Cytology Lecture Slides 2 (2024)

CHRISTINE JOYCE M. JAVIER, RMT, 2024 Jun 13 – CYTOGENETIC MLS(ASCPI)CM 15 S  FOR TODAY, WE WILL LEARN: ❑ What is cytology? ❑ Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic ❑ Components of Eukaryotic Cells o Major Macromolecules o Organelles o Basic Functions ❑ Cell...

CHRISTINE JOYCE M. JAVIER, RMT, 2024 Jun 13 – CYTOGENETIC MLS(ASCPI)CM 15 S  FOR TODAY, WE WILL LEARN: ❑ What is cytology? ❑ Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic ❑ Components of Eukaryotic Cells o Major Macromolecules o Organelles o Basic Functions ❑ Cell Cycle o Interphase o Mitosis or Cell Division o Meiosis  WHAT IS CYTOLOGY? ❑ scientific study of cells ❑ cells: basic or fundamental unit of life ❑ cell activities, functions and interactions determine the possible traits or illnesses that could arise from present cells ❑ our bodies have 290 different types of specialized cells that form the EPITHELIUM basic tissue types CONNECTIVE MUSCLE NERVOUS protect protect transmit secrete support contract information sense absorb bind to provide movement stimuli respond excrete cells  PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS pro: before eu: true karyo: nucleus or nut karyo: nucleus or nut 10 times smaller most animal or plant cells than are 10 to 30 μm in eukaryotes diameter structures are less complex structures are more complex plants animals archaea fungi bacteria algae protozoa PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC CELLS CELLS pro: before karyo: nucleus or nut 10 times smaller than eukaryotes structures are more complex plants animals fungi algae protozoa  MAJOR MACROMOLECULES ❑ these biomolecules make up cells CARBOHYDRATE LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS S sugars fat DNA starche s RNA s oils membrane energy hormones enzymes translation cell insulation protection structure storage  ORGANELLES ❑ allow macromolecules and structures to interact efficiently ❑ functions: o retain cell structure o secrete substances o dismantle debris o acquire energy o sequester harmful biochemicals o produce a macromolecule  ORGANELLES ❑ cell/plasmamembrane: lipid bilayer surrounding the cell; has the property of selective permeability ❑ cytoplasm: gelatinous or nutrient matrix of a cell o cytosol: semifluid portion of cytoplasm o organelles: various parts of cells with highly specific functions to maintain the cell  ORGANELLES ❑ nucleus: separates DNA within cell o nucleolus: dark area inside the nucleus; produces ribosomes o nucleoplasm: gelatinous matrix of the nucleus o nuclear pores: allow entry and exit of biochemicals o nuclear membrane: double- membrane layer  ORGANELLES ❑ endoplasmic reticulum: vast tubular network for molecule transport; quality control center of the cell o rough ER: site of protein synthesis through ribosomes o smooth ER: site of lipid synthesis  ORGANELLES ❑ Golgi complex: site of sugar and glycoprotein synthesis o act as temporary storage of proteins but not for lipids o package proteins into different vesicles ❑ vesicles: sac-like organelle for transport o exosomes: cell to outside o endosomes: outside into cell  ORGANELLES ❑ lysosomes: contain lysozyme and other enzymes to digest or break down foreign material ❑ peroxisomes: contain catalase to break down lipids and detoxify compounds ❑ mitochondria: provide energy to cells o cristae: infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria that hold enzymes  ORGANELLES ❑ cytoskeleton: meshwork of protein rods that strengthen, support, stiffen and shape the cell  ORGANELLES CYTOSKELETON INTERMEDIA MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS TE FILAMENTS tubulin dimer protein dimer actin molecule thickest intermediate thinnest maintain cell anchor cell abundant in enable withstand nerve and skin transport form stretching and cells cilia compression  BASIC FUNCTIONS INTRACELLUL ENERGY SECRETION AR PRODUCTIO DIGESTION N ribosome s rough lysosomes mitochondria ER peroxisome smooth s ER Golgi apparatus  CELL ❑ CYCLE allows the growth, development, maintenance and healing of tissues ❑ intended for somatic cells or body cells ❑ two major phases: o interphase o cell division  INTERPHASE ❑ G1 phase o protein, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis ❑ G0 phase: quiet phase ❑ S phase o DNA replication o formation of centrioles  INTERPHASE ❑ apoptosis: S phase G2 phase programmed cell death and bleb formation G1 phase S phase G0 phase mitosi s apoptosi s  MITOSIS ❑ a single somatic cell should give rise to two genetically identical daughter cells ❑ mitosis: actual duplication of chromosome ❑ cytokinesis: split of cytoplasm;  CELL DIVISION ❑ DNA Condensation Diagram: formation of chromosomes from DNA  MITOSIS PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE→ TELOPHASE → → ❑ division of centrioles ❑ attachment of ❑ partition of ❑ detachment ❑ condensation centromeres centromere of spindles of to spindles s from chromosomes ❑ alignment of ❑ separation of centromeres ❑ destruction of chromosomes at sister chromatids ❑ reformation of nuclear membrane the equatorial plate ❑ movement of nuclear membrane ❑ formation of spindles chromosomes CYTOKINESIS to opposite ❑ microfilament  MEIOSIS ❑ a single germline cell should give rise to four genetically different daughter cells ❑ has two phases o meiosis I o meiosis II  MEIOSIS I or REDUCTION DIVISION PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE→ TELOPHASE → → ❑ division of centrioles ❑ attachment of ❑ separation ❑ detachment of ❑ condensation of centromeres to of spindles from chromosomes spindles chromosome centromeres ❑ synapsis of ❑ alignment of ❑ movement of ❑ reformation of nuclear chromosome to form a chromosomes at chromosomes membrane tetrad the equatorial plate to opposite CYTOKINESIS ❑ crossing-over between ends ❑ microfilament contracts tetrads to create a cleavage ❑ destruction of  MEIOSIS II or EQUATIONAL DIVISION PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE→ TELOPHASE → → ❑ division of centrioles ❑ attachment of ❑ partition of ❑ detachment ❑ destruction of centromeres centromere of spindles nuclear membrane to spindles s from ❑ formation of spindles ❑ alignment of ❑ separation of centromeres chromosomes at sister chromatids ❑ reformation of the equatorial plate ❑ movement of nuclear membrane chromosomes CYTOKINESIS to opposite ❑ microfilament  MITOSIS MEIOSIS DIVISIONS one cell division two cell division PARENT CELL diploid diploid two genetically four genetically identical diploid different haploid cells cells DAUGHTE R CELLS TYPE OF oocytes or egg body or somatic cells CELLS cells sperm PRODUCED cells OCCURRENCE all throughout life cycle after sexual maturity