Lesson 1.pdf

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING College of Nursing NCM 200  lesson 1, part 1 Introduction to Nursing Theory: its History and Significance NCM 200 History of Nursing Theory History of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale. Development of...

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING College of Nursing NCM 200  lesson 1, part 1 Introduction to Nursing Theory: its History and Significance NCM 200 History of Nursing Theory History of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale. Development of nursing knowledge apart from medical knowledge to guide nursing practice. Nursing was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through an apprenticeship model of education and individual hospital procedure manual. NCM 200 History of Nursing Theory Nursing practice reflected it’s vocational heritage more than it’s professional vision. Develop a body of specialized knowledge on which to base nursing practice. Strong emphasis on practice and worked throughout the century toward the development of nursing as a profession. NCM 200 Curriculum Era Address the question of what content nurse should study to learn how to be a nurse. Emphasis was on what courses nursing students should take, with the goal of arriving at a standardized curriculum The idea of moving nursing education from hospital-based diploma programs into colleges and universities began to emerge during this era. Emphasized course selection and content for nursing programs and gave way to the research era NCM 200 Research Emphasis Era Focused on the research process and the long-range goal of acquiring substantive knowledge to guide nursing practice. Sought degrees in higher education began to emerge. Began to participate in research and research courses were included in nursing curricula NCM 200 Research Emphasis Era Awareness for the need of concept and theory development coincided with two other milestones in the evolution of nursing theory: 1. The standardization of curricula for nursing master’s education by the National League for Nursing accreditation criteria for baccalaureate and high-degree programs. 2. The decision that doctoral education for nurses should be in nursing NCM 200 Graduate Education Era Developed in tandem with the research era. Master’s degree programs in nursing emerged to meet the public need for specialized clinical nursing practice. Included concepts in: 1. Concept development 2. Nursing models 3. Early nursing theorist 4. Knowledge development process NCM 200 Graduate Education Era Baccalaureate degree began to gain wider acceptance as: A. Educational level for professional nursing B. Academic discipline in higher education Nurse researchers worked to develop and clarify a specialized body of nursing knowledge with the following goals: A. Improving the quality of patient care B. Providing a professional style of practice C. Achieving recognition as a profession NCM 200 Graduate Emphasis Era Transition from vocation to profession. Meleis (2007) noted, “theory is not a luxury in the discipline of nursing...but an integral part of the nursing lexicon in education, administration and practice” Important precursor was the acceptance of nursing as a profession and an academic discipline in its own right. NCM 200 Theory Era A natural outgrowth of the research and graduate education eras. Emphasis on theory development and testing. Accelerated as early works developed as frameworks for curricula and advanced practice guides began to be recognized as theory NCM 200 Theory Era Classification of nursing models as paradigms within metaparadigm concepts are following: A. Person B. Environment C. Health D. Nursing The said classification united nursing theoretical works for the discipline. NCM 200 Theory Era Emphasis shifted from learning about the theorist to use of the theoretical works to generate: a. Research questions b. Guide practice c. Organize curricula NCM 200 Theory Era Theory development emerged as a process and product of professional scholarship and growth and sought higher education among: 1. Nurse leaders 2. Administrators 3. Educators 4. Practitioners NCM 200 Nursing Theory Era The use of theory to convey an organizing structure and meaning for these processes to the convergence of ideas. Fitzpatrick and Whall (1983) had said, “Nursing is on the brink of an exciting new era" NCM 200 Theory Utilization Era Emphasis shifted to theory application in nursing practice, research, education and administration. Restored balance between research and practice for knowledge development in the discipline of nursing. Emphasis to produce evidence for quality professional practice. NCM 200 Theory Utilization Era Types of nursing theoretical works: 1. Nursing philosophy Sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical presentation Basis for subsequent development 1. Nursing conceptual methods Comprises nursing works by the theorist who also are referred to as pioneers in nursing NCM 200 Theory Utilization Era 3. Nursing Theory derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models or more abstract nursing theories, or from works of other disciplines Developed from some conceptual framework and is more specific than the framework Theories may be specific to a particular aspect or setting of nursing practice  NCM 200 Theory Utilization Era 4. Middle Range Theory More specific focus and is more concrete than nursing theory in its level of abstraction. More precise , with a focus on answering specific nursing practice questions Address the specifics of nursing situations within the perspective of the model or theory from which they are derived. They specify each factor as: a. The age group of the patient d. The location of the patient b. The family situation e. The action of the nurse c. The health condition NCM 200 Theory Utilization Era Nursing Nursing Middle Range Nursing Theories Philosophies Conceptual Models Nursing Theories Mercer Boykin and Mishel Schoenhofer Levine Reed Nightingale Meleis Rogers Wiener and Dodd Watson Pender Orem Eakes, Burke and Ray Leininger King Hainsworth Benner Parse Neuman Barker Martinsen Erikson, Tomlin Roy Kalkaba Erikson and Swain Johnson Beck Husted and Swanson Husted Ruland and Moore  NCM 200 HISTORICAL ERAS OF NURSING’S SEARCH FOR SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE Major Historical Era Emphasis Outcomes Emerging Goal Question What curriculum Standardized Develop specialized Curriculum Era: 1900- content should Courses included in curricula for knowledge and 1940s student nurses nursing programs. diploma programs. higher education. study to be nurses? What is the focus Problem studies Isolated studies do Research Era: 1950- Role of nurses and for nursing and studies of not yield unified 1970s what to research. research? nurses. knowledge. Carving out an What knowledge is Nurses have an Focus graduate Graduate Education advanced role and needed for the important role in education on Era: 1950-1970s basis for nursing practice of nursing? health care. knowledge. practice.  NCM 200 HISTORICAL ERAS OF NURSING’S SEARCH FOR SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE Major Historical Era Emphasis Outcomes Emerging Goal Question How do these Nursing theoretical There are many Theories guide Theory Era: 1980- frameworks guide works shift the ways to think about nursing research 1990s research and focus to the nursing. and practice. practice? patient. Nursing Middle-range What new theories Nursing theory frameworks theory may be Theory Utilization are needed to guides research, produce from quantitative Era: 21st century produce evidence practice, education knowledge or qualitative foe quality care? and administration. (evidence) for approaches quality care.  lesson 1, part 2 Significance of Nursing Theory NCM 200 Significance of Nursing Theory DISCIPLINE- specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning, or domain of knowledge PROFESSION- refers to a specialized field of practice, founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities. NCM 200 Significance for the Discipline This emphasis led into theory development era that moved nursing toward the goal developing nursing knowledge to guide nursing practice. The discipline and the profession are inextricably linked and failure to recognize and separate them from each other anchors nursing in a vocational rather than a professional view. NCM 200 Significance for the Discipline The significance of theory for the discipline of nursing- the discipline is dependent on theory for its continued existence. Nursing can be vocational or nursing can be discipline with a professional style of theory-based practice. Nurses moved from the functional focus, with an emphasis on what nurses do, to patient focus, emphasizing what nurse know for thought, decision making and action. NCM 200 Significance for the Discipline Forms of basis in recognizing nursing as discipline: a. Knowledge of person b. Health c. Environment Every discipline or field of knowledge includes theoretical knowledge. Nursing as academic discipline depends on the existence of nursing knowledge. NCM 200 Significance for the Profession Theory is essential for the existence of nursing as an academic discipline. Theory is also vital to the practice of professional nursing. Higher degree nursing is recognized as a profession today. Nursing was the subject of numerous studies by sociologist who used the criteria for a profession. NCM 200 Significance for the Profession Criteria for development of the professional status of nursing: 1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well organized body of specialized knowledge (that) is on the intellectual level of higher learning. 2. Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service through use of the scientific method. 3. Entrust the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education. NCM 200 Significance for the Profession Criteria for development of the professional status of nursing: 4. Applies its body of knowledge in practical services vital to human and social welfare. 5. Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and thereby in the control of professional activity. 6. Attracts individuals with intellectual and personal qualities of exalting service above personal gain who recognize their chosen occupation as a life work. 7. Strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security. NCM 200 Significance for the Profession Nursing is recognized as a profession and emphasis is placed on the relationship between nursing theoretical works and achievement of status as a profession. The use of substantive knowledge for the theory-based evidence for nursing is a quality that is characteristic of their practice. The commitment to the theory-based evidence for practice is beneficial to patients in that it guides systematic, knowledgeable care  FIN. thank you for listening.