware 2. Software The steps to be followed to 3. Data accomplish a specific task. 4. people 5. Procedures 6. Connectivity  ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS 1. Hardware 2. Software Electronic connections and 3. Data communication between 4. people computer systems. 5. Procedures 6. Connectivity 1. Information System/Data Processing 2. Personal Computing 3. Science Research and Engineering 4. Education and References Uses of Computer 5. Computer-Aided Design 6. Artificial Intelligence 7. Process/Device Control 8. Entertainment 9. Communication  Unit 1: Computer Applications in Society  Computer Applications in Society ❑ education ❑ finance ❑ government Uses, goals, application ❑ health care ❑ science ❑ publishing ❑ travel ❑ and manufacturing  Computer Applications in Society ❑ education ❑ finance ❑ government Uses, goals, application ❑ health care ❑ science ❑ publishing ❑ travel ❑ and manufacturing  Computer Applications in Society ❑ education ❑ finance ❑ government Uses, goals, application ❑ health care ❑ science ❑ publishing ❑ travel ❑ and manufacturing  Computer Applications in Society ❑ education ❑ finance ❑ government Uses, goals, application ❑ health care ❑ science ❑ publishing ❑ travel ❑ and manufacturing  Computer Applications in Society ❑ education ❑ finance ❑ government Uses, goals, application ❑ health care ❑ science ❑ publishing ❑ travel ❑ and manufacturing  Computer Applications in Society ❑ education ❑ finance ❑ government Uses, goals, application ❑ health care ❑ science ❑ publishing ❑ travel ❑ and manufacturing  Computer Applications in Society ❑ education ❑ finance ❑ government Uses, goals, application ❑ health care ❑ science ❑ publishing ❑ travel ❑ and manufacturing  Computer Applications in Society ❑ education ❑ finance ❑ government Uses, goals, application ❑ health care ❑ science ❑ publishing ❑ travel ❑ and manufacturing  Questions? Clarifications? Problems?