Lesson Notes: Introduction to Information Literacy PDF

**Lesson Notes: Introduction to Information Literacy** **Objective:** To understand the concept of information literacy, its importance, and the foundational frameworks guiding its practice. **1. DEFINITION OF INFORMATION LITERACY** **Information Literacy:** - The ability to recognize when inf...

**Lesson Notes: Introduction to Information Literacy** **Objective:** To understand the concept of information literacy, its importance, and the foundational frameworks guiding its practice. **1. DEFINITION OF INFORMATION LITERACY** **Information Literacy:** - The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information. - It involves a set of skills that enable individuals to navigate the vast landscape of information resources available today. - **2. IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION LITERACY** **2.1. Critical Thinking:** - Enhances the ability to think critically about information sources and content. - Promotes questioning and curiosity. **2.2. Academic Success:** - Essential for conducting research, writing papers, and completing assignments. - Helps in identifying credible and relevant sources. **2.3. Lifelong Learning:** - Equips individuals with skills to continue learning and growing beyond formal education. - Supports informed decision-making in personal and professional contexts. **2.4. Informed Citizenship:** - Enables individuals to participate effectively in democratic processes. - Assists in distinguishing between credible information and misinformation. **3. INFORMATION LITERACY FRAMEWORKS** **ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education:** - Understanding that authority of information varies based on context and need. - Recognizing the different processes involved in creating information and how these affect the final product. - Understanding the value of information and the ethical use of it. - Viewing research as an iterative process of asking questions and seeking answers. - Seeing scholarly work as a conversation where ideas are shared, debated, and built upon. - Approaching search as a complex, strategic, and exploratory process. **Big6 Information Literacy Model:** - Task Definition: - Defining the information problem and identifying the information needed. - Information Seeking Strategies: - Determining all possible sources and selecting the best ones. - Location and Access: - Locating sources and finding information within them. - Use of Information: - Engaging with the information and extracting relevant content. - Synthesis: - Organizing information from multiple sources and presenting it. - Evaluation: - Judging the process and the product for effectiveness and efficiency. **4. KEY CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION LITERACY** **4.1. Authority:** - Evaluating the credibility of the source and the author. - Understanding that authority is not absolute and can vary by context. **4.2. Accuracy:** - Checking for the correctness and reliability of the information. - Verifying facts and data against other sources. **4.3. Currency:** - Ensuring the information is up-to-date and relevant to the current context. - Considering the publication date and any updates. **4.4. Relevance:** - Determining the applicability of the information to your research question or information need. - Assessing whether the information meets the purpose of your inquiry. **Bias:** - Identifying any bias or perspective in the information. - Understanding the potential impact of bias on the validity of the information. - **5. SKILLS INVOLVED IN INFORMATION LITERACY** **5.1. LOCATING INFORMATION:** - Using library catalogs, databases, and search engines to find relevant information. - **Librarika** The Free Integrated Library System (ILS) - **Koha** The Free Integrated Library System (ILS) - **WorldCat** - **OCLC** - **Destiny Library Manager (DLM)** - **Amazon RDS** - **Google Cloud Platform** - **Microsoft SQL Server on Azure** - **Oracle Database** - **Ancestry.com** - **ProQuest** - **Gale Databases** - Google - Bing - Yahoo - Baidu - Google Scholar **5.2. EVALUATING SOURCES:** - Applying criteria to assess the quality and reliability of information sources. - **5.3. USING INFORMATION:** - Integrating information into academic work and daily life. - Citing sources properly to avoid plagiarism and respect intellectual property. 1. Author. 2. Title of source. 3. Title of container, 4. Other contributors, 5. Version, 6. Number, 7. Publisher, 8. Publication date, 9. Location. **2. CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (CMOS)** The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the "editor\'s bible." The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences. **CORRESPONDING BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRY (B):** Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Example: Kerouac, Jack. *The Dharma Bums*. New York: Viking Press, 1958. Lash, Scott, and John Urry. *Economies of Signs & Space.* London: Sage Publications, 1994. Cortázar, Julio. *Hopscotch.* Translated by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Pantheon Books, 1966. **WEB RESOURCES** CORRESPONDING BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRY (B): Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Web Page." Name of Website. Publishing organization, publication or revision date if available. Access date if no other date is available. URL. Example: Davidson, Donald. *Essays on Actions and Events*. Oxford: Clarendon, 2001.. **3. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)** APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 7th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.). **BASIC RULES** - All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation. - All authors\' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first). - Authors\' first and middle names should be written as initials. - For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with \"Smith, J. M.\" - If Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author's initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author's name. - Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. - For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent. a middle name isn\'t available, just initialize the author\'s first name: \"Smith, J.\" - When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. - Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below. - Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on). - Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections. **BASIC RULES FOR ARTICLES IN ACADEMIC JOURNALS** - Present journal titles in full. - Italicize journal titles. - Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title. - For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Present instead of Past and Present. - Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above. This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources\' titles do not. - Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns. - Do not italicize or underline the article title. - Do not enclose the article title in quotes. - So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled \"Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench\" that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows: Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench. \...but you would write the journal title as follows: Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication **BASIC FORMAT FOR BOOKS** Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI (if available) Stoneman, R. (2008). *Alexander the Great: A life in legend*. Yale University Press. #### EDITED BOOK, NO AUTHOR #### Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle*. Publisher. DOI (if available) Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). *A new companion to Malory*. D. S. Brewer. #### EDITED BOOK WITH AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS #### Author, A. A. (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle* (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. DOI (if available) Malory, T. (2017). *Le morte darthur* (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). D. S. Brewer. (Original work published 1469-70) #### A TRANSLATION #### Author, A. A. (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle* (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR) DOI (if available) Plato (1989). *Symposium* (A. Nehamas & P. Woodruff, Trans.). Hackett Publishing Company. (Original work published ca. 385-378 BCE) **Note**: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, in your text, it should appear with both dtes: Plato (385-378/1989) #### EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST Author, A. A. (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle* (\# edition). Publisher. DOI (if available) Belcher, W. (2019). *Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success* (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. #### ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK #### Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle* (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI (if available) **Note**: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use \"pp.\" before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references. List any edition number in the same set of parentheses as the page numbers, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72). Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), *A new companion to Malory *(pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer. #### MULTIVOLUME WORK #### Author, A. A. (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle* (Vol. \#)*. *Publisher. DOI (if available) David, A., & Simpson, J. (Eds.). (2006). *The Norton anthology of English literature: The Middle Ages* (8^th^ ed.,Vol. A). W. W. Norton and Company. **REFERENCE LIST: OTHER PRINT SOURCES** #### ENTRY IN A DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH A GROUP AUTHOR The 7^th^ edition of the APA manual **does not provide specific guidance on how to cite physical reference works such as dictionaries, thesauruses, or encyclopedias.** Therefore, this citation, as well as the one for an individual author of an entry in a reference work, is modeled on that of a chapter in an edited book or anthology, both which are similar in format to reference works. Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In *Title of reference work* (edition, page numbers). Publisher name. (1997). Goat. In *Merriam Webster's collegiate dictionary *(10^th^ ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. #### ENTRY IN A DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH AN INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), *Title of reference work *(edition, page numbers). Publisher. Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley (ed.), *Encyclopedia of hip hop literature* (pp. 250-252). Greenwood. #### WORK DISCUSSED IN A SECONDARY SOURCE Provide the source in which the original work was referenced: Nail, T. (2017). What is an assemblage? *SubStance*, *46*(1), 21-37. [**http://sub.uwpress.org/lookup/doi/10.3368/ss.46.1.21**](http://sub.uwpress.org/lookup/doi/10.3368/ss.46.1.21) **Note:** Provide the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Deleuze and Guattari's work is cited in Nail and you did not read the original work, list the Nail reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation:  Deleuze and Guattari's concept of the assemblage (as cited in Nail, 2017).... #### DISSERTATION ABSTRACT The 7^th^ edition of the APA manual **does not provide specific guidance on how to cite dissertation abstracts.** Therefore, this citation models that of a journal article, which is similar in format. Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. *Dissertation Abstracts International*, Vol., Page. Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services. *Dissertation Abstracts International, 74*, 03(E). #### DISSERTATION OR MASTER'S THESIS, PUBLISHED #### Lastname, F. M. (Year). *Title of dissertation/thesis* (Publication No.) \[Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree\]. Database or Archive Name. Angeli, E. L. (2012). *Networks of communication in emergency medical services* (Publication No. 3544643) \[Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University\]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. **Note:** If the dissertation or thesis is not published in a database, include the URL of the site where the documet is located. #### DISSERTATION OR MASTER'S THESIS, UNPUBLISHED Lastname, F. M. (Year). *Title of dissertation/thesis* \[Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master's thesis\]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.  Samson, J. M. (2016). *Human trafficking and globalization* \[Unpublished doctoral dissertation\]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. #### FEDERAL OR STATE STATUTE #### Name of Act, Public Law No. (Year). URL The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Publ. L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010). [**https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ148/pdf/PLAW-111publ148.pdf**](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ148/pdf/PLAW-111publ148.pdf) #### REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OTHER ORGANIZATION #### Organization Name. (Year). *Title of report. *URL United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). *Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019*. [**https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf**](https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf) #### REPORT BY INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS AT GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OTHER ORGANIZATION #### Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). *Title of report*. Organization Name. URL Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). *Mental health parity at risk: Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage*. National Alliance on Mental Illness. [**https://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity-at-Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf**](https://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity-at-Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf)  #### CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS The 7^th^ edition of the APA manual **does not provide guidance on citing conference proceedings.** Therefore, this citation models that of an edited collection, which is similar in format. Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). *Title of Proceedings*. Publisher. URL (if applicable) Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). *Proceedings of the 24^th^ annual ACM international conference on the design of communication*. ACM Digital Library. [**https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1166324&picked=prox**](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1166324&picked=prox) #### REFERENCE LIST: ELECTRONIC SOURCES **Important Note:** Some electronic citations necessitate the use of brackets. APA style dictates that brackets should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g., \[bracketed content\] should look like this). When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication. Additionally, APA 7th edition no longer requires the use of "Retrieved from" before URLs or DOIs; special exceptions, however, are made for resources that are unarchived. Including the retrieval date for these sources indicates to readers that the version of the work they retrieve may be different than what was originally used. #### WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT If the page names an individual author, cite their name first: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). *Title of page*. Site name. URL Price, D. (2018, March 23). *Laziness does not exist*. Medium. [**https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01**](https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01) If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation. Group name. (Year, Month Date). *Title of page*. Site name. URL American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). *Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims*. [**https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims**](https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims) If the page\'s author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the page\'s content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you\'re citing a wiki that is publicly edited). *Title of page*. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL *Tuscan white bean pasta. *(2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from [**https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/**](https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/) If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).  Author or Group name. (n.d.). *Title of page*. Site name (if applicable). URL National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). *Mental health conditions*. [**https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions**](https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions) #### WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE APA 7 treats Wikipedia articles as special instances of entries in reference works. Thus, there are a few differences between reference entries for pages on Wikipedia and those for generic webpages. Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In *Wikipedia. *URL of archived version of page Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In *Wikipedia*. [**https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum\_mechanics&oldid=948476810**](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&oldid=948476810) Wikipedia articles often update frequently. For this reason, the date refers to the date that the cited version of the page was published. Note also that the manual recommends linking to the archived version of the page, rather than the current version of the page on the site, since the latter can change over time. Access the archived version by clicking \"View History,\" then clicking the date/timestamp of the version you\'d like to cite. #### ONLINE SCHOLARLY JOURNAL ARTICLE: CITING DOIS Please note: Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many---but not all---publishers will provide an article\'s DOI on the first page of the document. Note also that some online bibliographies provide an article\'s DOI but may \"hide\" the code under a button which may read \"Article\" or may be an abbreviation of a vendor\'s name like \"CrossRef\" or \"PubMed.\" This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOIs from print publications or ones that go to dead links with doi.org\'s \"Resolve a DOI\" function, [**available on the site\'s home page**](https://www.doi.org/). APA 7 also advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source. #### ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL WITH DOI ASSIGNED #### Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. *Title of Periodical, Vol.(*Issue), page numbers. DOI Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and validation of the active empathetic listening scale. *Psychology & Marketing, 23*(2), 161-180. [**https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105**](https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105) #### ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL WITH NO DOI ASSIGNED If an online scholarly journal article has no DOI and is published on a website, include the URL. If an online scholarly article has no DOI and is published on a database, do not include a URL or any database information. The only exception is for databases that publish articles that are in limited circulation (like ERIC) or that are only available on that particular database (like UpToDate). Note that retrieval dates are required for unarchived sources that are likely, or intended, to change over time.  Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and exercise. *UpToDate*. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from [**https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-role-of-physical-activity-and-exercise**](https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-role-of-physical-activity-and-exercise)   #### ABSTRACT *APA 7^th^ edition* does not provide guidance on how to cite abstracts. However, if you only use information from the abstract but the full text of the article is also available, we advise you to add \"\[Abstract\]\" after the article or source name. If the full text is not available, you may use an abstract that is available through an abstracts database as a secondary source. #### ONLINE NEWS ARTICLE **Note: **The format for this type of source depends on whether your source comes from a site with an associated newspaper. If the source **does **come from a site with an associated newspaper, leave the title of the article unformatted, but italicize the title of the newspaper. Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. *Title of Publication*. URL Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. *Washington Post*. [**https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7\_story.html**](https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html) On the other hand, if the source **doesn\'t **come from a site with an associated newspaper, italicize the title of the article, but leave the name of the site unformatted. Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). *Title of article*. Name of publishing website. URL Jones, J. (2020, May 10). *Why flats dominate Spain\'s housing market*. BBC. [**https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-dominate-spains-housing-market**](https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-dominate-spains-housing-market) #### ELECTRONIC OR KINDLE BOOKS It is not necessary to note that you have used an eBook or audiobook when the content is the same as a physical book. However, you should distinguish between the eBook or audiobook and the print version if the content is different or abridged, or if you would like to cite the narrator of an audiobook. Lastname, F. M. (Year). *Title of book*. Publisher. URL Lastname, F. M. (Year). *Title of book* \[eBook edition\]. Publisher. URL Lastname, F. M. (Year). *Title of book* (N. Narrator, Narr.) \[Audiobook\]. Publisher. URL (if applicable) #### DISSERTATION/THESIS FROM A DATABASE #### Lastname, F. M. (Year). *Title of dissertation or thesis* (Publication No.) \[Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree\]. Database Name. Duis, J. M. (2008). *Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry students* (Publication No. 3348786) \[Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado\]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. #### ENTRY IN AN ONLINE DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH A GROUP AUTHOR **Note: **An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not include a publication date (like in the example below). If that's the case, use "n.d." for the date and include the retrieval date in the citation. Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In *Title of reference work*. URL Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In *Merriam-Webster.com dictionary*. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from [**https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio**](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio) #### ENTRY IN AN ONLINE DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH AN INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR #### Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds.), *Encyclopedia of big data*. SpringerLink. [**https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4\_7-1**](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1%3C) **Note:** If the dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia does not include an edition, simply skip that step. #### DATA SETS #### Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group (Year). *Title of dataset* (Version No.) \[Data set\]. Publisher. DOI or URL Grantmakers in the Arts. (2019). *Arts funding trends, United States, 1994-present* (ICPSR 37337) \[Data set\]. National Archive of Data on Arts & Culture. [**https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NADAC/studies/37337**](https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NADAC/studies/37337) #### GRAPHIC DATA (E.G. INTERACTIVE MAPS, INFOGRAPHICS, AND OTHER GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA) Give the name of the organization or individual followed by the date and the title. If there is no title, in brackets, you should provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Include the URL and the retrieval date if there is no publication date. HatchMed. (2017). *8 ways to improve patient satisfaction *\[Infographic\]. HatchMed.com. [**https://www.hatchmed.com/blog/2017/1/30/8-ways-to-improve-patient-satisfaction**](https://www.hatchmed.com/blog/2017/1/30/8-ways-to-improve-patient-satisfaction) Google. (n.d.). \[Google Map of Purdue University\]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from [**https://www.google.com/maps/\@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z**](https://www.google.com/maps/@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z) #### QUALITATIVE DATA AND ONLINE INTERVIEWS If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If the interview transcript is published in an online periodical, like a magazine, cite the interview the same way you would cite the medium where it is published, as shown below: Schulman, M. (2019, December 8). Peter Dinklage is still punk rock. *The New Yorker. *[**https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/peter-dinklage-is-still-punk-rock**](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/peter-dinklage-is-still-punk-rock) If it is an audio file or transcript published in a database, credit the interviewee as the author and use the following model: Paynter, W. (1970, September 17). *Interview with Will Paynter* \[Interview\]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History Museum. [**https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will-paynter**](https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will-paynter) #### ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document). Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). *Title of presentation* \[Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc\]. Publisher. URL Smith, C. (2017, October 13). *AI and machine learning demystified* \[PowerPoint slides\]. SlideShare. [**https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine-learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-2017**](https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine-learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-2017) #### COMPUTER SOFTWARE/DOWNLOADED SOFTWARE Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software. Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year). *Title of software* (Version No.). Publisher. URL Maplesoft. (2019). *Maple companion* (Version 2.1.0). Cybernet Systems Co. [**https://www.maplesoft.com/products/MapleCompanion/**](https://www.maplesoft.com/products/MapleCompanion/) #### EMAIL E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you should parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). #### ONLINE FORUM OR DISCUSSION POSTING #### Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group \[username\]. (Year, Month Date). *Title of post* \[Online forum post\]. Publisher. URL Stine, R. L. \[RL\_\_Stine\]. (2013, October 23). *I'm R.L. Stine and it's my job to terrify kids. Ask me anything! *\[Online forum post\]. Reddit. [**https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1p32dl/**](https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1p32dl/) #### TWEET #### Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group \[\@username\]. (Year, Month Date). *Content of the post up to the first 20 words*\[Tweet\]. Site Name. URL **Note*:*** If the tweet includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible. National Geographic \[\@NatGeo\]. (2020, January 12). *Scientists knew African grays are clever, but now they've been documented assisting other members of their species---even strangers* \[Tweet; thumbnail link to article\]. Twitter. [**https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/1216346352063537154**](https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/1216346352063537154) #### TWITTER PROFILE #### Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group \[\@username\]. (n.d.). *Tweets *\[Twitter profile\]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL MLA Style \[\@mlastyle\]. (n.d.). *Tweets* \[Twitter profile\]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from [**https://twitter.com/mlastyle**](https://twitter.com/mlastyle) #### FACEBOOK POST #### Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). *Content of the post up to the first 20 words* \[Type of post\]. Site Name. URL **Note:** If the Facebook post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible. U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January 10). *Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and clings to the hoodoos at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah* \[Image attached\] \[Status update\]. Facebook. [**https://www.facebook.com/USInterior/photos/a.155163054537384/2586475451406120/?type=3&theater**](https://www.facebook.com/USInterior/photos/a.155163054537384/2586475451406120/?type=3&theater) #### FACEBOOK PAGE Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). *Home* \[Facebook page\]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL Little River Canyon National Preserve (n.d.). *Home* \[Facebook page\]. Facebook. Retrieved January 12, 2020 from [**https://www.facebook.com/lirinps/**](https://www.facebook.com/lirinps/) #### INSTAGRAM PHOTO OR VIDEO #### Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group \[\@username\]. (Year, Month Date). *Content of the post up to the first 20 words* \[Type of post\]. Site Name. URL BBC \[\@bbc\]. (2020, January 12). *Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a "wolf moon"-at the same time as a* \[Photograph\]. Instagram. [**https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/**](https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/) #### BLOG POST** ** #### Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. *Publisher*. URL Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. *Code Switch, NPR*. [**https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality**](https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality) #### YOUTUBE OR OTHER STREAMING VIDEO #### Last Name, F. M. \[Username\]. (Year, Month Date). *Title of video *\[Video\]. Streaming Service. URL Lushi, K. \[Korab Lushi\]. (2016, July 3). *Albatross culture 1* \[Video\]. YouTube. [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=\_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s) **Note**: The person or group who uploaded the video is considered the author. If the author's name is the same as the username, you can omit the \[Username\]. #### TED TALK #### Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). *Title of talk* \[Video\]. TED. URL Al-Mutawa, N. (2010, July). *Superheroes inspired by Islam* \[Video\]. TED. [**https://www.ted.com/talks/naif\_al\_mutawa\_superheroes\_inspired\_by\_islam\#t-4909**](https://www.ted.com/talks/naif_al_mutawa_superheroes_inspired_by_islam#t-4909) Or (if on YouTube) Username. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk \[Video\]. YouTube. URL Tedx Talks. (2011, Nov. 15). *TEDxHampshireCollege - Jay Smooth - How I learned to stop worrying and love discussing race* \[Video\]. YouTube. [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbdxeFcQtaU**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbdxeFcQtaU) #### PODCAST EPISODE #### Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (No. if provided) \[Audio podcast episode\]. In *Name of podcast*. Publisher. URL Prime, K. (Host). (2019, March 29). For whom the cowbell tolls \[Audio podcast episode\]. In *Radiolab*. WNYC Studios. [**https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls**](https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls) **IN-TEXT CITATIONS: THE BASIC** When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author\'s last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but **NOT** directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation "p." (for one page) or "pp." (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199--201). This information is reiterated below. Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. **In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining** - Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. - If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: *Permanence and Change*. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: *Writing New Media*, *There Is Nothing Left to Lose*. (**Note:** in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: *Writing new media*.) - When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: *Natural-Born Cyborgs*. - Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: \"Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock\'s *Vertigo*.\" - If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the text: *The Closing of the American Mind*; *The Wizard of Oz*; *Friends*. - If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): \"Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;\" \"The One Where Chandler Can\'t Cry.\" **SHORT QUOTATIONS** If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by \"p.\" for a single page and "pp." for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash). You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author\'s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. According to Jones (1998), \"students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time\" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found \"students often had difficulty using APA style\" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? If you do not include the author's name in the text of the sentence, place the author\'s last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, \"Students often had difficulty using APA style\" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. **LONG QUOTATIONS** Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL\'s content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below. **QUOTATIONS FROM SOURCES WITHOUT PAGES** Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source. Jones (1998) found a variety of causes for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation practices (paras. 4--5). A meta-analysis of available literature (Jones, 1998) revealed inconsistency across large-scale studies of student learning (Table 3). **SUMMARY OR PARAPHRASE** If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.  According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199). **5.4. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION:** - Understanding issues related to copyright, fair use, and intellectual property. - Practicing ethical behavior in using and sharing information. **In what ways can libraries promote information literacy to empower users to evaluate and ethically use the information they encounter critically?** The role of libraries extends beyond repositories of books to becoming dynamic hubs for fostering information literacy. Empowering users to evaluate and ethically use the information they encounter critically is a paramount mission for libraries. By employing various strategies and initiatives, libraries can serve as catalysts for building essential skills that enable individuals to navigate the complex landscape of information with discernment and responsibility. Here are several ways in which libraries can actively promote information literacy: 1. **Workshops and Training Sessions: Nurturing Practical Skills\ **Libraries conduct workshops and training sessions that delve into the practical aspects of information literacy. These sessions often involve hands-on activities, case studies, and interactive exercises that guide participants through critically evaluating information sources. Practical skills, such as fact-checking and discerning bias, are emphasized, ensuring that users understand the theoretical concepts of information literacy and can actively apply them in real-world scenarios. By nurturing these practical skills, libraries empower users to navigate the complexities of the information landscape with confidence and competence. 2. **Online Tutorials and Resources: Accessibility Beyond Library Walls\ **Recognizing the importance of accessibility, libraries develop online tutorials and resources. These digital tools allow users to enhance their information literacy skills at their own pace and convenience. Online tutorials may cover various topics, including effective search strategies, source evaluation, and responsible information use. Libraries strive to create engaging and user-friendly resources that cater to different learning styles, ensuring that users can access valuable information literacy guidance beyond the physical library space. 3. **Librarian-Led Instruction: Personalized Guidance in the Digital Age\ **Librarian-led instruction goes beyond traditional methods, providing users with personalized guidance. Whether through one-on-one consultations or group workshops, librarians tailor their instruction to address individual needs. Librarians serve as mentors, offering insights into practical information evaluation, guiding users through the intricacies of databases, and helping them navigate the ever-evolving information landscape. This personalized approach fosters a direct and supportive relationship between librarians and users, enhancing the effectiveness of information literacy instruction. 4. **Integration into Educational Programs: A Holistic Approach\ **Libraries collaborate with educational institutions to integrate information literacy into formal education programs. This involves working closely with educators to design curriculum modules reinforcing critical information evaluation skills. By embedding information literacy into the educational framework, libraries contribute to the holistic development of students. This approach ensures that information literacy becomes an integral and sustained component of students' academic journeys, preparing them for a lifetime of informed decision-making. 5. **Curated Resource Lists: Guiding Users to Reliable Sources\ **Libraries curate resource lists to guide users towards reliable sources. Librarians carefully compile lists of authoritative books, articles, websites, and other materials on various topics. These curated lists serve as trusted guides, helping users navigate the vast sea of information and encouraging them to select materials that have been vetted for accuracy and credibility. The emphasis is on providing access to information and guiding users towards high-quality and reputable sources. 6. **Promotion of Database Access: Unlocking Scholarly Treasures\ **Libraries actively promote access to databases containing scholarly information. Librarians conduct training sessions on effective database navigation, search techniques, and critical evaluation of scholarly content. By unlocking the treasures of scholarly databases, libraries encourage users to explore academic resources, fostering a culture of rigorous and evidence-based inquiry. Promoting database access aligns with exposing users to reliable, peer-reviewed information sources. 7. **Interactive Learning Spaces: Transforming Libraries into Dynamic Learning Environments\ **Libraries are transforming their spaces into interactive learning environments. Exhibits, displays, and multimedia installations simulate real-world scenarios, allowing users to practice critical thinking skills in dynamic settings. These interactive learning spaces complement traditional instruction by providing users with hands-on experiences in information literacy. Libraries aim to create an environment that engages and challenges users, reinforcing the practical application of information literacy skills. 8. **Collaboration with Community Organizations: Extending Impact Beyond Library Walls\ **Libraries extend their impact by collaborating with community organizations. Partnerships with schools, community centers, and local businesses allow libraries to bring information literacy initiatives into diverse settings. By aligning with community needs, libraries create targeted programs that address specific challenges and promote critical information skills beyond the confines of the library. This collaborative approach ensures that information literacy becomes a community-wide endeavor, reaching individuals in various contexts and enhancing their ability to evaluate information critically. 9. **Social Media Engagement: Meeting Users Where They Are\ **Libraries leverage social media platforms to meet users where they are most active. Through platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, libraries share information literacy tips, fact-checking resources, and updates on digital literacy trends. Social media engagement provides a dynamic and accessible avenue for libraries to connect with users, fostering an ongoing conversation about critical information consumption. By engaging users through familiar platforms, libraries enhance their reach and impact in promoting information literacy. 10. **Book Clubs and Discussion Groups: Fostering Collaborative Learning\ **Libraries foster collaborative learning through book clubs and discussion groups. These forums focus on critically analyzing and evaluating information, encouraging participants to engage with diverse perspectives actively. Facilitated discussions create a space for users to share insights, challenge assumptions, and collectively develop critical thinking skills in a social and supportive setting. Book clubs and discussion groups go beyond traditional instruction, providing users with a collaborative and interactive approach to information literacy. 11. **Open Access Initiatives: Advocating for Equitable Access\ **Libraries advocate for open access initiatives and open educational resources (OERs). By supporting freely accessible, high-quality materials, libraries contribute to a culture of equitable information access. This initiative aligns with the broader goal of empowering users to evaluate information without financial barriers critically. Open access initiatives reflect libraries' commitment to inclusivity and democratizing access to information, ensuring users have the resources to develop robust information literacy skills. 12. **Ethical Use Workshops: Navigating the Complexities of Information Ethics\ **Libraries conduct workshops on ethical information use, addressing plagiarism, copyright, and attribution. Librarians guide users in understanding the ethical considerations associated with using and sharing information, emphasizing the importance of proper citation, respecting intellectual property rights, and adhering to ethical standards. Ethical use workshops navigate the complexities of information ethics, providing users with practical guidance on navigating ethical considerations in their research and information use. This ensures that users acquire information and learn how to use it ethically and responsibly in academic and professional contexts. By combining these strategies, libraries can cultivate a community of informed and critically aware users. The promotion of information literacy aligns with the core mission of libraries as educational and informational hubs, ensuring that users are equipped with the skills needed to navigate the complexities of the information landscape responsibly. - Never pass off others' ideas or words as your own without proper attribution. - Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and can result in serious consequences like failing an assignment, course, or even expulsion. - Properly quote, paraphrase, and cite sources to give credit to original authors. - **Turnitin:** A free plagiarism checker with percentage that most colleges use campus-wide. - **Studymoose:** A free program that examines academic texts for plagiarized sentences, saves you time, and produces in-depth analysis. It generates a report with a list of sources that are plagiarized. - **Grammarly:** The easiest to use for general-purpose plagiarism checks. - **ProWritingAid:** Cheaper than Grammarly, but slower. **Summary** - Information literacy is a crucial skill set for academic, professional, and personal success. - Understanding frameworks like the ACRL Framework and the Big6 Model helps structure the approach to information literacy. - Evaluating sources based on authority, accuracy, currency, relevance, and bias ensures the use of credible and reliable information. - Developing information literacy skills promotes lifelong learning and informed citizenship. **REFERENCES:** Ashikuzzaman, MD. (2024, January 29). T*he ethical use of information.* Library and Information Science Network. *Best citation generator*. (n.d.). Bibliography.com. Betts, J. (n.d.). *Types of bibliography styles*. Bibliography.com. *Free plagiarism checker*. (n.d.). TrustMyPaper.com. Frias, W.S.A. (2023, March 23). *Examining librarians' rights in the Philippine Copyright Law: The academic law librarians\' standpoint*. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). *MyBib,* (n.d.). MyBib. *Purdue online writing lab.* (n.d.). Purdue OWL. Radcliff, C.J., Jensen, M.L., Salem, J.A., Jr., Burhanna, K.J. & Gedeon, J.A. (2007). *A practical guide to information literacy assessment for academic librarians.* Libraries Unlimited