General Biology 1 PDF

GENERAL Prepared by: BIOLOGY 1 ALEXIS A. DE GUZMAN Let’s Play a Game!  Ciphering Cellular Lingo 1. Students will be divided into 5 groups, with each group forming a line. The group will select one member to act as the “cipherer” (the one that decodes the message). 2. The...

GENERAL Prepared by: BIOLOGY 1 ALEXIS A. DE GUZMAN Let’s Play a Game!  Ciphering Cellular Lingo 1. Students will be divided into 5 groups, with each group forming a line. The group will select one member to act as the “cipherer” (the one that decodes the message). 2. The cipherer will be provided with a series of numbers, each corresponding to a letter, which will spell out a cell- related term. 3. Once the cipherer decodes the word, he/she will whisper it to the next member in line, who will continue passing the message until it reaches the last person in the group called as the “scriber”. The scriber will write the word on a piece of paper provided by the teacher. 4. The first group to correctly decode and submit the word will earn points.  BIOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE Life is a profound scientific undertaking Organisms are so complex and are diverse having different functions, structures, manner of growth and origin. Scientific principles helps us understand complexities of organisms Biology means “the study of life”.  Terms to Remember: Unicellular – A single cell can form an entire living organism. Multicellular – composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on specialized functions. Sexual reproduction – requires that two cells from different individuals unite to produce the first cell of a new organism. Asexual reproduction – is a single organism can reproduce without the aid of another. Anabolism – is the process of putting together, or synthesizing complex substances into simpler substances. Catabolism – the breakdown of complex into simpler ones using the release of energy. Metabolism – is the sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body. Homeostasis – is the process by which organisms respond to stimuli in ways to keep conditions in the body suitable for life.  LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION BIOSPHERE ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY INDIVIDUAL ORGAN POPULATION ORGANISM SYSTEM ORGAN TISSUE CELL MOLECULE ATOM BIOSPHERE ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY POPULATION INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM ORGAN SYSTEM ORGAN TISSUE CELL MOLECULES ATOM  WHAT ARE CELLS? All organisms are composed of the fundamental unit of life, the cell. The cell is the simplest unit of matter that is alive. Cells are the defined as the structural and functional unit of life.  What Is A Microscope? A microscope, from the Ancient Greek words mikrós or “small” and skopeîn or “to look or see” It is a tool that is used to view smaller objects that the human eye can see. Microscopy is the scientific field of study which is used to study minute structures and objects by a microscope. It was in the 16th century when the first compound microscope was discovered by and credited to Zacharias Janssen. MOST COMMON TYPES OF MICROSCOPE  SIMPLE MICROSCOPE A simple microscope is simply a large magnifying glass with a shorter focal length that has a convex mirror with a small focal area. The most common examples of this type of device are the handheld lens and eyepiece lens. Since it’s only a simple microscope, it only has one magnification level depending on what lens is used. Therefore, simple microscopes are only used for reading and magnifying non- complex items. For instance, you can use a magnifying glass to zoom in the details of a map.  COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE A compound microscope is the most common type of microscope used today. It is basically a microscope that has a lens or a camera on it that has a compound medium in between. This compound medium allows for magnifications in a very fine scale. Compound microscopes are extremely useful for research on different areas. It has made a big impact on science and technology in general. Some of its popular uses are when viewing a scientific specimen for educational and research purposes.  STEREO MICROSCOPE The stereo microscope, dissecting or stereoscopic microscope, is an optical microscopy version designed specifically for low magnification imaging of a biological specimen. It works through reflecting light off the specimen’s surface rather than transmitted through its medium.  A scanning electron microscope is a very popular type SCANNING of scanning electron microscopes, which produces images of a material by scanning the sample with a ELECTRON high-powered beam of electrons. The electrons MICROSCOPE interacting with atoms within the sample create different signals which contain data about the (SEM) structure and topography of the material. The images that are produced using these microscope instruments are highly accurate as well as they can be viewed in high resolution using a microscope eyepiece or magnifier.  TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE Transmission electron microscopy is an optical microscopy method in which an electrical beam of electrons is transmitted through an unstained sample to create an optical image of the sample. Instead of sending electrons to scan and bounce off the specimen as what SEMs do, TEMs allow the electrons to pass through the thin sample. The sample is usually an ultrathin slice less than 50 micrometers thick or an electrolyte suspension suspended on a grid of grid-like plates. DISPROVING SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Louis Pasteur is credited with conclusively disproving the theory of spontaneous generation with his famous swan-neck flask experiment. He subsequently proposed that “life only comes from life.”  FATHER OF MICROSCOPY Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – is the first to discover free-living algae Spirogyra cells in water in the pond in 1674 with the improved microscope. The living cells were first discovered by Antony Van Leeuwenhoek. He observed living cells and called them 'animalcules'. Some small 'animalcules' are now called bacteria. MATTHIAS JAKOB SCHLEIDEN He investigated plants microscopically and conceived that plants were made up of recognizable units, or cells. He thought plant growth came about through the production of new cells, which, he speculated, came from the nuclei of old cells. Theodore Schwann a German biologist who reached the same conclusion as Schleiden about animal tissue being composed of cells, ending speculations that plants and animals were different in structure. Rudolf Virchow was studying cells under a microscope when he happened to see them dividing and forming new cells. He realized that living cells produce new cells through division. Based on this realization, Virchow proposed that living cells arise only from other living cells.  Cellular Study Process 01 02 02 03 Theories Practice Studies Mercury is the smallest Venus is the second Despite being red, Mars planet of them all planet from the Sun is a cold place 04 05 06 Materials Observations Results Earth is the third planet Saturn is a gas giant and Jupiter is the biggest from the Sun has several rings planet of them all Cell Theory Cell Theory 01 The basic structural and functional unit of life. In other words, cells make up the living things and carry out activities that keep a living alive. The Structure and Function of the following organelles will be discussed: About Cells Do you know what helps you make your point clear? Lists like this one: They’re simple You can organize your ideas clearly You’ll never forget to buy milk! And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of your presentation  Cellular Study Process 01 02 02 03 Theories Practice Studies Mercury is the smallest Venus is the second Despite being red, Mars planet of them all planet from the Sun is a cold place 04 05 06 Materials Observations Results Earth is the third planet Saturn is a gas giant and Jupiter is the biggest from the Sun has several rings planet of them all  What is the Cell? The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life  Objectives: Ribosomes Lysosomes It’s the biggest planet Despite being red, of them all Mars is a cold place Vacuoles Peroxisomes It’s a gas giant and Venus is the second has several rings planet from the Sun Ribosome Ribosomes appear flattened and spherical in shape when viewed under an electron microscope, with a diameter ranging between 15 to 25 nm. These structures are comprised of two major ribonucleoprotein subunits (RNA and protein) Function: A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.  What is the Cell? The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life  What is the Cell? The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life  What is the Cell? The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life  What is the Cell? The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life  What is the Cell? The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life Peroxisomes Peroxisomes vary in shape, size and number depending upon the energy requirements of the cell. These are made of a phospholipid bilayer with many membrane-bound proteins. The enzymes involved in lipid metabolism are synthesised on free ribosomes and selectively imported to peroxisomes. Function: Peroxisomes are organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling. Oxidative pathways housed in peroxisomes include fatty acid β-oxidation, which contributes to embryogenesis, seedling growth, and stomatal opening. Flagella and Cilia 9h 55m 23s Is Jupiter's rotation period 333,000.000 Earths is the Sun’s mass Basal Bodies Both, centrioles and basal bodies have the same molecular organization and can be interchangeable in the cell. That is, a centriole can move near the plasma membrane and form a cilium, and a basal body can travel to the inner part of the cell and forms a centrosome. Function: The basal body plays a role in motility, cell-cycle progression, morphogenesis and sensation, depending upon the cell type, via its function in organizing the cilium or, in some cases, organizing the architecture of the cytoskeleton.  What is the Cell? The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life  01 History of the Cell Enter a subtitle here if you need it  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL Animal Cell Plant Cell 1. Comparatively smaller in size Usually Larger in size. 2. Enclosed by a thin plasma Enclosed by a rigid call wall in membrane addition to plasma membrane. 3. Often changes its shape Cannot change its shape 4. Plastids are usually absent Plastids are present 5. Often contains many small Mature plant cell contains large vacuoles central vacuole 6. Nucleus usually lies in the center Nucleus lies on one side of the cytoplasm 7. Centrioles are practically present Centrioles are normally absent except for lower plant forms 8. Lysosomes are always present Lysosomes are rare  CELL STRUCTURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL Cell Membrane YES YES Cell Wall YES NO Centrioles NO YES Chromosomes ONE LONG DNA STRAND MANY Cilia or Flagella YES, SIMPLE YES, COMPLEX Endoplasmic Reticulum NO YES (SOME EXCEPTIONS) Golgi Complex NO YES Lysosomes NO COMMON Mitochondria NO YES Nucleus NO YES Peroxisomes NO COMMON Ribosomes YES YES BONE CELLS CARTILAGE CELLS (CHONDROCYTES) NERVE CELLS EPITHELIAL CELLS MUSCLE CELLS SECRETORY CELLS ADIPOSE CELLS BLOOD CELLS