Cellular Aberrations Lesson 1 PDF

LESSON 1: CELLULAR ABERRATIONS NCM 112 CELLULAR ABERRATIONS | FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. MA. CLAUDETE ORENSE...

LESSON 1: CELLULAR ABERRATIONS NCM 112 CELLULAR ABERRATIONS | FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. MA. CLAUDETE ORENSE 3. Borderline CANCER CRAB BENIGN ○ Descriptive of the crablike extension of malignant cells Well-differentiated into healthy tissues and the deadly hold or crablike grip Slow growth that the disease has upon its victims Encapsulated ONCOLOGY Non-invasive ○ Branch of medicine that deals with the study, detection, Does NOT metastasize treatment and management of cancer and neoplasia ○ Oncologist: a specialist in study and treatment of MALIGNANT neoplastic growths Undifferentiated ○ Oncogenes: genes derived from normal Erratic and Uncontrolled Growth growth-controlling cellular genes which instruct the cell to Expansive and Invasive behave abnormally Secretes abnormal proteins METASTASIZES “ROOT WORDS” Neo - new ABNORMAL CELLS AND CANCER Plasia - growth Cancerous cells usually become far different from the tissue Plasm - substance from which they arise. The tumour pictured here, an ovarian Trophy - size teratoma, bears no resemblance to the normal tissue of the +Oma - tumor ovary. Tumours like these contain such foreign material as Statis - location bone, hair, skin, or teeth. A - none Ana - lack Hyper - excessive Meta - change Dys - bad, deranged TERMINOLOGIES Neoplasm: growth of new tissues ○ Abnormal new growth of tissue which serves no purpose and which can be highly damaging to the host Tumor: any neoplasm in which cells are permanently altered but have the capability of growth and reproduction Differentiation: refers to the extent to which the cells differ from their cells of origin and to their degree of maturity Metastasis: the dissemination or spread of malignant cells from the primary tumor to distant sites by direct spread of tumor cells to body cavities or through lymphatic and blood circulation Mutation: unusual change in genetic material occurring spontaneously or by induction; the alteration change the original expression of the gene Carcinogens: agents that initiate or promote cellular transformation NOMENCLATURE OF NEOPLASIA CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOPLASIA Tumor is named according to: Uncontrolled growth of Abnormal cells 1. Parenchyma, Organ or Cell 1. Benign ○ Hepatoma- liver 2. Malignant NCM 112: MEDSURG_CELLAB LESSON 1 | TRANSCRIBED BY: TOSHILA MAE C. CARGULLO | BSN-3A 1  LESSON 1: CELLULAR ABERRATIONS NCM 112 CELLULAR ABERRATIONS | FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. MA. CLAUDETE ORENSE ○ Osteoma - bone 3. LABILE cells- continuously dividing ○ Myoma - muscle ○ GIT cells, Skin, endometrium , Blood cells 2. Pattern and Structure, either GROSS or MICROSCOPIC Proposed Molecular cause of CANCER: ○ Fluid-filled → CYST ○ Change in the DNA structure ○ Glandular → ADENO ○ altered DNA function Cellular aberration ○ Finger-like → PAPILLO ○ cellular death ○ Stalk → POLYP ○ neoplastic change Genes in the DNA - “proto-oncogene” And “anti-oncogene” 3. Embryonic origin ○ Ectoderm ( usually gives rise to epithelium) CELL CYCLE ○ Endoderm (usually gives rise to glands) G0------------------G1 → S → G2 → M ○ Mesoderm (usually gives rise to Connective tissues) G0 - Dormant or resting G1 - normal cell activities BENIGN TUMORS S - DNA Synthesis Suffix- “OMA” is used G2 - pre-mitotic, synthesis of proteins for cellular division Adipose tissue- LipOMA M - Mitotic phase (I-P-M-A-T) Bone- osteOMA Muscle- myOMA The Cell Cycle (and cancer) [Updated] Blood vessels- angiOMA Fibrous tissue- fibrOMA ETIOLOGY OF CANCER 1. PHYSICAL AGENTS MALIGNANT Radiation Named according to embryonic cell origin Exposure to irritants 1. Ectodermal, Endodermal, Glandular, Epithelial Exposure to sunlight ○ Use the suffix- “CARCINOMA” Altitude, humidity ○ Pancreatic AdenoCarcinoma ○ Squamous cell Carcinoma 2. CHEMICAL AGENTS Smoking 2. Mesodermal, connective tissue origin Dietary ingredients ○ Use the suffix “SARCOMA Drugs ○ FibroSarcoma ○ Myosarcoma 3. GENETICS AND FAMILY HISTORY ○ AngioSarcoma Colon Cancer Premenopausal breast cancer “PASAWAY” 4. DIETARY HABITS 1. “OMA” but Malignant Low-Fiber ○ HepatOMA, lymphOMA, gliOMA, melanOMA High-fat 2. THREE germ layers Processed foods ○ “TERATOMA” Alcohol 3. Non-neoplastic but “OMA” ○ Choristoma 5. VIRUSES AND BACTERIA ○ Hamartoma DNA viruses- HepaB, Herpes, EBV, CMV, Papilloma Virus RNA Viruses- HIV, HTCLV CANCER NURSING Bacterium- H. pylori 3 Types Of Cells 1. PERMANENT cells- out of the cell cycle 6. HORMONAL AGENTS ○ Neurons, cardiac muscle cell DES 2. STABLE cells- Dormant/Resting (G0) OCP especially estrogen ○ Liver, kidney NCM 112: MEDSURG_CELLAB LESSON 1 | TRANSCRIBED BY: TOSHILA MAE C. CARGULLO | BSN-3A 2  LESSON 1: CELLULAR ABERRATIONS NCM 112 CELLULAR ABERRATIONS | FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. MA. CLAUDETE ORENSE 7. IMMUNE DISEASE ○ B cells can produce antibody AIDS 3. Phagocytic cells ○ Macrophages can engulf cancer cell debris CARCINOGENESIS Malignant transformation SCREENING I→P→P 1. Male and female- Occult Blood, CXR, and DRE ○ Initiation 2. Female- SBE, CBE, Mammography and Pap’s Smear ○ Promotion 3. Male- DRE for prostate, Testicular self-exam ○ Progression INITIATION CANCER DETECTION EXAMINATION ○ Carcinogens alter the DNA of the cell GENERAL TECHNIQUES include obtaining ○ Cell will either die or repair 1. Family & environmental history of the patient PROMOTION 2. Performance of a thorough Physical Examination ○ Repeated exposure to carcinogens 3. Evaluation of Laboratory Examination result (blood & urine) ○ Abnormal gene will express ○ Latent period SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES PROGRESSION ○ Irreversible period ○ Cells undergo NEOPLASTIC transformation then Cytologic Examination malignancy ○ Papanikilaou Test Papanicolaou Smear ○ Pap smear. SPREAD OF CANCER ○ Pap test. 1. LYMPHATIC ○ Cervical Smear. ○ Most common ○ Smear Test 2. HEMATOGENOUS Medical screening method primarily designed to detect ○ Blood-borne, commonly to Liver and Lungs premalignant and malignant processes in the ectocervix. 3. DIRECT SPREAD Sample collection is done in the cervical os, during a non ○ Seeding of tumors menstrual phase of the cycle because presence of blood interferes with an accurate interpretation Detect Infections & AbN in the endometrium. HOW CANCER OCCURS Abnormal smear – does not mean that the patient has cancer GEORGIOS PAPANIKOLAOU in 1943: pioneer in cytology & early cancer detection Cervical Scrapings is the material for pap smear: The appearance of cells in the microscope is graded on a 5 point scale BODY DEFENSES AGAINST TUMOR 1. T cell System/ Cellular Immunity ○ Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells 2. B cell System/ Humoral immunity NCM 112: MEDSURG_CELLAB LESSON 1 | TRANSCRIBED BY: TOSHILA MAE C. CARGULLO | BSN-3A 3  LESSON 1: CELLULAR ABERRATIONS NCM 112 CELLULAR ABERRATIONS | FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. MA. CLAUDETE ORENSE This multi-image surgical exhibit shows typical elements from a Usually performed thru endoscopy, but a surgical incision Pap Smear examination, a typical test for cervical cancer. This might be required exhibit features a gynecologist's view of the vagina with a speculum placed visualizing the cervix. A second detailed 2. Subtotal or incisional biopsy core biopsy cut-away view shows a curet scraping cells from the cervical Performed if tumor mass is too large to be removed opening and surfaces which will later be tested for cancer. Tissue removed must be representative of tumor mass ○ Class I – Normal FOR ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS ○ Class II – Probably Normal 3. Needle aspiration biopsy - involves aspirating tissue fragments ○ Class III – Doubtful (maybe malignant) through a needle into an area suspected to bear a disease. ○ Class IV – Probably malignant ADVANTAGES: ○ Class V - Malignant ○ Fast, inexpensive, easy to perform ○ Local anesthesia with temporary slight discomfort BIOPSY ○ Minimal disturbance of surrounding tissues ○ Seeding of Ca cells decreased the most definitive DISADVANTAGE: A surgical excision of a piece of tissue for microscopic exam to ○ Does not yield enough tissue to permit accurate analyze presence of cancer including its stage & grade. diagnosis 4. NEEDLE CORE BIOPSY Uses a specially designed needle to obtain a small core of tissue Sufficient to permit accurate diagnosis 2 Methods Of Examining Biopsy Specimen 1. Frozen section very speedy, requires only minutes before a diagnosis is made. Quality of tissue sections not as good as that of permanent section. A skilled pathologist and a knowledgeable surgeon works together to use the frozen section’s radip availability to the pts great benefit 2. Permanent paraffin section provides best quality X-RAYS X-RAYS – Roentgen rays or Roentgen ray electromagnetic radiation Primarily used for diagnostic radiography and crystallography. PERFORMED TO OBTAIN TISSUE SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS OF X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and as such can be CELLS SUSPECTED TO BE MALIGNANT dangerous. Biopsy specimens are often taken from part of a lesion when Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen – one of the 1st investigators of x-ray the cause of a disease is uncertain or its extent or exact Sometimes called ROENTGEN RADIATION character is in doubt. Radiography ○ Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic 3 Most Common Types Of Biopsy Procedure purposes by means of x-rays with the record of the 1. Total or excisional biopsy findings usually impressed upon a photographic film. For easily accessible tumors – Skin, breast, upper & lower GIT & URT Decreases the chance of seeding NCM 112: MEDSURG_CELLAB LESSON 1 | TRANSCRIBED BY: TOSHILA MAE C. CARGULLO | BSN-3A 4  LESSON 1: CELLULAR ABERRATIONS NCM 112 CELLULAR ABERRATIONS | FIRST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | PROF. MA. CLAUDETE ORENSE NCM 112: MEDSURG_CELLAB LESSON 1 | TRANSCRIBED BY: TOSHILA MAE C. CARGULLO | BSN-3A 5