Lecture 13: Evolutionary Arms Race and Epidemiological Transitions PDF

The Evolutionary Arms Race and Epidemiological Transitions Lecture 13 Announcements Tuesday, 10/25 – Thermal Comfort and the Energetics of Thermoregulation Lecture Friday, 11/1 – Exam 2 Review Tuesday, 11/5 – No class, GO VOTE Friday, 11/8 – EXAM 2 Today’s Objecti...

The Evolutionary Arms Race and Epidemiological Transitions Lecture 13 Announcements Tuesday, 10/25 – Thermal Comfort and the Energetics of Thermoregulation Lecture Friday, 11/1 – Exam 2 Review Tuesday, 11/5 – No class, GO VOTE Friday, 11/8 – EXAM 2 Today’s Objectives Define a few helpful terms/concepts Summarize 3 major epidemiological transitions Introduce the concept of “One Health” Terms and Concepts to Know Evolutionary arms race Morbidity Mortality Epidemiological transition Critiques of the concept 3 examples across human history and their contributing factors One Health Today’s Objectives Define a few helpful terms/concepts Summarize 3 major epidemiological transitions Introduce the concept of “One Health” Evolutionary Arms Race https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tx9Z Y04991Q Host species and parasitic species evolve escalating adaptations and counter- adaptations Resembles geopolitical arms race Evolutionary Arms Race Example -> COVID19 virus Virus infects host Infected host develops antibodies Virus mutates into new strain that can bypass antibodies Infected host develops new antibodies Virus mutates again… Morbidity vs Mortality Morbidity = the rate of a disease in a population Mortality = the proportion of deaths in a population Today’s Objectives Define a few helpful terms/concepts Summarize 3 major epidemiological transitions Introduce the concept of “One Health”  Epidemiological Transition A model for integrating epidemiological and demographic changes in human populations Based on the observation that… Nations that experience a decline in infectious disease mortality exhibit An increase in life expectancy An increase in chronic disease morbidity Epidemiological Transition Critiques of the concept Use of whole nations as a unit of analysis Obscures variation within nations Dual burden in middle-income countries Increasing rates of chronic disease Persistence of high infectious disease mortality Barret et al. (1998) Article argues that there have been three main epidemiological transitions throughout human history First Transition Lower infectious disease burden during the Paleolithic Early hominids groups were too small and too dispersed to pass on many pathogens Long-standing hominid-parasite relationships Many parasite species that are common among humans and non-human primates First Transition Shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to permanent settlements with agriculture ~10,000 years ago -> increase in infectious disease First Transition Factors that promoted infectious disease… Larger population of human hosts Increased contact between communities First Transition Factors that promoted infectious disease… Larger population of human hosts Accumulation of human waste First Transition Factors that promoted infectious disease… Larger population of human hosts Accumulation of human waste Domesticated animals -> reservoir for zoonoses First Transition Factors that promoted infectious disease… Larger population of human hosts Accumulation of human waste Domesticated animals -> reservoir for zoonoses Agricultural practices promoted infection Standing water -> mosquito breeding Feces as fertilizer -> contamination of food and water Food storage -> possible contamination First Transition Factors that promoted infectious disease… Larger population of human hosts Accumulation of human waste Domesticated animals -> reservoir for zoonoses Agricultural practices promoted infection Reliance on staple crops -> micronutrient deficiencies First Transition 2 historical trends that initiated the global spread of pathogens Increasing migration and trade between state-level societies of Eurasia in 5th century Expansion of these networks into the Americas, Africa and other regions through exploration, conquest, and colonialism Second Transition Coincided with the industrial revolution in mid-19th century in Europe and N. America Decline in infectious disease mortality Contributing factors Improved nutrition Pasteurization Public health care Home-based primary health care Vaccinations Antibiotics Second Transition Increased morbidity from chronic disease Cancer, diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune disorders Contributing factors Air and water pollution Urbanization Associated with increased hypertension, depression, anxiety Mass produced processed foods Sedentary lifestyles Second Transition Within industrialized societies, SES, ethnic and gender differences are strongly associated with both chronic and infectious disease mortality Third Transition “An unprecedented number of new diseases have been detected over the last 25 years that are becoming significant contributors to adult mortality.” Third Transition Contributing factors Globalization Third Transition Contributing factors Globalization Ecological disruption Climate change Habitat destruction Third Transition Contributing factors Globalization Ecological disruption Climate change Habitat destruction Antimicrobial resistance Third Transition Contributing factors Globalization Ecological disruption Climate change Habitat destruction Antimicrobial resistance Factory farming Lecture 13 Quiz Question True or False: Hunter-gatherer groups during the Paleolithic likely experienced high rates of infectious diseases that are passed between humans, like tuberculosis and influenza, due to a lack of medical technology. Today’s Objectives Define a few helpful terms/concepts Summarize 3 major epidemiological transitions Introduce the concept of “One Health” One Health “Human or livestock or wildlife health can’t be discussed in isolation anymore. There is just one health” – William Karesh Aim Improve health and wellbeing through prevention/mitigation of crises that originate at the interface of humans, animals and their environments Emphasis on collaboration  One Health Endorsed by: +900 Research Scientists  One Health From: http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/about.php  Alaska One Health Group Formed in early 2013 Arctic Investigations Program Meets quarterly to discuss emerging One Health issues Created the Local Environmental Observers Network Network of local observers and topic experts who share knowledge about unusual animal, environment and weather events Alaska One Health Group From: https://www.leonetwork.org/en/