Lecture 2 - Chiropractic Principles and Their Evolution Through History PDF

Chiropractic Principles and Their Evolution Through History Lecture 2 Dr. Paul Wanlass, D.C. Professor of Chiropractic Education Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) Certified Specialist in Performance Nutrition (CSPN) Cox Technic ® Parts I, II, III, IV Certified Activator Methods ® C...

Chiropractic Principles and Their Evolution Through History Lecture 2 Dr. Paul Wanlass, D.C. Professor of Chiropractic Education Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) Certified Specialist in Performance Nutrition (CSPN) Cox Technic ® Parts I, II, III, IV Certified Activator Methods ® Certified Certification with Exemplary Badge in Teaching and Learning from the Boston University School of Medicine Rev. 1-1-2024 1 MODULE OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this lecture, you should understand the following: Early Chiropractic Principles The Palmers and equipment used in the early years Hole in One technique (HIO) Meric System and the Meric Chart Static to dynamic model of subluxation Stephenson’s 33 Principles “Chiropractic Philosophy” including Universal intelligence, Innate intelligence, Educated intelligence Modern Chiropractic Principles Chiropractic Scope of Practice Important definitions 2 READING ASSIGNMENT Read Chapter 3 Read Lecture 2 3 INSTRUCTIONS This lecture is not intended to replace the required reading in your text. It is meant to highlight important concepts. Please do all of the required reading. In lecture, we will discuss key concepts and I will ask students to volunteer to answer questions that I pose to the group. Please complete all required reading prior to lecture and be prepared to participate. I look forward to discussing this topic with all of you. 4 EARLY CHIROPRACTIC PRINCIPLES 5 CAUSES OF SUBLUXATION D.D. Palmer insisted that he only adjusted a single joint in a patient during any given treatment session, called “the major subluxation” that caused all other subluxations and “dis-ease”. D.D. proposed that there were only three causes of subluxations: toxins, physical trauma, and auto-suggestion (thoughts) 6 D.D. PALMER’S THEORY #1 – 1896-1903 He thought that inflammation was caused by displaced anatomical parts: Arteries, veins, nerves Muscle & ligament Bone & joint Claimed that the principles of his theory of chiropractic came to him in spiritual revelations 7 D.D. PALMER’S THEORY #2 - 1903 His theory evolved to focus on nerve impingement due to subluxation of spinal joints as the source of illness 8 D.D. PALMER’S THEORY #3 – 1908-1913 Further development included nerve stretching and slackening as the critical factor. This is called the “Tension-Regulation Theory”. Palmer believed that the change in tension on the nerve caused abnormal vibrational impulses to the end organs and caused inflammation. 9 D.D. PALMER FOCUSED ON TONE Structural / Mechanical Psychological /Spiritual Chemical / Nutritional Tone is the normal strength and excitability of functions in a state of health. Equilibrium of life force (Innate) = Health 10 EVOLUTION OF INNATE BY D.D. PALMER 1904-06: “Innate" nervous system corresponds to the cerebellum, brain stem and autonomic nervous system. “Educated nerves” provide nervous control of voluntary muscles. 1906-14: Innate Intelligence runs all essential life processes and is a subdivision of Universal Intelligence (God). Chiropractors have a "duty" to adjust the "cause" of dis-ease so that Innate Intelligence can do its job. Keating, J. DD Palmer’s Forgotten Theories of Chiropractic, CMCC, 1995 11 INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT… D.D. Palmer used Magnetic healing for 9 years prior to developing his THEORY of Chiropractic in 1895. Andrew Taylor Still (founder of Osteopathy) advertised himself as a Magnetic healer The Mormon leader, Joseph Smith Jr., practiced faith healing and bonesetting Haldeman, S., Principles and Practice of Chiropractic, 3rd ed., page 13 12 NEUROCALOMETER HISTORY B.J. Palmer claimed that the Neurocalometer, which he marketed to the profession in 1924, was the only valid means of identifying these subluxated spinal joints. 13 NEUROCALOMETER HISTORY Invented in 1924 by Dossa D. Evans, D.C. and developed by Otto Schiernbeck, a consulting engineer on the staff of Palmer College of Chiropractic The original Neurocalometer (NCM): 14 NEUROCALOMETER HISTORY A later “wireless” version: 15 NEUROCALOMETER HISTORY Further advanced to the Nervo-Scope: 16 HOW THEY WORK Based on the theory that a subluxated vertebrae causes pressures on a nerve or group of nerves as they pass through or emit from spinal column This pressure causes a resistance to the flow of nerve energy. The resistance produces heat which can be measured before and after an adjustment using the NCM D.D. Palmer used the back of his hand to locate "hot boxes" along the spinal column to detect differences in surface temperature from one side to the other. This device had two heat-detecting probes (thermocouples) connected to a meter that registered whether points on either side of the spine had different temperatures. 17 HOLE IN ONE TECHNIQUE (HIO) In the mid-1930’s, B.J. Palmer believed that the cause of all disease was from a subluxation at the Co-C1, and/or C1-C2 joints, and heavily promoted his “Hole-In-One” (HIO) method of upper cervical toggle recoil adjusting. B.J. also developed the neurocalograph (a NCM with a strip chart) to monitor patterns of subluxations before and after HIO interventions. Nash J, Johnson CD, Green BN. Hole in one: a history of its founding. Chiropr Hist. 1996 Dec;16(2):76-80. 18 B.J. PALMER His “Chiropractic philosophy” included the ideas of: Universal intelligence Innate intelligence Educated intelligence 19 UNIVERSAL INTELLIGENCE (UI) Universal intelligence – spirituality, God, animating force that holds the mind and body together. Some people connect via meditation or prayer Some believe that the brain is like a wireless receiver of information like a cell phone Some believe that people like Leonardo da Vinci and Albert Einstein knew how to use their brain and access UI to make profound contributions to society 20 UNIVERSAL INTELLIGENCE (UI) CONTINUED Dr. Chopra says, “the body and nervous system are instruments that trap nonlocal energy and information known as intelligence”. While speaking at Parker Chiropractic College in 1995, he gave the analogy of a song playing on the radio in your car: (https://youtu.be/KcHXrEwfBRM) Plato believed that life is a non-material entity imposed on matter (our bodies) 21 INNATE INTELLIGENCE D.D. Palmer believed that a universal intelligence gave order to the universe and that an innate intelligence (a portion of universal intelligence in each individual) ordered the function of the human body.24 Innate intelligence has been identified by some chiropractors as a vitalistic life force in humans. It involves self-awareness and self-healing.24 D.D. Palmer used the term “life force”.24 The D.D. and B.J. Palmer believed that by finding and clearing subluxations, you would free Innate in the patient’s body and the body would heal itself. 22 EDUCATED INTELLIGENCE Educated intelligence – what your body and nervous system learn over time such as control of voluntary muscles. For example, your muscles learn to move in specific patterns based on neurologic training such as when you learn to walk as a child. 23 THE MERIC SYSTEM18, 19, 21 Developed by B.J. Palmer and James Wishart in 1910 This system held that levels of spinal subluxation were connected to various organ systems according to the innervation of the autonomic and peripheral nerves. For example, because the mid and upper regions of the thoracic spine are known to innervate the stomach, conditions affecting this organ were attributed to spinal subluxations in that region, termed the vertemere. 24 MERIC CHART 25 26 STATIC (STRUCTURE)  DYNAMIC (FUNCTION) Both D.D. and B.J. Palmer emphasized that a subluxation was a static malposition of the vertebral body, and treated disease by removing the subluxation, freeing innate, and by normalizing the tone of the spinal nerves. Focus was on structure. Beginning in the 1906, and increasing in the 1920’s-1950’s, several doctors and researchers began to focus on the dynamic aspects of subluxation and the focus was on impacted function and joint motion. 27 DYNAMIC RESTRICTION MODEL Drs. Oakley Smith, Solon Langworthy, and Minora Paxson were the first to emphasize the axis of motion between vertebra and the effect on the ligaments of the intervertebral foramina and discs in 1906, in “A Textbook of Modernized Chiropractic”. 20 28 DIAGNOSTIC DEVELOPMENTS Thermography was pioneered by B.J. Palmer as a method of detecting vertebral subluxation using the Neurocalometer in 1924. Spinography involves weight bearing radiographs used by B.J. Palmer between 1908 and 1922. 29 THE GREEN BOOKS A series of books written by B.J. Palmer discussing his view of innate intelligence and philosophy in Chiropractic. In 1949, he believed that innate intelligence was spiritual. “Above→Down→Inside→Out” = Universal Intelligence → Innate Intelligence → Physiology → Expression of vital energy “The Power That Made the Body Heals The Body” (straight, vitalistic, view of chiropractic based on Universal Intelligence) 30 STEPHENSON’S 33 PRINCIPLES A set of beliefs about the human body and the natural order of the universe written by R.W. Stephenson, D.C., Ph.C. #1 Principle. (The Major Premise): There exists a Universal Intelligence which brings organization to all matter, and maintains it’s existence He believed that Chiropractic is a philosophy, science, and an art 31 VITALISTIC APPROACH A fundamental Chiropractic Principle: the body is a selfregulating and self-healing organism (innate intelligence guided by U.I.) Innate tries to maintain homeostasis in the body The adjustment corrects subluxation, thereby restoring the flow of life force (Innate) through the nervous system 32 STRAIGHTS VERSUS MIXERS The divide in Chiropractic has existed since 1903, when Solon Langworthy, DC opened the “American School of Health Home of Chiropractic” in Iowa, a direct competitor to the Palmer School. A.K.A. the American School of Chiropractic and Nature Cure (fasting, dieting, rest, or hydrotherapy). Two chiropractic belief systems contradictory to each other: The testable principle (materialism) – “Mixers” The untestable metaphor (vitalism) – “Straight Chiropractors” “Vitalism, as a representation of supernatural force and therefore an untestable hypothesis, sits at the heart of the divisions within chiropractic and acts as an impediment to chiropractic legitimacy, cultural authority and integration into mainstream health care.” 18 33 BELIEF PERSPECTIVES IN CHIROPRACTIC Descriptive science is a category of science that involves observing, recording, describing, and classifying phenomena instead of testing a hypothesis with experimental research. 34 BELIEF SYSTEM CONSTRUCTS https://chiro.org/LINKS/FULL/Chiropractic_in_the_United_States/chapter2.htm 35 CONTEMPORARY CHIROPRACTIC “There is a recognition that the untestable constructs of holism cannot be used to rationalize explanations for clinically observed phenomenon.” “There is also an appreciation for, and understanding of, the nature of scientific inquiry.” “Most contemporary chiropractors and their organizations distinguish between what is known and what is believed.” Mootz and Phillips, Chiropractic Belief Systems, 1997 36 10 MINUTE BREAK 37 MODERN CHIROPRACTIC PRINCIPLES 38 CHIROPRACTIC PRINCIPLES Holism Vitalism Therapeutic conservatism Naturalism The strategic role of the nervous system Autonomy of chiropractic as a profession Critical rationalism Humanism Interprofessionalism 39 HOLISM The patient should be the focus of the doctor and not the disease. This view recognizes the Mind-Body connection and feedback loop. “The individual is an integrated unit consisting of the body, mind, spirt, interpersonal relationships, physical environment, and the whole of nature. The purpose of health care is to maintain this integrity; when a person is sick, care should restore all aspects of this unit, and not just treat isolated symptoms or diseases.” 22 40 VITALISM A foundational principle of health professions such as acupuncture/traditional Chinese medicine, naturopathy, and chiropractic.24 Living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living things - organisms have a special life principle, energy, or force which non-living things do not have, and which cannot be detected, tested, or proven by the scientific method used in science.24 Discussed for thousands of years by scientists and philosophers - Plato, Aristotle, Galen, Harvey, Galileo, Descartes, Stahl, Newton, Barthez, Schwann, Hall, Giacomini, Bernard, Vichon, Darwin, Spencer, Pischinger, and Pert. 2 41 THERAPEUTIC CONSERVATISM “The best care is the least amount of intervention necessary, and the aim of therapeutic intervention should be directed at the root cause of the condition rather than symptoms alone whenever possible.” 22 Chiropractors assist the body’s ability to heal without the use of medications or surgery. This approach is consistent with Vitalism and Holism and recognizes the body’s ability to self-regulate and to heal. 42 NATURALISM “A preference for natural remedies where appropriate.” This may include Chiropractic adjustments, nutrition, exercise, lifestyle modifications, physical therapy modalities, or referral for massage, acupuncture, etc. 22 43 STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM First appearing in medical literature, the term Subluxation predates chiropractic by more than a century. It is commonly referred to as a misalignment of joint surfaces, or a partial dislocation by the medical field. The first chiropractor to coin the term Subluxation was Solon Langworthy, D.C. Chiropractors have drawn a distinction between the “allopathic subluxation” of joint misalignment only, and the “chiropractic subluxation” that involves a change in nerve function, joint range of motion, histopathological changes, chemical changes, and signs and symptoms of disease. 44 PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY Chiropractors have struggled to establish themselves as an independently licensed and self-regulating profession of healers who use natural methods and don’t rely on medications and surgery. Research funding has been increased with the establishment of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCIH) [under the US Dept. of HHS, National Institutes of Health (NIH)]. 23 45 CRITICAL RATIONALISM “The scientific method is applicable to health and health care and should provide the knowledge base for clinical practice.” 22 46 HUMANISM “There is more to health and illness than pure biology and pathology. Personal and human aspects are critical to optimal health outcomes. Therefore, health care providers must care for patients in a compassionate and humanistic manner.” 22 47 INTERPROFESSIONALISM “Multiple providers with different professional backgrounds or licensures collaborate to provide comprehensive person-centered health care. The World Health Organization (WHO) has cited interprofessional collaborative practice as strengthening health systems, improving health outcomes, and allowing health care professionals to deliver the highest quality of care.” 22 48 AT LACC WE BELIEVE YOU CAN BE: Vitalistic (the healing power of the body, the power of homeostasis) And holistic And natural And therapeutically conservative. We are also critical rationalists. The scientific method is the way whereby we gain knowledge of what is true and real from a healthcare perspective. It doesn’t mean we know everything yet – we acknowledge that there is much that we do not yet understand. But by critical rationalism, we acknowledge that the way we will agree upon, and transfer knowledge, is through the scientific method and research. 49 SCOPE OF PRACTICE 50 CHIROPRACTIC TREATMENT Patients commonly seek Chiropractic care for complaints related to the musculoskeletal (MSK) system. D.C.’s complete a thorough history and examination to evaluate the patient’s overall health, to rule out red flag conditions, to determine the need for referral, and to develop a comprehensive treatment and management plan including: Manual therapy (Chiropractic Adjustments of the Spine and Extremities) Physiotherapy (Electrotherapy, Ultrasound, Hydrotherapy, Laser) Rehabilitative Techniques (Exercise, Stretching/Strengthening) Lifestyle Modifications (Nutrition/Diet, Stress Reduction) Telehealth (answer questions, home exercises, discuss supports) 51 SCOPE OF PRACTICE Scope of practice will vary depending on the state(s) in which you are licensed. Legislation and practices that are common in all jurisdictions that regulate Chiropractic health care: Primary/Direct Access, in which D.C.s accept patients directly without the requirement of referral from any other source. Establishing Diagnosis/Portal of Entry Provider in which D.C.s have the authority and obligation before initiation of treatment, including performing examinations and ordering diagnostic studies. Managing Patient Care, by directly providing treatment, referring to another provider, co-treating, and recommending lifestyle changes to facilitate health and wellness. 52 CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS §302. Practice of Chiropractic. (a) Scope of Practice. (1) A duly licensed chiropractor may manipulate and adjust the spinal column and other joints of the human body and in the process thereof a chiropractor may manipulate the muscle and connective tissue related thereto. (2) As part of a course of chiropractic treatment, a duly licensed chiropractor may use all necessary mechanical, hygienic, and sanitary measures incident to the care of the body, including, but not limited to, air, cold, diet, exercise, heat, light, massage, physical culture, rest, ultrasound, water, and physical therapy techniques in the course of chiropractic manipulations and/or adjustments. https://www.chiro.ca.gov/laws_regs/regulations.pdf 53 CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS (3) Other than as explicitly set forth in section 10(b) of the Act, a duly licensed chiropractor may treat any condition, disease, or injury in any patient, including a pregnant woman, and may diagnose, so long as such treatment or diagnosis is done in a manner consistent with chiropractic methods and techniques and so long as such methods and treatment do not constitute the practice of medicine by exceeding the legal scope of chiropractic practice as set forth in this section. https://www.chiro.ca.gov/laws_regs/regulations.pdf 54 CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS (4) A chiropractic license issued in the State of California does not authorize the holder thereof: (A) to practice surgery or to sever or penetrate tissues of human beings, including, but not limited to severing the umbilical cord; (B) to deliver a human child or practice obstetrics; (C) to practice dentistry; (D) to practice optometry; (E) to use any drug or medicine included in materia medica; (F) to use a lithotripter [noninvasive device that breaks up kidney stones by passing electromagnetic shock waves through a water bath while a patient sits inside.]; (G) to use ultrasound on a fetus for either diagnostic or treatment purposes; or (H) to perform a mammography. https://www.chiro.ca.gov/laws_regs/regulations.pdf 55 PRESCRIPTION RIGHTS There is one state in the U.S. where chiropractors can legally prescribe medicine. In New Mexico, the state legislature passed a law allowing certain “advanced chiropractors” (who receive extra state approved training) to prescribe limited types of medications. The New Mexico law is controversial as traditional chiropractors feel the use of prescription medications (often loaded with synthetic chemicals) is contrary to the goals of the traditional, conservative, chiropractic care. 56 “DRY NEEDLING” / ACUPUNCTURE 18 States That Do Not Allow “Dry Needling” /Chiropractic Acupuncture Alaska California Georgia Hawaii Kentucky Louisiana Requires Separate Acupuncture License. “Dry needling” accepted with 60 hours of instruction. Michigan Mississippi Montana New Jersey New York Nevada Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Washington Wisconsin Acupuncture allowed/not allowed: https://www.councilofchiropracticacupuncture.com/state-requirements/ 57 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS 58 STAGES OF DEGENERATION Stage 1: dysfunctional movement Stage 2: movement becomes increasingly mobile and unstable Stage 3: restabilization by means of ankylosis or fusion of the hypermobile or unstable segments 59 JOINT ASSESSMENT-P.A.R.T.S. ACRONYM Pain Asymmetry Range of motion Tissue tone, Texture, Temperature changes Special tests P.A.R.T.S. Joint Assessment Procedure. Bergmann 3rd ed. 2010, pgs. 50-51 60 PREDICTORS OF LOW BACK PAIN (LBP) T.A.R.T. Acronym Tissue texture changes Asymmetry Restriction of Motion Tenderness Good inter-examiner reliability Degenhardt BF, Snider KT, Johnson J, Snider E. Retention of interexaminer reliability in palpatory evaluation of the lumbar spine. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 2002;102(8):439. 61 https://fullscript.com/blog/five-domains-of-complementary-and-alternative-medicine?ckc=granted 62 BONE SETTING A bonesetter is a layperson performing joint manipulation Bonesetters were the main providers of joint manipulation before chiropractors, osteopaths, and physical therapists Bonesetters would also reduce joint dislocations and re-set bone fractures Still practiced in some countries in Asia, South America, and others. 63 SPIRITUAL INSPIRATION A process of personal transformation in accordance with religious ideals DD Palmer maintained that many of his theories were divinely inspired or came to him in revelations 64 RATIONALISM Philosophy of science that emphasizes innate ideas (at birth), reason, and deduction, universal knowledge, mathematics, and is a priori a priori = reasoning or knowledge that proceeds from deduction rather than from observation or experience. Knowledge that is independent from experience, or innate knowledge Early chiropractors used deductive reasoning and vitalism to explain how the adjustment cleared subluxations and allowed innate to flow. This is an implicit and untestable process (behavior that cannot be observed directly) in contrast to the scientific method. Studied by Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz 65 EMPIRICISM Philosophy of science that emphasizes experience/observation using the Scientific Method, induction, natural science, and is a posteriori a posteriori = knowledge that proceeds from induction, sensory perception, and experience. Arrived at afterward. Early chiropractors did not use the scientific method being used by the medical profession and other scientists at the time. Results from the scientific method are an explicit and testable process (stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for doubt or confusion). Studied by Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Berkeley, Hume 66 SCIENTIFIC METHOD A method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century Consists of systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge 67 DOGMA IN CHIROPRACTIC A principle or set of principles, or irrefutable doctrine, laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true (RW Stevenson, BJ Palmer, and DD Palmer) Dogma ex cathedra (Latin for “from the chair” For example the Pope speaking from the chair) Served as the foundation of an ideology or belief system called “Chiropractic Philosophy” in the early years Cannot be changed or discarded without effecting system’s paradigm or the ideology itself 68 METAPHYSICS Traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being. Attempts to clarify fundamental notions by which people understand the world, e.g., existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility. Related to the following subjects: Vitalism, Philosophy, Religion, Parapsychology, Mysticism, Yoga, ESP, Dreams, Jungian Psychology, Transpersonal and Theocentric Psychology, Astrology, Meditation, Self-Help Studies, Positive Thinking, Life After Death, Transcendentalism, Mysticism, Reincarnation. 69 MATERIALISM Matter is the fundamental substance in nature All emergent phenomena (including consciousness) result from material interactions Our reality consists entirely of physical matter—sole cause of every possible occurrence, including human thought, feeling, and action 70 MAGNETISM / MESMERISM Animal magnetism, A.K.A. mesmerism, named by the 18th century doctor Franz Anton Mesmer He believed that all animals exerted an invisible natural magnetic force, life force, or energy Produced in bodily fluids consisting of fire, air, and spirit moving back and forth creating electricity Can be used with or without hypnosis This was controversial because the medical profession based their treatment on a biochemical model This is different than eastern medicine Reiki and Qi Gong practices 71 REIKI Reiki is an energy-based approach to healing that originated in ancient Tibetan Buddhist teachings and was “rediscovered” in the late 1800’s by Mikao Usui, a Buddhist monk born in Japan on August 15, 1865.15 The practitioner channels Universal Intelligence, or “life energy” through his or her hands into another person. By gently floating their hands above someone's body, the practitioner can identify where blockages live and how to open them so that Qi or Ki (internal life force) can flow through the recipient's body freely. 72 REIKI CONTINUED “When Reiki is targeted to the seven chakras, the main energy centers of the body that line up along the spine, it can be incredibly valuable for easing physical pain that is not the result of an injury.”16 (pain caused by emotions). https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/7-chakras-for-beginners 73 QI GONG (618-907A.D.) Qi Gong means “life energy cultivation”. A system of body posture and movement, breathing, and meditation used for health, spirituality, and martial arts training (like Tai Chi). Qi (pronounced “chee”) refers to energy circulating through the body; universal energy, spiritual energy, heat, light, and electromagnetic energy. Central principle in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and martial arts. Qi flows through meridians in the body. 74 PIONEERING QI PALPATION OF SUBLUXATIONS I was the lead author and primary investigator in 2012 of the first known study looking at how to palpate the differences in Qi to find chiropractic subluxations in the spine: Published Abstract in 2013: Wanlass, Kizhakkeveettil, Rose; “Comparison of other palpation techniques of the thoracic spine to the motion palpation technique: a pilot study”. Peer reviewed abstract published by the Journal of Chiropractic Education for the ACC-RAC, Washington D.C. https://bit.ly/37i2dB9 (Links to an external site.) I also presented my findings to a large audience of international doctors at the Association of Chiropractic Colleges Research Agenda Conference in Washington D.C. in 2013. Journal publication in 2022: Wanlass, P., Hamilton-Vuduc, G., & Hutton, R. (2022). Comparison Of Other Palpation Techniques Of The Thoracic Spine To The Motion Palpation Technique: A Pilot Study. Journal of Contemporary Chiropractic, 5(1), 136– 144. Retrieved from https://journal.parker.edu/index.php/jcc/article/view/213 I have taught many students (informally) how to feel Qi and the differences in Qi in patients. 75 UCI RESEARCH ON QI The Laboratory for Mind-Body Signaling and Energy Research is affiliated with the Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, and the Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). The focus of their current work is on the effects of Qigong and Tai Chi, and how these effects compare to those produced by physical exercise, heat treatment, massage therapy, acupuncture, and topical herbal medicine. They list their publications here: http://mindbodylab.bio.uci.edu/. 76 QUESTIONS ABOUT LECTURE 2 CONTENT? 77 REFERENCES 1. Chapter 3 of the required text. 2. https://www.nbce.org/practice-analysis-of-chiropractic-2020/ 3. From The Chiropractic, Jan 1897, published by D.D. Palmer 4. Chiropractic’s Continued Legacy of Racism and its Affects on Minority Population Utilization Journal of Philosophy, Principles & Practice of Chiropractic, Volume 2016 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323225702_Chiropractic's_Continued_Legacy_of_Racism_and_its_ Affect_on_Minority_Population_Utilization 5. https://www.scuhs.edu/about-scu/history/ 6. https://www.nuhs.edu/news/2019/2/nuhs-clubs-celebrate-medical-trailblazers-during-black-history-month/ 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Heath_Palmer 8. https://chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/RatledgeSCS/Ratledge-bio-chrono.pdf 78 REFERENCES 9. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/210354 10. https://chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/PalmerDD/PalmerDD's-Lifeline-chrono.pdf 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva_Ashworth 12. Wiese, G. Beyond the Jim Crow experience: blacks in chiropractic education." Chiropractic History: the archives and journal of the Association for the History of Chiropractic 14.1 (1994): 14-21. 13. https://harshechiropractic.com/2020/02/14/black-history-month-in-chiropractic/ 14. https://library.palmer.edu/womenandchiropractic#:~:text=In%20D.D.,consider%20a%20career%20in%20ch iropractic. 15. Arvonio MM. Cultural competency, autonomy, and spiritual conflicts related to Reiki/CAM therapies: Should patients be informed? Linacre Q. 2014 Feb;81(1):47-56. doi: 10.1179/2050854913Y.0000000007. PMID: 24899738; PMCID: PMC4034623. 79 REFERENCES 16. https://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-16807/your-chakras-are-probably-out-of-balance-heres-how-reiki-canhelp.html 17. Simpson, J. K., & Young, K. J. (2020). Vitalism in contemporary chiropractic: a help or a hinderance?. Chiropractic & manual therapies, 28(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-020-00307-8 18. Vernon H. Historical overview and update on subluxation theories(). J Chiropr Humanit. 2010 Dec;17(1):2232. doi: 10.1016/j.echu.2010.07.001. Epub 2010 Sep 20. PMID: 22693473; PMCID: PMC3342797. 19. Gatterman, Foundations of Chiropractic: Subluxation (2nd ed.) 2005. pg. 218. 20. Smith O, Langworthy S, Paxson M. American School of Chiropractic; Cedar Rapids, IA: 1906. A Textbook of Modernized Chiropractic. 21. Pg. 747 in the required text. 22. Kimura MN, Russell R, Scaringe J. Professional Identity at Los Angeles College of Chiropractic. J Chiropr Humanit. 2016 Nov 10;23(1):61-67. doi: 10.1016/j.echu.2016.09.003. PMID: 27920620; PMCID: PMC5127915. 23. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/ 24. Dennis Richards, Sandra Grace, Elizabeth Emmanuel, “So that life force, to me, is that expression of intelligence through matter”: A qualitative study of the meaning of vitalism in chiropractic, EXPLORE, Volume 19, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 383-388,ISSN 1550-8307,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2022.07.009. 80 Take QUIZ 2 81